Effect of Figaren, an Antiviral Protein from Cucumis figarei, on Cucumber mosaic virus Infection

Local lesion formation on cowpea leaves was more than 50% inhibited by treatment with a 23 kDa RNase-like glycoprotein from Cucumis figarei, figaren, from 24 hr before to 1 hr after inoculation with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). CMV accumulation detected by ELISA in tobacco leaves treated with figaren 6 or 0 hr before inoculation with CMV was suppressed. When upper leaves of tobacco plants were treated with figaren and inoculated 10 min later with CMV, mosaic symptoms were delayed for 5–7 days on most of the tobacco plants, and some plants remained asymptomatic. From fluorescence in situ hybridization, infection sites were present in figaren-treated cowpea or melon leaves after inoculation with CMV, though the sites were reduced in number and size compared with those in water-treated control leaves. The amount of CMV RNAs and CMV antigen in melon protoplasts inoculated with CMV and subsequently incubated with figaren similarly increased with time as did that in the control. ELISA and local lesion assays indicated that CMV infection on the upper surfaces of the leaves of tobacco, melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor whose lower surfaces had been treated with figaren 5–10 min before CMV inoculation was almost completely inhibited. Figaren did not inhibit CMV infection on the opposite untreated leaf halves of melon, cowpea and C. amaranticolor, whereas it almost completely inhibited CMV infection on the untreated halves of leaves of tobacco. CMV infection was not inhibited in the untreated upper or lower leaves of the four plants. These data suggest that figaren does not completely prevent CMV invasion but does inhibit the initial infection processes. It may also induce localized acquired resistance in host plants. Received 10 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 6 February 2001     

Movement of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumber Mosaic Virus</Emphasis> Is Restricted at the Interface between Mesophyll and Phloem Pathway in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis figarei</Emphasis>

Viral movement in the leaf tissues of a resistant host, Cucumis figarei, inoculated with the pepo strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and incubated at 24°C or 36°C was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), leaf-press blotting, tissue printing and immunogold-silver staining techniques. Observation by FISH revealed that at 24°C most infection sites with CMV at 0.01 mg/ml or 0.1 mg/ml were limited to a single cell during the incubation period, that the number of infection sites increased from 24hpi (hours post inoculation) to 80 hpi in the leaves inoculated with CMV at 0.5 mg/ml, and that the size as well as the number of infection sites rapidly increased with time in the leaves inoculated with CMV at 2.0 mg/ml. These results suggested that one factor for the resistance of C. figarei at 24°C might be an inhibition of viral movement in and out of the infection sites. Leaf-press blotting and tissue blotting indicated that CMV remained in the infection sites at 24°C, whereas it spread from the inoculated leaves to other parts of the plants through vascular systems at 36°C. Immunogold-silver staining demonstrated that at 24°C CMV infected bundle sheath (BS) cells in minor veins, whereas at 36°C it invaded not only BS cells, but also phloem parenchyma (PP)/ companion cell (CC) or PP/intermediary cell (IC) complexes in minor veins in the regions with chlorotic symptoms. These results indicated that at 24°C CMV had difficulty in passing through the interface between BS and PP/CC or PP/ IC complexes and that viral entry from mesophyll to the phloem pathway was inhibited in the inoculated leaves. Received 26 August 1999/ Accepted in revised form 14 December 1999     

Evolutionary Characterization of Two Lily Isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus Isolated in Japan and Korea

We analyzed the evolutionary histories of two lily strains of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolated in Japan and Korea (HL- and Ly2-CMVs). They share common biological characteristics in that their host ranges are very restricted perhaps from a unique adaptation to lily plants. Although HL and Ly2 were isolated independently from different lily species in separate countries, their RNA3 sequences had a very high sequence similarity (97%). The evolutionary relationships between the two isolates were characterized by comparing their phylogenetic trees for the 3a and CP genes. The two lily CMVs always formed a distinct cluster within subgroup IB in 3a, but within IA in CP. Together, the phylogenetic tree topology and the sequence identity between the two lily CMVs suggest that they evolved from a common progenitor. Received 5 November 2001/ Accepted in revised form 11 January 2002     

A Cucumber mosaic virus Isolated from Silene armeria

A Cucumber mosaic virus was newly isolated from Silene armeria and was characterized by biological, serological and molecular biological methods. Received 4 July 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 August 2001     

