喷施硒对大豆品质和大豆食品硒水平的影响

用田间试验研究喷施亚硒酸钠对大豆品质和大豆食品硒水平的影响。结果表明，叶面喷施亚硒酸钠浓度小于400mg/L对产量无显著影响，亚硒酸的浓度大于600mg/L，大豆产量显著下降。喷施亚硒酸钠显著提高大豆脂肪含量，特别是亚油酸含量提高1％左右，但对大豆蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成影响不显著。利用富硒大豆生产的大豆食品含硒量显著提高，大豆分离蛋白含硒量为7．487μg/g，豆奶粉为1．023μg/g，豆芽为1．033μg/g,白豆腐干为1.412μg/g.大豆分离蛋白可作为富硒功能食品的有机硒源，豆渣可作为动物饲料添加剂。     

喷施亚硒酸钠对茶叶含硒量的影响

研究了叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对低硒茶园茶叶含硒量、茶树生长发育和茶叶产量的影响。结果表明，在茶树新梢生长过程中，叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可以显著提高茶叶的含硒量，其提高幅度与亚硒酸钠的喷施浓度成线性正相关。喷后第６天新梢含硒量达到最大值，以后以８％─１０％的日速率递减；至第１０天，新梢中的有机硒含量达到８５％，即从喷后第１０天─第１８天内可采摘富硒茶。每公顷喷施亚硒酸钠０．１０ｋｇ─０．４０ｋｇ时，对茶树生长和茶叶产量无明显影响。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对黑粒小麦籽粒硒含量、产量及品质的影响

为了明确亚硒酸钠对黑粒小麦籽粒硒含量、产量及品质的影响,以黑粒小麦品种山农紫麦1号为材料,在大田进行叶面喷施亚硒酸钠,亚硒酸钠设4个浓度:0(CK)、15(C_1)、30(C_2)和45(C_3)g·hm~(-2),分别于小麦拔节和开花期各喷施一次,分析了不同浓度亚硒酸钠黑粒小麦花后叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、产量、籽粒硒含量及品质性状。结果表明,开花后各时期的叶面积指数(LAI),C_1、C_2处理均显著高于CK,C_3处理在开花后14～21d显著高于CK;成熟期植株干物质重及籽粒、茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳的干物质重,C_1、C_2处理均显著高于CK,但叶片干物质重及占比显著低于CK;花后干物质积累量,C_2、C_3处理显著高于CK,C_1处理与CK无显著差异。三种喷亚硒酸钠处理(C_1、C_2和C_3)的成穗数均显著高于CK,而穗粒数和千粒重差异不显著,产量较CK分别增加7.89%、9.96%和9.19%。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠显著提高黑粒小麦籽粒的硒含量,CK、C_1、C_2和C_3处理籽粒硒含量分别为0.056、0.238、1.295和1.207mg·kg-1。籽粒粗蛋白含量,C_1、C_2处理较CK分别提高9.49%和4.29%,差异显著;C_1、C_2、C_3处理面筋指数分别较CK提高4.67%、13.06%和3.77%;C_1处理面团形成时间及稳定时间均显著高于CK,C_2、C_3处理与CK差异不显著;各喷施亚硒酸钠处理间的湿面筋含量、沉淀指数和吸水量差异不显著。本研究条件下,黑粒小麦拔节期和开花期各喷施30mg·kg-1亚硒酸钠,可以明显提高籽粒产量、硒含量与品质。     

河北省冬小麦硒的含量及其富硒技术研究

为给富硒小麦生产提供理论依据,采用大田取样、盆栽试验和田间试验方法,同时结合室内分析,研究了河北省冬小麦硒的含量及小麦富硒施肥技术。结果表明：（1）河北省冬小麦含硒量变化范围为0.010~0.222 mg·kg^-1,其中46.67%的冬小麦缺硒,35.00%的冬小麦轻度缺硒,正常含硒量的小麦仅占18.33%;（2）通过土壤施硒和叶面喷硒可有效地提高冬小麦籽粒的含硒量,达到富硒小麦的要求,而浸种只能作为一种辅助措施。以亚硒酸钠作硒肥,生产富硒小麦的土壤施硒量以0.10~0.25 mg Se·kg^-1为宜;叶面喷硒的适宜浓度为40 mg Se·L^-1,每公顷用液量750 kg,以小麦抽穗至灌浆初期进行喷洒效果较好。因此,建议在河北省的土壤和气候条件下,生产富硒小麦的土壤适宜施硒量为225~562.5 g·hm^-2,叶面喷硒的适宜施硒量为30 g·hm^-2。     

叶面喷硒对糯玉米生理特性及子粒硒含量的影响

采用2因素裂区设计,对4个糯玉米品种在5个供硒水平下的不同生理指标及子粒硒含量进行比较研究。结果表明,60 g/hm2的叶面喷硒处理不仅显著提高糯玉米过氧化物酶(POD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,还能有效提高糯玉米叶片中叶绿素含量,在该处理浓度下4个品种子粒硒含量与对照相比均极显著增加。品种、浓度单一及其互作对子粒硒含量的影响均存在显著差异,各因素对总变异的贡献表现为处理浓度>品种>品种×处理浓度。与不喷硒处理相比,4个品种的子粒硒平均含量分别提高118.0545、139.3179、162.9583和87.1647μg/kg。综合考虑生理特性和子粒硒含量,确定选用CTN1965和JN20作为富硒品种,两个品种推荐叶面喷硒浓度分别为60~61.5529 g/hm2和60~78.8770 g/hm^2,在61.5529、78.8770 g/hm^2阈值下,两个品种子粒硒平均含量可达300μg/kg的安全上限。     

