莫西菌素浇泼驱虫剂对靶动物绵羊的安全性评价

为了客观评价莫西菌素(MXD)浇泼剂对靶动物羊的临床应用安全性,本试验将40只体重为(25.0±2.7)kg的断奶羔羊随机分为4个组,分别为不给药对照组(CTR组)、1倍剂量浇泼给药组[0.5 mg/(kg·bw),1×组]、3倍剂量浇泼给药组[1.5 mg/(kg·bw),3×组]和5倍剂量浇泼给药组[2.5 mg/(kg·bw),5×组]。给药第1天(1 d)按前述分组方法和剂量对各组羊只沿背中线浇泼给药,连续给药3 d,试验观察期为7 d,观察各组羊只临床表现和体重变化;测定给药前1天(0 d)和给药后第7天(7 d)各组羊只体温、脉搏和呼吸(TPR)、血液生理生化和尿常规指标;测量7 d时各组羊只脏器系数并采取组织样品制备石蜡切片观察组织病理学变化,综合评价MXD浇泼剂临床用药安全性。结果显示：与CTR组相比,各浇泼给药组羊只临床表现均正常,体重和TPR指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);3×组的血糖(GLU)和5×组的红细胞容积(MCV)、肌酐(CREA)均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),但均在正常参考值内,其他指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);各浇泼给药组尿...     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊线虫的驱虫效力与安全性试验

应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.3,0.4,0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量做对照。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂0.3mg/kg,0.4mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85%和90%,减少率分别为89.1%和95.9%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为60%和75%,减少率分别为77.2%和86.7%;0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率均为100%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率为85%,减少率为95.4%。解剖检查结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂三种剂量对绵羊消化道、呼吸道多属线虫均有效,总计驱虫率分别为90.8%,95.6%和99.7%,伊维菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg.b w剂量与伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量驱虫效果基本一致;绵羊经皮给药可耐受1.0mg/kg.b w剂量。试验证明:伊维菌素浇泼剂经皮给药驱除绵羊线虫高效安全,临床推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg.b w为宜。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂和注射剂驱除牛消化道线虫临床效果观察

为验证伊维菌素浇泼剂对牛消化道线虫的临床驱虫效果,筛选高效方便的剂型,本试验将自然感染消化道线虫的80头病牛随机分成5组:高、中、低剂量组、伊维菌素注射组(药物对照组)和不给药组(空白对照组),各组牛按如下方法给药:高、中、低剂量组分别按每100 kg体重15、10、5 m L背部浇泼给药,药物对照组每100 kg体重2 m L颈部皮下注射给药。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂对牛消化道线虫的驱虫效果以高、中剂量为佳,高、中剂量组与低剂量组差异极显著,与药物对照组差异不显著。伊维菌素浇泼剂安全高效、简便易行,适合在生产中大力推广使用。     

埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛消化道线虫驱虫效力的研究

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛消化道线虫驱虫效力,选择1.5岁自然感染消化道线虫的牦牛100头,随机分为5组,每组20头,1～3组分别为埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6 mg/kg.b w组,沿背部皮肤中线浇注给药,4组为埃谱利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组,按0.2 mg/kg剂量颈部皮下注射,5组为阳性对照组,不给药。结果:1.埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫(除毛首线虫外)的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别达90.0%和97.2%;对线虫的总计驱虫率达96.8%。2.0.6mg/kg剂量对消化道线虫(除毛首线虫外)的虫卵转阴率、减少率均达100.0%;对线虫的总计驱虫率达98.8%。3.0.4 mg/kg剂量对线虫虫卵的转阴率、减少率、驱虫率均低于0.5、0.6mg/kg剂量组。4.对照药物埃谱利诺菌素注射剂0.2 mg/kg剂量组对线虫的驱虫效果与埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.5 mg/kg剂量组无显著差异。5.埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂3个剂量组试验牦牛未见异常反应。试验证明埃谱利诺菌浇泼剂0.4、0.5、0.6 mg/kg体重剂量驱除牦牛消化道线虫安全有效。其中以0.5 mg/kg剂...     