臭椿抗烟草花叶病毒活性物质的提取及其初步分离

以烟草花叶病毒为供试病毒,采用生物活性跟踪的方法对臭椿抗病毒活性物质进行了提取与初步分离。结果表明,臭椿乙醇提取物、甲醇提取物和丙酮提取物均有较好的抗烟草花叶病毒作用;通过系统溶剂提取、硅胶柱层析分离和活性筛选,从臭椿乙醇提取物的氯仿极性部位获得两个抗烟草花叶病毒活性组分Fr3与Fr6;经硅胶柱层析进一步分离,氯仿/甲醇梯度洗脱,得到4种相对较纯的活性成分C1、C2、C3、C4。生测结果显示,4种活性成分对烟草花叶病毒具有一定程度的抑制作用,但效果均低于原乙醇提取物,在活体条件下对烟草花叶病毒系统侵染的防治作用不明显。     

孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)中一种抗TMV活性蛋白的纯化及其特性

 采用硫酸铵盐析和阳离子交换柱层析(CM-Sepharose Fast Flow),从孔石莼(Ulva pertusa Kjellm)藻体中分离纯化得到1个蛋白,命名为UPCM40。经SDS-PAGE确定其分子量约为36kD,Native-PAGE可知其为单一组分;该蛋白不含糖;其全波长扫描结果显示,该蛋白在190~220nm和250~300nm处有特征吸收峰,在250~300nm范围中的最大吸收峰在270~275nm处。经测定发现该蛋白具较好的抗烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的活性,当蛋白质浓度为50μg/mL时,对TMV的抑制效果为:在枯斑寄主心叶烟上的侵染抑制率达85.6%,在苋色藜上为90.2%。测定该蛋白对6种供试真菌的抑制效果发现,对镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和香蕉炭疽菌(Gloeosporium musarum)均有一定程度的抑菌作用,但抑制活性很低。     

Amino Acid 129 of Cucumber mosaic virus Coat Protein Determines Local Symptom Expression and Systemic Movement in Tetragonia expansa, Momordica charantia and Physalis floridana

Local symptom expression and systemic movement of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Tetragonia expansa, Momordica charantia and Physalis floridana were mapped to the amino acid at position 129 of CMV coat protein (CP), using pseudorecombinants, chimeric RNAs, a site-directed mutant of RNA 3 and four strains of CMV : pepo-, SO-, MY17- and Y-CMV. Local and systemic symptoms caused by three strains, pepo-, SO- and MY17-CMV, and those by Y-CMV differed in the three host species. The three strains expressed local chlorotic spots at 24°C and systemic chlorotic spots and ringspots at 36°C, whereas Y-CMV developed local necrotic spots at 24°C but no systemic symptoms at 36°C in T. expansa. In M. charantia the three strains caused systemic chlorotic spots, whereas Y-CMV caused local necrotic spots. The three caused systemic mosaic and Y-CMV systemic necrosis in P. floridana. With pseudorecombinants combined with pepo- and Y-CMV RNAs, CMV RNA 3 was responsible for symptom expression and systemic infection. Inoculation with Y-CMV RNA 1, RNA 2 and chimeric RNA 3s exchanged CP gene fragments between pepo- and Y-CMV showed that NruI-XhoI fragment of CP was essential for symptom expression. Comparative analysis of the NruI-XhoI fragments revealed that only the amino acid at position 129 was common among the three strains but different from that of Y-CMV. Inoculation with a point mutant constructed by substituting one nucleotide resulting in an amino acid change from Ser to Pro at position 129 in Y-CMV CP verified the previous experiments. These results indicate that the amino acid at position 129 of CMV CP is the determinant for local symptom expression and systemic movement in the three host species. CMV CP containing Ser at position 129 may induce resistant responses in these plants. Received 29 June 2001/ Accepted in revised form 28 August 2001     

孔石莼(UIVa pertusa)中一种抗TMV活性蛋白的纯化及其特性

采用硫酸铵盐析和阳离子交换柱层析(CM-Sepharose Fast Flow),从孔石莼(Ulva pertusa Kjellm)藻体中分离纯化得到1个蛋白,命名为UPCM40.经SDS-PAGE确定其分子量约为36 kD,Native-PAGE可知其为单一组分;该蛋白不含糖;其全波长扫描结果显示,该蛋白在190～220 nm和250～300 nn处有特征吸收峰,在250～300 nm范围中的最大吸收峰在270～275 nm处.经测定发现该蛋白具较好的抗烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)的活性,当蛋白质浓度为50μg/mL时,对TMV的抑制效果为:在枯斑寄主心叶烟上的侵染抑制率达85.6%,在苋色藜上为90.2%.测定该蛋白对6种供试真菌的抑制效果发现,对镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和香蕉炭疽菌(Gloeosporium musarum)均有一定程度的抑菌作用,但抑制活性很低.     

烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria longipes)角质酶的纯化和特性

 本文对烟草赤星病菌Alternaria longipes产生的角质酶进行了纯化及性质测定。在含有苹果角质(诱导物)的液体培养基中培养A. longipes,第8 d达到产酶高峰。发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE(diethylaminoethyl)Sepharose、Sephacryl S-100 HR和Phenyl-Sepharose 6 fast flow(high sub)进行纯化。通过SDS-PAGE测得蛋白分子量为59.5 kDa。该酶的最适温度为35℃,最适pH为9.0,在温度20℃~40℃及pH 4.0~10.0范围内,酶活较稳定。一些金属离子如Na⁺、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺可以部分抑制角质酶活性。     

链霉菌菌株HNS2-2的分类鉴定及其代谢产物抗烟草花叶病毒活性

从神农架国家自然保护区土样中分离筛选到1株抗烟草花叶病毒的放线菌HNS2-2。根据培养性状、扫描电镜观察、生理生化测定以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步判定该菌株为链霉菌属中的草绿色链霉菌（Streptomyces herbaricolor）。HNS2-2菌株培养滤液与烟草花叶病毒混合后接种在枯斑寄主曼陀罗和系统侵染寄主普通烟K326上,对两寄主的枯斑抑制率分别为92.62%和61.88%;接种病毒前、后施用HNS2-2菌株培养滤液对两寄主的枯斑抑制率分别为83.78%、67.26%和54.06%、42.37%。     

稻白叶枯病菌外泌蛋白激发子的活性测定及其纯化

采用(NH4)2SO4分步沉淀法,从水稻白叶枯病菌的培养液中分离到具有激发子活性的物质。该蛋白处理水稻,可使水稻体内与抗病性相关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化物酶活性显著提高;在田间喷洒水稻叶片,可以显著提高水稻对白叶枯病菌的抗性,病斑长度明显降低。经滚动式等电聚焦电泳和离子交换层析分离,生测结果表明第II吸收峰具有生物活性;再经SDS PAGE电泳和考马斯亮蓝染色,第II吸收峰收集物有明显的一条带,相对分子质量为47 9kD。     

一种促进植物根系生长的极细链格孢菌蛋白质分离、纯化和生物功能

通过硫酸铵沉淀、有机溶剂沉淀、离子交换和分子筛连用的方法，从极细链格孢菌JH505菌株中分离纯化到分子量约为35kD的植物激发子。利用固相梯度凝胶双向电泳方法测定了该蛋白的等电点为4．22。将该纯化蛋白稀释液浸泡小麦种子8h，7d后小麦根系琥珀酸脱氢酶活性提高65．27％，经蛋白处理的小麦根长比对照提高13．1％。     

双叉犀金龟表皮蛋白Td14144表达纯化及性质研究

表皮蛋白是昆虫表皮的重要组成成份,在昆虫的生长发育过程中起着重要作用,有可能成为农业害虫的防治靶标。双叉犀金龟Trypoxylus dichotomus是铁皮石斛的一种重要害虫,且对其表皮蛋白的研究较少。本文通过研究双叉犀金龟表皮蛋白Td14144的表达纯化及与几丁质结合的相关性质明确Td14144功能的重要性。根据双叉犀金龟转录组测序数据,利用RT-PCR获得表皮蛋白Td14144基因（GenBank登录号：MZ463195）,并对其进行生物信息学分析。序列分析表明表皮蛋白Td14144属于CPR家族中RR-2亚族,含有R&R保守结构域;系统进化分析结果表明,Td14144与光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis的AgCP的亲缘关系最近。随后将基因片段与pET-28a载体同源重组构建表达载体pET28a-14144,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21中原核表达,并使用金属螯合层析进行分离纯化,SDS-PAGE及Western blot验证重组蛋白的表达纯化,成功获得95%以上纯度的Td14144蛋白。利用几丁质结合试验评估Td14144与不同类型几丁质结合的能力,发现Td14144可以与壳聚糖、α-几丁质、β-几丁质和胶体几丁质结合,其中对壳聚糖和α-几丁质的结合能力最强。     

多粘类芽孢杆菌BRF-1抗菌蛋白的分离纯化

通过硫酸铵分级沉淀、Sephadex G-50柱层析并采用抑菌活性和SDS-PAGE跟踪检测，从多粘类芽孢杆菌BRF-1菌株代谢产物中分离纯化到一种对大豆立枯丝核菌具有拮抗活性的抗菌蛋白，分子量约35．4kD。     

侵染葫芦的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒广西分离物分子鉴定

从广西南宁市郊温室大棚中的葫芦[Lagenaria siceraria(Molina)Stand.]上采集到一个表现脉绿、花叶症状的病毒样品,ELISA检测表明,该样品与黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus,CGMMV)有密切的血清学关系,利用RT-PCR方法从样品中扩增获得约500bp的DNA片段,序列分析表明,该片段是CGMMV的外壳蛋白基因,暂将该病毒分离物定名为GX-BG。外壳蛋白基因核苷酸序列系统进化树分析表明,已报道的CGMMV主要分为3大群体,GX-BG与中国辽宁分离物(CGMMV-LN)分别属于不同的群体。     