海南砖红壤有效硒提高途径的初步研究

以海南砖红壤为供试土壤,根据作物吸收硒的量来研究施用不同水平的碳酸钙、磷铵、有机质对土壤有效硒的影响。结果表明：在本实验条件下,海南砖红壤中以施用2 g/kg碳酸钙处理植株硒含量增加显著,达到了0.41 mg/kg,砖红壤的有效硒变化显著。     

辣椒在不同施硒水平下硒累积规律

为研究辣椒在不同施硒水平下硒的累积规律,以‘辣丰新辣王’为试验材料,在海南省澄迈县砖红壤地块中设置6个硒肥用量处理,分别为0、5、10、15、20、25 kg/hm~2,测定辣椒产量、各器官硒含量分布特征。结果表明:(1)土壤施用硒肥显著提高了辣椒产量及各器官硒含量和硒累积量;(2)随着硒肥施用量的增加,辣椒各器官的硒含量、硒累积量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,收获期辣椒各器官硒含量和硒累积量在20kg/hm~2处理下最高,辣椒产量在15、20、25 kg/hm~2处理下较高;(3)与不施硒肥相比,施用硒肥可以显著影响硒在辣椒不同器官中的分配规律,而且少量供硒(5、10 kg/hm~2)条件下,还可以促进收获期果实中硒的富集;(4)收获期,辣椒果实硒肥利用率在20 kg/hm~2处理下最高。表明土壤适量施用硒肥可显著提高辣椒产量、硒含量、硒累积量及硒肥利用率,在本研究中以施用20 kg/hm~2的效果最好。     

滴灌条件下不同价态外源硒对水稻硒吸收及转运的影响

【目的】通过田间小区试验,研究外源硒酸盐及亚硒酸盐施入滴灌稻田中对土壤中不同价态硒含量及其生物有效性的影响,旨在为滴灌条件下富硒水稻的开发提供理论依据。【方法】以水稻品种T-43为材料,硒肥为亚硒酸盐与硒酸盐,施硒量为0.3、0.6、1.2 kg/hm~2。【结果】研究结果表明,施肥后1 d硒酸盐1.2 kg/hm~2处理土壤中可溶态硒含量最高,比对照高了340%;可交换态硒、铁氧化物态硒及有机态硒含量在施肥后4 d亚硒酸盐1.2 kg/hm~2处理最高,较对照分别提高了380%、56%、59%,硒酸盐处理铁氧化物态硒及有机态硒含量增加不显著,说明硒酸盐主要以可溶态硒存在,而亚硒酸盐主要以可交换态硒存在,并且由可溶态转化为其他形态,因此降低了其有效性。对水稻的根、茎、叶及籽粒硒含量分析后发现,亚硒酸盐处理的籽粒和叶中的硒含量显著低于硒酸盐处理,而其根部硒含量显著大于硒酸盐处理,茎部硒含量无显著差异,且亚硒酸盐处理的根部硒累积量均大于硒酸盐处理。【结论】说明施用亚硒酸盐大部分积累在水稻根部,硒酸盐处理的地上部硒累积量大于亚硒酸盐处理,同时,硒酸盐处理的根系吸收系数、初级转运系数、次级转运系数均大于亚硒酸盐处理,说明亚硒酸盐大部分积累在水稻根部且向地上部转运较难,硒酸盐随水滴施的生物有效性高于亚硒酸盐。     

外源硒对滴灌小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响

为给小麦高效富硒提供理论依据,通过田间小区试验研究了外源硒不同施用方式及用量对小麦籽粒硒含量及产量的影响。 结果表明,基施与喷施外源硒的小麦生物量和产量均随硒用量的增加而增加,滴施外源硒小麦的生物量和产量随硒用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势。在喷施20 mg·L^-1外源硒处理下小麦产量最高,比对照提高了19.5%;滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2处理,小麦产量提高14.3%;而基施外源硒对小麦产量无显著影响;喷施处理最高产量分别比基施、滴施处理最高产量增加4.5％和0.8％。在小麦籽粒硒富集上,滴施处理中籽粒硒富集量最大,分别是基施和喷施处理的2.6倍和1.6倍。基施、滴施和喷施外源硒处理下,小麦籽粒硒转化率分别比对照提高了45.5%、55.6%和67.8%,喷施处理小麦籽粒转化率最高。喷施处理小麦的硒利用率显著高于基施和滴施处理,分别是基施和滴施的2.2和1.7倍。分别在小麦孕穗期和灌浆期滴施0.6 kg·hm^-2、喷施20 mg·L^-1 Na₂SeO₃,既能使小麦籽粒硒含量达到国家富硒食品标准,又能增加小麦产量。     

大豆硒蛋白与亚硒酸钠生物利用的比较研究

以雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,建立低硒动物模型,通过灌胃的形式给低硒大鼠补充大豆硒蛋白和亚硒酸钠,检测各组大鼠血、肝、肾中的硒含量与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)活性来比较两者的生物利用效果.结果表明:与低硒对照组相比,血、肝、肾中的硒含量以及含硒酶的活性均明显提高(P＜0.05).亚硒酸钠产生更高的组织硒积累,大豆硒蛋白对含硒酶活性的影响明显高于亚硒酸钠组(P＜0.05).结果证明大豆硒蛋白具有低毒高效的特点,其吸收利用效果优于亚硒酸钠.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.