伊维菌素浇泼剂防治绵羊寄生虫病的效果观察

应用伊维菌素浇泼剂,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外寄生虫,结果表明,0．5mg／kg体重剂量对主要7属消化道线虫和网尾线虫的虫卵（幼虫）转阴率、减少率均为100％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为87．59／6和91．3％,对线虫的总计驱虫率为99．04％;对绵羊颚虱的杀虫率达100％。表明伊维菌素浇泼剂0．5mg／kg剂量一次用药,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外绵羊颚虱等寄生虫,高效安全。     

埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对绵羊消化道线虫的驱虫效果评价5-6

为评价埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂对绵羊消化道线虫驱虫效力,选择1.5岁自然感染消化道线虫的绵羊100只,随机分为5组,每组20只,1～3组为埃谱利诺菌素浇泼剂0.4、0.5和0.6mg/kg.b w组,沿背部皮肤中线浇注给药,4组为埃谱利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组,按0.2mg/kg剂量颈部皮下注射,5组为阳性对照组,不给药;采用...     

新一代驱虫抗生素—莫西菌素

莫西菌素同伊维菌素一样 ,是一种目前广泛用于兽医临床的广谱、高效、新型大环内酯类驱虫抗生素 ,是美贝霉素家族中的一员。由于其独特的理化性质 ,在国外 ,已被广泛用于治疗奶牛、猪等动物体内外寄生虫病。文章对莫西菌素的理化特性、作用机制、药动学、制剂、药效、耐药性、毒性、残留等进行了较详细地综述 ,同时也介绍了减少耐药性产生的一些方法 ,为该药能在国内应用提供第一手资料 ,以求为兽医临床用药提供参考     

伊维菌素浇泼剂防治牦牛皮蝇蛆病

青海省大通种牛场以饲养牦牛为主。现饲养牦牛近2万头。据调查，本场牦牛的皮蝇蛆感染率达95．40％～99．14％，属高发区。长期以来，本场在试验的基础上先后采用敌百虫溶液、蝇毒磷、倍硫磷注射剂进行洗浴或注射防治，均有不同程度的防治效果。以前，国内主要推广使用倍硫磷注射剂，按体重6．25mg／kg剂量臀部肌肉注射，防治效果满意。但倍硫磷因毒性较大等原因已停用，加之牦牛饲管粗     

伊维菌素浇泼剂和注射剂对牛皮蝇蛆病的治疗效果

为了解伊维菌素浇泼剂对牛皮蝇蛆病的治疗效果,探讨及筛选对牛皮蝇蛆病高效、低毒、使用方便的有效剂型,本临床试验共选用合格试验牛80头,随机分成5组:高剂量组(10头)、中剂量组(40头)、低剂量组(10头)、伊维菌素注射组(药物对照组10头)和不给药组(空白对照组10头),各组牛按如下方法给药:高、中、低剂量组分别按每100 kg体重15、10和5 mL背部浇泼给药,药物对照组按每100 kg体重2 mL颈部皮下注射伊维菌素。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂高、中、低剂量组对牛皮蝇幼虫的杀虫效果三者之间差异不显著(P0.05),3个剂量组与药物对照组比较差异也不显著(P0.05),表明高、中、低剂量的伊维菌素浇泼剂和伊维菌素注射剂均对牛皮蝇均具有明显的驱虫效果。伊维菌素浇泼剂是一种新开发治疗牛皮蝇蛆病较为安全的局部外用药,使用简便、快捷,适合在临床上广泛推广应用。     