A study of viral coat protein accumulation in lily chloroplasts from mixed virus infections of Lily mottle virus and Cucumber mosaic virus

Two viruses that frequently occur in many Lilium species are Lily mottle virus (LMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which usually co-infect lilies causing severe disease symptoms. Recent reports have revealed that the viral coat protein (CP) affects chloroplast ultrastructure and symptom development. This study used western blot analysis to confirm that in leaves infected by mixed virus infections of LMoV and CMV, CPs of both viruses were accumulated in lily chloroplasts. Immunogold labelling further demonstrated that both the LMoV CP and CMV CP were localized in the stroma and the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. In addition, it was found that CPs of both viruses were rapidly transported into isolated, intact chloroplasts (in vitro), and their transport efficiencies were positively related to CP concentrations. The lowest transmembrane concentration of CMV CP decreased from 38 μg mL⁻¹ recorded in the single CMV CP import system to 10 μg mL⁻¹ in the mixed import system of LMoV CP and CMV CP. CPs of both viruses exhibited species selection in their transmembrane transport into chloroplasts. This is the first report that the CPs from two viruses (LMoV and CMV) are simultaneously present in lily chloroplasts. Accumulation of high levels of LMoV CP and CMV CP inside the chloroplast appears to contribute to a synergistic interaction inducing the development of mosaic symptoms.     

南瓜果实中黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的RT-PCR检测及cp基因序列分析

以来自甘肃的南瓜果实样品中提取的总RNA为模板进行RT-PCR扩增，序列测定和分析结果表明：扩增片段包含CGMMV的外壳蛋白基因和3’非编码区，证明南瓜果实中存在黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒，将其印基因序列与来自国内不同地区的其他CGMMV分离物进行序列比对，发现国内各分离物间的同源率高，有很近的亲缘关系。     

A Variant of Cucumber mosaic virus Is Restricted to Local Lesions in Inoculated Tobacco Leaves with a Hypersensitive Response

A variant of Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV(Y/GM2), was isolated from a tobacco plant with mild green mosaic symptoms that was regenerated in vitro from a yellow strain of CMV [CMV(Y)]-infected tobacco leaves by tissue culture. CMV(Y/GM2) has two amino acid substitutions at 36 and 111 positions in the coat protein encoded on RNA3. CMV, assembled by mixing in vitro transcribed CMV(Y) RNA1 and RNA2 plus infectious RNA3 transcribed in vitro from cDNA to RNA3 of CMV(Y/GM2), was prepared and designated as CMV(Y/GM2)tr. When tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) plants were inoculated with CMV(Y/GM2)tr, large necrotic local lesions in which the virus was localized, developed on the inoculated leaves. This host response unique to CMV(Y/GM2)tr was similar to the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a common resistance response to avirulent pathogens and was observed in five cultivars of Nicotiana tabacum and eight Nicotiana species. The revertant virus, however, accumulated to quite different levels in the various hosts. CMV(Y/GM2)tr induced pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) protein accumulation and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) which were generally observed in the HR. However, when tobaccos were inoculated with CMV(S36P)tr and CMV(V111I)tr, which have an amino acid substitution at either the 36 or 111 position in the coat protein of CMV(Y), respectively, CMV(S36P)tr was restricted to the primary infection site without necrotic local lesion formation and PR-1 protein and SAR induction. CMV(V111I)tr, however, systemically spread and induced mild green mosaic symptoms, while the host had the HR to CMV(Y/GM2)tr. The localization of CMV(Y/GM2)tr at the primary infection site may not only be caused by the HR, but also by the restriction of virus systemic movement resulting from the amino acid substitution at position 36 in the coat protein of CMV(Y). Received 15 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 18 April 2000     

云南、福建、湖南烟区烟草花叶病主要病毒种类检测及黄瓜花叶病毒亚组鉴定

 采用抗原直接包被和双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)对采自云南、福建、湖南烟区烟草花叶病样品进行了病毒种类检测,利用三抗体夹心ELISA对黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)的亚组类型进行了鉴定。在云南采集的520个花叶病样品中,烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)、CMV和马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)总检出率分别为71.74%、55.01%和6.35%;在福建采集的150个花叶病样品中,TMV、CMV和PVY的总检出率分别为94%、24.66%和8.00%;在湖南采集的74个花叶病样品中,TMV、CMV和PVY的总检出率分别为58.11%、51.35%和2.70%。部分样品为2种以上病毒复合侵染。云南、福建和湖南采集的64个CMV阳性样品中,属亚组Ⅰ的样品为57个,占89.1%;属亚组Ⅱ的样品为10个,占15.6%;其中3个样品为亚组Ⅰ和亚组Ⅱ的复合侵染。