不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA及血液VFA含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA以及血液中VFA含量的影响。选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶山羊作为试验动物,采用完全随机分组试验设计随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的日粮,预饲期15 d,采样期3 d。结果表明,高精料组(HC组)瘤胃液pH值显著低于低精料组(HR组)(P<0.05);在采食后3 h,HC组与HR组瘤胃液pH值均下降至最低值,分别为5.71和6.08。除了乙酸含量外,HC组瘤胃液丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量分别比HR组提高4.99%、5.58%、21.81%、17.95%、18.27%、1.66%。HC组血浆中各种VFA的含量均高于HR组,其中丙酸、丁酸含量两组间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。HC组瘤胃液以及血浆中乙酸与丙酸比值均低于HR组,但两组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。HC组瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度在采食后2 h达到最大值,HR组在采食后3 h达到最大值,两组日粮血浆中VFA浓度均在采食后2 h达到最大值,然后逐渐恢复到采食前水平。结论:高精料日粮导致瘤胃液pH值显著降低,瘤胃液和血浆中VFA含量增加;瘤胃液VFA生成速率HC组高于HR组。     

Effect of osmolality on net fluid absorption in non-infected and ETEC-infected piglet small intestinal segments

In the small intestinal segment perfusion model the effect of osmolality on net fluid absorption in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-infected and non-infected small intestinal segments of piglets was investigated. In ETEC-infected segments net fluid absorption was reduced. Lowering the osmolality from 375 to 150 mOsmol/l by reducing sodium chloride concentrations increased net fluid absorption. There was a linear relationship between osmolality and net fluid absorption for both non-infected and ETEC-infected segments. Below 150 mOsmol/l the inverse relationship between osmolality and net fluid absorption disappeared. Substitution of sodium chloride with mannitol decreased net fluid absorption since mannitol cannot be actively absorbed. In ETEC-infected segments perfused with oral rehydration solution net fluid absorption significantly increased compared to a sodium chloride solution of similar osmolality, probably because of the high glucose concentration. Supplying hypotonic sodium chloride fluids to piglets can be beneficial in replenishing water and electrolyte losses in case of infectious diarrhoea.     

不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃内环境参数的影响

选择1.2岁左右藏绵羊30只,随机分3组,采用单因子分组设计,以青干草为基础日粮,按每只150,300,450 g/d 3种精料水平补饲,研究不同精料补饲水平对藏绵羊瘤胃代谢参数变化规律的影响。结果表明;随精料补饲水平提高,藏绵羊瘤胃液pH值下降,NH3-N浓度、NH3-N浓度平均值、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度显著增加(P<0.05)。在本试验条件下,从藏绵羊瘤胃内环境的稳定方面考虑,藏绵羊每日补饲精料300 g效果最佳。     

Blood, urine, and ruminal fluid changes associated with metabolic alkalosis induced by duodenal obstruction

Two Holstein heifers and a steer fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to determine acid-base and electrolyte changes associated with metabolic alkalosis induced by duodenal obstruction. Obstruction was induced distally to the pylorus, but proximally to the common bile duct entrance. Ruminal fluid, blood, and urine samples were obtained before and after obstruction was induced. Duodenal obstruction resulted in increased blood pH, bicarbonate concentration, and base-excess values. Severe hypochloremia and hypokalemia were evident in 48 hours. Serum sodium concentration decreased only slightly. Packed cell volume and serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, and inorganic phosphate increased, whereas calcium concentration showed no change. Renal chloride excretion reached near zero in 24 hours, whereas sodium and potassium excretions decreased in the steer, but were unchanged in the heifers. Urine creatinine concentration increased markedly in the heifers and steers. Acid urine was not evident up to 96 hours. Ruminal fluid pH decreased and chloride concentration increased in the steer, but remained unaffected in the heifers. Duodenal obstruction had no effect on rumen sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, but the potassium concentration increased in the heifers. The degrees of alkalosis and electrolyte changes were greater in the steer than in the heifers.     

硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷含量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成和瘤胃微生物数量的影响

本试验旨在研究体外条件下不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物对水牛瘤胃甲烷产量、体外发酵参数、脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取3头体重约为（650±50） kg安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的母水牛作为瘤胃液的供体动物。试验共设4个组，每组5个重复，硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠的添加比例分别为2：1、1：1、1：2，对照组不添加任何两者混合物。每组均添加0.25 mg·mL^-1的α-亚麻酸，试验组硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物浓度为1 mg·mL^-1。结果表明：1）添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可显著降低甲烷含量（P<0.05），平均降幅为90.63%；2）高剂量硝酸钠与低剂量延胡索酸二钠（2：1）混合添加时会导致总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）含量和大部分瘤胃微生物的数量显著降低（P<0.05），乙酸含量、乙酸/丙酸、花生戊烯酸（EPA）含量、共轭亚油酸（CLA）含量和不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（UFA/SFA）显著升高（P<0.05）；3）低剂量硝酸钠与高剂量延胡索酸二钠（1：2）混合时对TVFA含量、脂肪酸含量和瘤胃微生物数量无显著影响（P>0.05）；4）添加硝酸钠延胡索酸二钠同剂量（1：1）能显著升高EPA、CLA含量和UFA/SFA（P<0.05），但显著降低了水牛瘤胃溶纤维丁酸弧菌和非典型丁酸弧菌数量。由此可见，添加不同比例硝酸钠和延胡索酸二钠混合物均可降低甲烷产量，随着延胡索酸二钠添加比例的增加可以缓解硝酸钠对瘤胃发酵的不利影响。     

Effects of Sodium Nitrate and Disodium Fumarate Mixture on Ruminal Methane Production,Fermentation Parameters,Fatty Acids Profiles and Rumen Microbial Population in Water Buffalo In vitro

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate ratios on ruminal methane production, fermentation parameters, fatty acids profiles and microbial population in water buffalo in vitro in presence of α-linolenic acid. Three female water buffaloes (body weight of (650±50) kg) with permanent rumen fistula were selected as the donors of rumen contents. Treatments additives were prepared as sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2. Control group without any sodium nitrate or disodium fumarate. All groups were added with 0.25 mg·mL^-1 α-linolenic acid. The concentration of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures was 1 mg·mL^-1. The results showed that mehtane production were reduced with different ratios of sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixture, the average decrease was 90.63%. The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and most rumen microorganisms population were significantly reduced (P<0.05), but the concentration of acetate, EPA and CLA, ratios of acetate to propionate ratio and UFA/SFA were significantly increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 2:1. 3) Sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:2 had no significant effect on TVFA content, fatty acid content and rumen microbial populaiton(P>0.05). 4) The concentrations of EPA, CLA and UFA/SFA ratio were increased (P<0.05) with sodium nitrate and disodium fumarate mixtures at ratio of 1:1, but Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and atypical butyrivibrio populations were decreased. It can be concluded that different proportion of sodium nitrate and sodium fumarate mixture can cause methane reduction, the adverse effect of sodium nitrate on rumen fermentation can be alleviated by the increased proportion of disodium fumarate.     

日粮精粗比对活体外瘤胃发酵和烟酸、烟酰胺合成的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对活体外瘤胃发酵和烟酸、烟酰胺合成的影响。以4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年荷斯坦阉公牛作为瘤胃液供体,选用淀粉、微晶纤维素、酪蛋白3种成分配制成相同粗蛋白质水平(13.5%,DM)和不同精粗比(30:70、50:50、70:30,DM)的3种纯合日粮作为发酵底物。应用人工瘤胃体外产气量法进行培养发酵并测定产气量、挥发酸及发酵液中烟酸、烟酰胺含量的变化。结果表明,提高日粮精粗比可极显著降低发酵液pH、乙酸/丙酸摩尔比、乙酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01),显著降低氨态氮浓度(L,P<0.05),但却极显著增加72 h产气量、总挥发酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比(L,P<0.01)。随日粮精粗比的提高,瘤胃发酵液中总烟酸(烟酸+烟酰胺)、烟酰胺浓度在24和48 h均呈线性增加(L,0.050.10)。由此得出,日粮精粗比可改变活体外瘤胃发酵模式和影响瘤胃微生物合成总烟酸和烟酰胺,且随日粮精粗比的上升,瘤胃合成总烟酸、烟酰胺的数量呈线性增加趋势。     