多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠旋毛虫的疗效研究

研究了多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠旋毛虫各个时期的驱杀效果。采用多拉菌素浇泼剂按5mg·kg^-1·bw^-1为小鼠背部浇泼给药一次,对小鼠旋毛虫成虫、移行期幼虫和包囊期幼虫进行驱杀。结果表明。多拉菌素浇泼剂对旋毛虫成虫的杀虫效果最好,杀虫率可达99．5％,其次是旋毛虫的移行期幼虫,杀虫效果达96．62％,而对包囊期幼虫的杀虫效果最差,只有31．98％。多拉菌素浇泼剂治疗小鼠旋毛虫的成虫和移行期蚴虫疗效显著,而对包囊期幼虫效果不明显。本研究为该药进一步的广泛应用于家畜提供理论与试验依据。     

藏草乌水煎提取液体外杀灭羊虱蝇药效及皮肤毒性试验研究

试验旨在研究藏草乌的水煎提取液在体外杀灭羊虱蝇的药效作用及其皮肤毒性、刺激性、过敏性试验,为藏草乌的开发利用和临床应用提供理论依据。将1%、2%、4%、8%、10%藏草乌水煎提取液分别滴于衬有吸水纸和羊虱蝇的平皿中,在1、2、4、8 h时分别观察其对羊虱蝇的杀灭情况。取相同剂量1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液均匀涂于大白兔的完整皮肤和破损皮肤,进行皮肤毒性、刺激性和过敏性试验。结果显示,给药1 h后各浓度的藏草乌水煎提取液及阳性对照组均出现了不同程度的羊虱蝇杀灭效果,4 h后阳性对照组杀灭率为100%,8 h时,1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液杀灭率达到70%,而2%藏草乌水煎提取液较1%药物组杀灭羊虱蝇效果好;皮肤毒性试验显示,大白兔皮肤无红斑、水肿,体重变化正常;皮肤刺激性试验结果显示,藏草乌提取液对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;皮肤致敏反应结果表明,藏草乌提取液对大白兔不具有致敏性。综上所述,藏草乌水煎提取液具有良好的体外杀灭羊虱蝇作用,且皮肤用药安全。     

规模化全舍饲湖羊消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解规模化舍饲湖羊消化道寄生虫感染情况,本研究应用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、饱和盐水漂浮法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、离心沉淀法和麦克马斯特氏计数法等对采自河南部分地区规模化全舍饲湖羊养殖场共计553份粪便样品进行了调查。调查结果显示：寄生虫总感染率高达97.47%,75.23%的样品混合感染,样品混合感染的寄生虫种类最多为5种;共查到球虫、隐孢子虫、贾第虫、阿米巴、鞭虫、圆线虫和绦虫7种寄生虫,感染率分别为90.42%、0.90%、4.88%、65.64%、12.48%、42.13%和4.88%;感染强度最大的为球虫,每克粪便的卵囊数（OPG）最高达652 000,其次为圆线虫,每克粪便的虫卵数（EPG）最高为7 000;湖羊消化道寄生虫感染无明显的年龄、性别差异（P>0.05）;季节流行动态显示,春、夏、秋三季的寄生虫感染率与冬季相比有较大差异。以上结果说明,湖羊消化道寄生虫感染较为普遍,应采取有效的综合防控措施,以保障羊群的健康发展。     

Anthelmintic Activity of Extracts of Spondias mombin Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep: Studies In Vitro and In Vivo

This study was carried out to validate the efficacy of Spondias mombin, used locally as an anthelmintic, and to standardize the effective dose of the plant extract required for worm control in livestock. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to determine the direct anthelmintic effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of S. mombin towards different ovine gastrointestinal nematodes. A larval development assay (LDA) was used to investigate the in vitro effect of extracts on strongyle larvae. Another study was conducted in vivo to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the extracts administered orally at dose rates of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg to sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Twenty sheep were selected on the basis of positive faecal egg counts (750 epg). The sheep were allocated randomly to a non-medicated control group (A) or to groups given 125 mg/kg (B), 250 mg/kg (C) or 500 mg/kg (D) of extract, respectively. Sheep in groups B-D were given extracts orally on two days. Individual faecal egg counts were performed on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. The presence of S. mombin extracts in in vitro cultures of larvae decreased the survival of L3 larvae. The LC50 of the aqueous extract of S. mombin was 0.907 mg/ml, while the LC50 of the ethanolic extract was 0.456 mg/ml. This difference in LC50 was statistically significant (p > 0.05). The mean percentage faecal egg reduction of sheep drenched with 500 mg/kg S. mombin extracts was 15.0%, 27.5%, 65.0%, 65.0%, 100.0% against Haenmonchus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomunm spp., Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. respectively, on day 12. Extracts of S. mombin could find application in the control of helminths in livestock.     

绵羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

应用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对采自河南省6个地市及吉林双辽、辽宁朝阳和山东东营共1109份绵羊粪便样品进行检查,结果发现9种(类)寄生虫,寄生虫总感染率为97.2%,以球虫感染率最高,达93.5%,卵囊数(OPG)最高值达652000;圆线虫和阿米巴感染率较高,分别为51.2%和71.3%,圆线虫卵数(EPG)最高值达69400;隐孢子虫、贾第虫、鞭虫、细颈线虫、莫尼茨绦虫和矛形双腔吸虫感染率分别为1.6%、5.7%、9.7%、0.3%、5.1%和2.6%;80.7%的绵羊阳性样品呈混合感染,最多可达5种。1岁以下和1岁以上绵羊寄生虫感染率分别为98.5%和87.5%;舍饲和放牧绵羊寄生虫感染率分别为97.5%和96.8%;寄生虫季节流行动态调查显示夏秋季节寄生虫感染率高于冬春季节。调查结果表明绵羊肠道寄生虫感染较为普遍,应加强其综合防控措施。     

The Effect of Treatment with a 1% Injectable Formulation of Moxidectin during the Rainy Season and at the Beginning of the Dry Season on Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Cattle from Communal Areas in Zimbabwe

The effect of 1% moxidectin/cydectin at 0.2 mg/kg live weight on gastrointestinal nematodes and on the growth of calves, weaners and cows was investigated in five communal areas on the highveld of Zimbabwe. Three field experiments were carried out between March 1996 and June 1997. In experiment 1, treatment was administered in all five areas at the end of the rainy season in March 1996, followed by a further treatment at the beginning of the dry season in May/June 1996. In experiment 2, the treatment was administered in three areas at the end of the rainy season in March 1997. In experiment 3, treatment was administered in one area at the beginning of the dry season in April 1997. Large numbers of eggs were present in the faeces of calves and weaners at the start of experiments 1 and 2. Epg values were lower in cows and in all age categories in experiment 3. There was a statistically significant reduction in epg values in calves, weaners and cows following treatment with a reduction of 90–99% in all cases except in cows in experiment 3, where no meaningful assessment was possible owing to the low egg counts in both the treated and control cows. The dominating larval types in faecal cultures were Cooperia and Haemonchus. Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Bunostomum were also found. Following treatment, Haemonchus was suppressed far more than Cooperia. This may be related to a longer residual effect against abomasal parasites like Haemonchus in comparison to small intestinal worms like Cooperia. Anthelmintic treatment conferred significant weight gain advantages (p<0.05) on treated calves, weaners and cows. The weight gains are discussed in relation to disease and nutrition.     

Efficacy of Ivermectin Pour-on Against Nematodes Infecting Foals on Pasture: Coprological and Biochemical Analysis