高精料诱导的SARA对泌乳期山羊血液和瘤胃液中皮质醇的影响

选择7只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期山羊,2×2拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的饲料,通过饲喂精粗比6∶4饲料建立泌乳期山羊瘤胃亚急性酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis, SARA)模型,研究SARA时山羊血液和瘤胃液中皮质醇浓度、肝脏皮质醇受体(glucocorticoid receptor, GR)mRNA表达及其他相关指标的变化。结果表明,精粗比6∶4日粮饲喂2周后成功诱导SARA状态(SARA组),采食后瘤胃液pH值低于5.8持续时间约6 h,而精粗比为4∶6组山羊瘤胃液pH均高于6.0 (对照组)。高精料日粮处理对瘤胃pH和乳酸以及瘤胃液和血浆内的脂多糖、皮质醇浓度有显著性影响(P<0.05),采食前SARA组山羊瘤胃液中乳酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),采食后0~4 h乳酸含量下降,6~10 h时逐渐增加并极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);2组间瘤胃液中脂多糖浓度无显著性差异(P>0.05),SARA组血浆脂多糖浓度在采食前和采食后6 h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);采食前SARA组山羊血液中皮质醇浓度高于对照组(P=0.05),但采食后6 h两组间无显著差异(P>0.05); 2组山羊瘤胃液中皮质醇浓度在采食后2,4和6 h分别显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但在采食前和采食后10 h无显著差异(P>0.05)。Real-time PCR结果显示,SARA组山羊肝脏中GR mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.05)。本研究结果显示,泌乳期山羊发生SARA时糖皮质激素水平升高,负反馈下调肝脏GR的表达水平,提示SARA时机体处于应激状态,可能引起肝脏的物质代谢和营养物质重分配的改变。     

Effect of an interfering substance on determination of potassium by ion-specific potentiometry in animal urine

Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in urine samples correlated well between both methods for samples from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats. In contrast, measurement of potassium concentrations in urine samples from sheep, horses, cows, and cats was underestimated consistently by ion-specific potentiometry. The magnitude of the apparent error was variable between species and was often increased with greater urine potassium concentrations. These phenomena were not seen in urine samples from dogs. Sequential dilution of urine samples from sheep before analysis reduced the magnitude of the error observed by ion-specific potentiometry. Seemingly, an equilibrium process existed in which potassium was bound by an anionic or zwitterionic chemical and was sequestered from interaction with the ion-specific electrode. Ultrafiltration experiments indicated the putative potassium chelator was a low molecular weight compound.     

不同种类牧草对山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸变化规律的研究

研究山羊瘤胃内放入装有不同种类牧草的尼龙袋后,瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度的动态变化规律。选用带有瘤胃瘘管的山羊为实验动物,结合尼龙袋法测定3类牧草在山羊瘤胃中的挥发性脂肪酸浓度。结果表明,添加装有不同牧草的尼龙袋后,山羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度及乙酸／丙酸值均呈先上升后下降的规律,并在4h达到峰值,其中乙酸浓度约为70．49％、丙酸浓度约为15．38％,瘤胃的发酵类型总体上偏向于乙酸-丙酸型．3类牧草均适用于山羊的科学饲养。由此可见,添加装有不同种类牧草的尼龙袋均会对山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸产生影响,其原因主要与原料的蛋白质含量有关。     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加异位酸对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

本文旨在探讨不同精粗比饲粮中添加异位酸对体外瘤胃发酵的影响.选用4只体况良好、平均体重(25.48±1.51)kg、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的阉割南江黄羊作为瘤胃液供体动物.用体外发酵法考察在3个精粗比(30∶70、50∶50和70∶30)饲粮中添加异位酸(1％)后的体外发酵参数变化.结果表明:经过24 h体外培养,不添加异位酸时,随精粗比由30∶70升高到70∶30,培养液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度、乙酸/丙酸和乙酸占总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)的比例均显著下降(P＜0.05);产气量及乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度和丙酸占TVFA的比例均显著提高(P＜0.05).当精粗比为30∶70时,添加异位酸pH无明显变化,NH3-N浓度下降,产气量及微生物蛋白质(MCP)和丁酸浓度上升,但各项指标差异均不显著(P＞0.05),而乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度均显著提高(P＜0.05).当精粗比为50∶50时,添加异位酸可显著降低NH3-N浓度(P＜0.05),提高产气量及MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度(P＜0.05),而对pH、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸无显著影响(P＞0.05).当精粗比为70∶30时,添加异位酸NH3-N浓度显著下降(P＜0.05),产气量及MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA浓度显著上升(P＜0.05),而对pH和乙酸/丙酸均无显著影响(P＞0.05).饲粮中添加异位酸有利于提高有机物的消化率和NH3-N的利用,增加MCP、乙酸、丙酸和TVFA的合成.在本试验中,对于MCP和TVFA的合成而言,精料比例越高,添加异位酸的效果越好.     

不同化学处理对稻草体外发酵动态变化的影响

采用瘤胃体外发酵技术评定了不同化学处理对稻草体外发酵特性的影响。试验以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为瘤胃液供体,用复合碱、氨及尿素处理稻草后,称量1 g样品于含有10 mL瘤胃液和90 mL培养基的39℃发酵瓶内体外发酵,分别于24,48,72,96 h冰浴终止发酵,测定产气量、发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮及微生物蛋白浓度。结果表明,化学处理提高了稻草发酵的产气量、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮以及微生物蛋白浓度。其中复合碱处理组的发酵速度最快,累计产气量、干物质消失率和挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高,显著高于其他各组,其次为尿素处理组和氨化处理组,对照组最低;尿素处理组的pH、氨态氮浓度和微生物蛋白含量最高,显著高于其他各组,氨化处理组和碱化处理组次之,对照组最低。化学处理提高了稻草的体外降解率,其中复合碱化处理的效果最好。     

Development of a method for determination of cyanide concentrations in serum and rumen fluid of cattle

OBJECTIVES: To develop a reliable method for measurement of cyanide concentrations in cattle, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and establish reference ranges of cyanide concentrations in cattle. ANIMALS: 52 Fleckvieh cattle. PROCEDURE: Cattle were allocated to 3 groups; 12 were fed leguminous grass and hay, 36 were fed whole-maize and corn-cob silages, and 4 were fed other feedstuffs. Samples of blood, rumen fluid, and liver were collected at time of slaughter. Serum, rumen fluid, and liver homogenate were assayed for cyanide content, using a derivatization procedure. A technique for analysis by GC-MS that used selected ion monitoring was developed. RESULTS: Compared with a spectrophotometric method, detection of cyanide in serum and rumen fluid by use of GC-MS was selective and sensitive, with a limit of detection of 0.7 microM. Spectrophotometric analysis yielded false-negative and false-positive results. Thus, the GC-MS method was used for subsequent analysis. In all cattle except 1, cyanide concentration ranged from < 0.7 to 35 microM in serum and from < 0.7 to 28 microM in rumen fluid; cyanide concentration in that 1 animal was 206 microM. Cattle fed clover, grass, grass hay, and clover hay had 8.3- to 8.6-fold higher mean cyanide concentrations in rumen fluid and serum than cattle fed whole-maize and corn-cob silages. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results of this study suggest a reference range that should be useful for aiding in the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. Also, cattle can apparently accommodate a serum cyanide concentration of 206 microM without adverse effects.     

Determination of synovial fluid and serum concentrations, and morphologic effects of intraarticular ceftiofur sodium in horses