The efficacy of topical ivermectin (IVM) on foals naturally infected by parasitic nematodes was evaluated. Two dosages of IVM were applied pour-on (F-Nor0.5; 0.5 mg/kg body weight [BW] and F-Nor1; 1 mg/kg BW) and results compared with the oral administration (F-Eq0.2; 0.2 mg/kg BW of IVM). The efficacy was measured by estimating the reduction in the fecal egg counts (fecal egg count reduction) and in the numbers of horses shedding parasite eggs (positive horse reduction). Several biochemical and enzymatic serum parameters were measured in the groups F-Eq0.2 and F-Nor1. Before the deworming of the horses, eggs of Parascaris equorum, Cyathostomum, Gyalocephalus spp, and Oxyuris equi were identified. In all the treated groups, the excretion of ascarid eggs ended 4 days after the treatment. The orally administered IVM suppressed the egg output of strongyles and pinworms 4 days after the treatment, whereas for the F-Nor1 group this occurred 8 days after the treatment. Eggs of strongyles were detected in the F-Nor0.5 group throughout the study. The levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, globulins, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reduced significantly after the administration of IVM, but values not within the normal range were only achieved for LDH. A significant positive correlation between the fecal egg output of cyathostomins and the LDH was investigated. Clinically, no adverse reactions in the horses receiving the topical IVM were observed. It was concluded that the pour-on administration of 1 mg/kg BW IVM provides similar results to the oral administration, and offers a very useful tool to control infestation by the intestinal nematodes affecting wild grazing horses.     

Development,Survival and Availability of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Sheep and Pastures in a Semi-arid Area of Kajiado District of Kenya

A study was carried out on a ranch in the semi-arid area of Kajiado District in Kenya during the period July 2000 to June 2001 to determine the seasonal patterns of development and survival of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep on pastures. A series of plots were contaminated with sheep faeces every month and pasture samples were collected weekly for the recovery and identification of larvae. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures was also monitored on the paddocks grazed by sheep and around the night pen and the watering point every month from July 2000 to June 2001. The results from the examination of the pasture samples indicated that rainfall distribution was the major factor governing the development and survival of the pre-parasitic stages. No parasitic larvae were detected from the plots contaminated during the dry months from July to October 2000, but development and translocation of infective larvae on pastures occurred on plots contaminated during the rainy seasons and soon after when relatively high moisture was present in the herbage (November 2000 to June 2001). During this period, peak larval counts occurred between the first and the second week post contamination, then declined to undetectable levels between week 4 and 16 post contamination. The lack of development of infective larvae during the dry season and the relatively rapid decline of their population during the wet season presents an opportunity for the use of pasture spelling as a means of helminth control in the study area. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures, around the night pen and around the watering point also followed the rainfall distribution pattern. Infective larvae were consistently recovered around the watering point throughout the study period. This indicated that the point is an important source of infection for sheep, especially during the dry season when other pastures are non-infective.     

爱普瑞克驱杀绵羊痒螨和寄生线虫的疗效观察

对自然感染寄生线虫和痒螨的绵羊用爱普瑞克制剂进行驱杀疗效观察.通过虫卵和瘁螨检查确定阳性羊,设爱普瑞克0.05、0.1、0.2 mg/kg体重3个剂量组,同时设阿维菌素0.2 mg/kg体重和空白对照组,经羊皮下注射药物.结果表明,爱普瑞克按0.2 mg/kg体重和阿维菌素0.2 mg/kg体重驱杀绵羊瘁螨杀净率均达100%,寄生线虫虫卵转阴率、卵减率都达100%.而爱普瑞克0.05 mg/kg体重,0.1 mg/kg体重驱治效果差,螨虫杀净率为53%～80%,且用药后第20天瘁螨病复发;寄生线虫虫卵转阴率、卵减率只有30%～80%.0.2 mg/kg体重为爱普瑞克驱杀绵羊寄生线虫和痒螨最低有效剂量.     

应用ELISA检测绵羊抗东毕吸虫抗体

用东毕吸虫成虫,经葡聚糖凝胶G—100层析柱制备纯化抗原,应用ELISA间接法检测自然感染东毕吸虫绵羊的抗体,同时,配合沉淀法、孵化法和全身剖检法进行检查,显示阳性符合率为98.4％,阴性符合率为95％;除与肝片吸虫阳性血清有4.8%的交叉反应外,未发现与矛形双腔吸虫阳性血清和前后盘吸虫阳性血清有交叉反应;ELISA的阳性检出率高于沉淀法和孵化法;并证明东毕吸虫感染强度与血清抗体无相关关系。