OBJECTIVES: To determine the serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur sodium after intraarticular (IA) and intravenous (IV) administration and to evaluate the morphologic changes after intraarticular ceftiofur sodium administration. STUDY DESIGN: Strip plot design for the ceftiofur sodium serum and synovial fluid concentrations and a split plot design for the cytologic and histopathologic evaluation. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult horses without lameness. METHODS: Stage 1: Ceftiofur sodium (2.2 mg/kg) was administered IV. Stage 2: 150 mg (3 mL) of ceftiofur sodium (pHavg 6.57) was administered IA into 1 antebrachiocarpal joint. The ceftiofur sodium was reconstituted with sterile sodium chloride solution (pH 6.35). The contralateral joint was injected with 3 mL of 0.9% sterile sodium chloride solution (pH 6.35). Serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained from each horse during each stage. For a given stage, each type of sample (serum or synovial fluid) was collected once before injection and 12 times after injection over a 24-hour period. All horses were killed at 24 hours, and microscopic evaluation of the cartilage and synovium was performed. Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur sodium were measured by using a microbiologic assay, and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated. Synovial fluid was collected from the active joints treated during stage 2 at preinjection and postinjection hours (PIH) 0 (taken immediately after injection of either the ceftiofur sodium or sodium chloride), 12, and 24, and evaluated for differential cellular counts, pH, total protein concentration, and mucin precipitate quality. RESULTS: Concentrations of ceftiofur in synovial fluid after IA administration were significantly higher (P = .0001) than synovial fluid concentrations obtained after IV administration. Mean peak synovial fluid concentrations of ceftiofur after IA and IV administration were 5825.08 microg/mL at PIH .25 and 7.31 microg/mL at PIH 4, respectively. Mean synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations at PIH 24 after IA and IV administration were 4.94 microg/mL and .12 microg/mL, respectively. Cytologic characteristics of synovial fluid after IA administration did not differ from cytologic characteristics after IA saline solution administration. White blood cell counts after IA ceftiofur administration were < or =3,400 cells/ML. The mean synovial pH of ceftiofur treated and control joints was 7.32 (range, 7.08-7.5) and 7.37 (range, 7.31-7.42), respectively. Grossly, there were minimal changes in synovium or cartilage, and no microscopic differences were detected (P = .5147) between ceftiofur-treated joints and saline-treated joints. The synovial half-life of ceftiofur sodium after IA administration joint was 5.1 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Synovial concentrations after intraarticular administration of 150 mg of ceftiofur sodium remained elevated above minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) over 24 hours. After 2.2 mg/kg IV, the synovial fluid ceftiofur concentration remained above MIC no longer than 8 hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ceftiofur sodium may be an acceptable broad spectrum antimicrobial to administer IA in septic arthritic equine joints.     

Impact of a simultaneous application of anionic salts and rumen buffer on acid-base-balance and mineral metabolism in dairy cows

In this study, the influence of simultaneous application of anionic salts (AS) and rumen buffer (RB) on the metabolism of dairy cows was examined. Eleven rumen fistulated, non-pregnant and non-lactating dairy cows received equal amounts of one AS (CaCl2 or CaSO4) and one RB (NaHCO3 or KHCO3) via rumen cannula during feeding time over a period of eight days. Before the first application of AS and RB and on day eight of the treatment period, blood, urine and rumen fluid samples were taken. The following parameters were measured: whole blood: pH, base excess, bicarbonate; serum: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium; urine: pH, net acid base excretion, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium; rumen fluid: pH. The changes of each parameter were compared via ANOVA.The changes in acid-base balance on day eight were very small, although significant. But p-values showed that the statistical evidence was low.The most changes occurred when NaHCO3 was fed in combination with one of the AS used. In this case a small acidogenic load was seen in blood (p < 0.05), and calcium concentrations increased slightly (p < 0.05). No alkalotic reaction could be detected when any combination of AS and RB were given to the cows. Simultaneous application of AS and RB results in a loss of effectivity of AS. Neither an adequate acidification of blood nor an activation of calcium metabolism occurred. In feed ration for cows in the last weeks of pregnancy, rumen buffer must not be fed, if anionic salts are given for prevention of parturient paresis.     

The alkalinizing effects of metabolizable bases in the healthy calf.

The alkalinizing effect of citrate, acetate, propionate, gluconate, L and DL-lactate were compared in healthy neonatal calves. The calves were infused for a 3.5 hour period with 150 mmol/L solutions of the sodium salts of the various bases. Blood pH, base excess, and metabolite concentrations were measured and the responses compared with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride infusion. D-gluconate and D-lactate had poor alkalinizing abilities and accumulated in blood during infusion suggesting that they are poorly metabolized by the calf. Acetate, L-lactate and propionate had alkalinizing effects similar to bicarbonate, although those of acetate had a slightly better alkalinizing effect than L-lactate. Acetate was more effectively metabolized because blood acetate concentrations were lower than L-lactate concentrations. There was a tendency for a small improvement in metabolism of acetate and lactate with age. Sodium citrate infusion produced signs of hypocalcemia, presumably because it removed ionized calcium from the circulation. D-gluconate, D-lactate and citrate are unsuitable for use as alkalinizing agents in intravenous fluids. Propionate, acetate and L-lactate are all good alkalinizing agents in healthy calves but will not be as effective in situations where tissue metabolism is impaired.     

白酒糟对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究白酒糟(产自贵州美酒河流域)对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵及血浆生化指标的影响。以6只年龄、体重基本一致的黔北麻羊为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将其分成3组,每组2个重复,每个重复1只羊。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组以白酒糟分别替代基础饲粮中20%、40%的精料。试验期45 d,分3期,每期15 d,包括10 d预试期和5 d正试期。正试期采集血浆和瘤胃液样品,测定瘤胃液pH、缓冲力、氨态氮和挥发性脂肪酸浓度,瘤胃液微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶活性以及血浆葡萄糖、尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐含量。结果显示:1)3组黔北麻羊瘤胃液pH、缓冲力差异不显著(P0.05);氨态氮浓度均处于正常范围,试验1组氨态氮浓度显著高于试验2组(P0.05)。2)试验1组瘤胃液木聚糖酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组间瘤胃液微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶活性差异不显著(P0.05)。3)试验1组瘤胃液乙酸浓度最高,显著高于试验2组(P0.05);瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度也最高,显著高于对照组和试验2组(P0.05);3组瘤胃液丙酸和丁酸浓度、乙酸/丙酸差异均不显著(P0.05)。4)各组血浆生化指标无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,白酒糟替代40%以内精料不会对黔北麻羊瘤胃发酵与血浆生化指标产生不良影响,相比较而言,以20%水平较优。     

An analysis of the buffer system in the rumen of dairy cattle.

A method is presented for the analysis of buffer systems in the rumen using the first derivation of titration curves. Bicarbonate and volatile fatty acids (VFA) are the main components of the buffering system in the rumen fluid of dairy cattle under widely different feeding conditions. Phosphate from saliva is of little importance as a buffer, but neutralizes acids produced in the rumen. After studying five cows during the peripartal period a spontaneous and transient increase in the concentrations of VFA and a soluble marker (PEG) as well as a drop in pH and in the bicarbonate concentrations not related to feeding was observed in two animals that were sampled several hours before parturition. The potential risk of provoking rumen disturbances upon feeding animals close to the time of parturition, when buffering capacity may be minimal, is stressed.     

一种广谱微生物消毒剂过硫酸氢钾复合粉的稳定性研究

为确定过硫酸氢钾复合粉的有效期和包装运输条件,以电位滴定法和碘量法测定过硫酸氢钾复合粉中氯化钠和有效氯的含量,并分别用影响因素试验、加速试验和室温长期留样试验对过硫酸氢钾复合粉进行稳定性研究。影响因素试验结果表明过硫酸氢钾复合粉对湿度较敏感,6个月加速试验的结果显示双层铝箔纸可以作为合适的包装材料,室温留样1年后,样品各项检测指标均符合质量标准的规定。稳定性试验结果表明本品在密闭、遮光的贮存条件下性质稳定,室温下贮存期可暂定为2年。     

Effect of intraruminal butyrate infusion on the plasma insulin level in sheep

After intraruminal infusion of butyrate to sheep at dose rates of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g sodium n-butyrate per kg body mass, butyrate concentration of the rumen fluid and total secreted insulin rose in direct proportion to the butyrate dose infused. The half-life of butyrate in the rumen was always longer than that of insulin. At 90 min after the infusion of 1 g butyrate per kg body mass, butyrate concentration in the ruminal papillae reached the level corresponding to an extracellular concentration that reduced cell division by 50% in vitro. It can be concluded that butyrate may be present in the ruminal papillae in concentrations inhibiting cell proliferation, simultaneously with the presence of blood plasma insulin concentrations stimulating the proliferation of ruminal epithelial cells.