球孢白僵菌防治茶树害虫角胸叶甲的初步研究

为评价球孢白僵菌对茶角胸叶甲田间防治效果,于虫体出土前和出土后2个时期连续喷施100 g/666.7 m2的400亿孢子白僵菌处理。试验结果表明,该田间防治模式下,能够有效减少茶角胸叶甲对茶树的危害,处理组的茶树芽头数量显著大于对照组,嫩叶和老叶被角胸叶甲取食的孔洞数量处理组小于对照组,差异显著;处理组区域内的下一代虫体的越冬代幼虫基数减少量也极为显著。     

白僵菌防治茶角胸叶甲效果试验

通过在茶园开展不同生物制剂防治茶角胸叶甲的田间试验,并比较生物制剂白僵菌与化学农药的防治效果,试验结果表明:3种生物制剂白僵菌、茶皂素、苦参碱均对茶角胸叶甲有着明显的防治效果,其中白僵菌的防治效果最优;白僵菌的防治效果与化学农药相当,且速效性明显,可作为替代化学农药防治茶角胸叶甲的主要防治药剂.     

防治茶角胸叶甲高效药剂筛选试验研究

为探索适用于茶园害虫茶角胸叶甲成虫的防治药剂,选用12种药剂采用胃毒触杀联合毒力法对茶角胸叶甲成虫进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,4种化学药剂和3种生物药剂的毒杀效果较好。综合药效、成本及农残的因素,防控茶角胸叶甲优先选用80亿孢子/毫升金龟子绿僵菌和1%苦皮藤素,化学农药中选用24%虫螨腈和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯。     

茶角胸叶甲研究进展

茶角胸叶甲(Basilepta melanopus Lefevre)越来越成为南方茶区一种较为普遍发生的成灾害虫,且其发生逐步向北迁移。本文对茶角胸叶甲的发生范围、为害特点、生物学特性、防治等进行了综述。     

玉米螟白僵菌高致病性菌株筛选

对7株寄生玉米螟的白僵菌菌株产孢量、营养生长量、孢子萌发速率生物学特性指标及对玉米螟3龄幼虫致病力进行了测定,筛选对玉米螟高致病性白僵菌菌株。结果表明:不同菌株间存在较大的差异,综合各项生物学特性指标数据,筛选出生物学特性表现优良的高致病性菌株1株,即BC6菌株。BC6菌株产孢量达到18.35×107个/cm2,14 h的萌发率为96.59%,营养生长量为2.722 mm/d。通过对玉米螟3龄幼虫致病力的测定,校正死亡率达到了90%。各项生物学特性指标均显著高于实验室原有对照(CK)菌株,具有工厂化生产潜力和实际应用价值。     

创制转Mad1基因球孢白僵菌工程菌株提高对玉米螟毒力

克隆来源于生防真菌绿僵菌的黏着蛋白基因Mad1,构建含玉米瘤黑粉菌热激蛋白启动子hsp70和以抗萎锈灵基因carboxin为筛选标记的遗传转化载体上,利用PEG介导的原生质体转化法导入到受体球孢白僵菌菌株D1-5中,获得转化子,经继代培养及分子检测,获得遗传稳定的基因工程菌株。利用蝗虫后翅及洋葱表皮进行吸附试验进行工程菌株的生物学功能鉴定,结果表明,野生型和工程菌的分生孢子对于洋葱表皮的吸附量无明显差异,工程菌的分生孢子对蝗虫翅膀的吸附显著高于野生型,表明Mad1基因的导入能够增加球孢白僵菌对昆虫组织的吸附,对植物表皮组织不存在吸附能力。对亚洲玉米螟幼虫室内毒力测定结果表明,转化后的工程菌株致死中时间比野生型缩短34.07%,杀虫效率显著提高。     

几种药剂对褐足角胸叶甲的毒力测定

应用浸叶饲喂法测定6种药剂对褐足角胸叶甲(Basilepta fulvipes Motschulsky)成虫的毒力作用。结果表明：6种杀虫剂均对褐足角胸叶甲均有效果,其中25%联苯菊酯·啶虫脒·哒螨灵乳油、25%氯虫苯甲酰胺·啶虫脒·哒螨灵乳油、25%除尽·啶虫脒·哒螨灵乳油和25%多杀菌素·啶虫脒·哒螨灵乳油对褐足角胸叶甲成虫的毒力较高,LC50分别为23.519 8、7.432 3、23.602 6和15.977 7 mg/L。45%马拉硫磷乳油和20%甲氰菊酯乳油的毒力较低。     

冬前用球孢白僵菌防治茶小绿叶蝉

冬季用球白僵菌防治茶小绿叶蝉,13天后防治效果均达78.5%。由于温湿度低,比6月和9月做的农药登记试验分别下降10.85~12.5%,但比石硫合剂防治效果均高17.4%,因此,达到了冬季防治茶小绿叶蝉防治效果,并可降低冻害指数33.3~74.8%。     

4种防控模式对茶角胸叶甲的田间药效试验

茶角胸叶甲日益成为影响我国南方茶叶产量和品质的重大害虫,为害日趋严重。但至今在我国尚无防治茶角胸叶甲的登记农药品种,用药短缺问题突出。2019年笔者选用联苯菊酯、黄板、黄板+白僵菌、联苯菊酯+黄板+白僵菌4种模式防治茶角胸叶甲。结果表明:应用联苯菊酯防治成本较低、效果较好,结合黄板与白僵菌防控效果有所提升,而有机茶园适宜使用黄板与黄板+白僵菌防治模式。     

玉米螟高毒力白僵菌菌株紫外线诱变选育

对自然选育、综合性状表现较好的白僵菌BC6菌株进行紫外线诱变处理,获得产孢量高于亲本菌株的突变菌株4株(Z01、Z09、Z18、Z19)。突变菌株经继代培养,产孢量及产孢特性表现稳定,每代突变体菌株的产孢量均显著高于对应代数的对照亲本菌株,诱变菌株没有回复亲本菌株的表现。经生物测定,菌株Z19和Z09致病力高于对照。Z19菌株校正死亡率高于对照10个百分点以上,差异极显著。     

Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Against Tarnished Plant Bug Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Twelve isolates of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Metarhizium robertsii, M. pinghaense, M. brunneum, Beauveria bassiana, and Isaria fumosorosea were screened against tarnished plant bug. All isolates were pathogenic, causing mortality from 28.8 ± 3.4 to 96.3 ± 2.7%. The LT₅₀ values ranged from 2.7 to 6.0 d while the LT₉₀ values varied between 6.6 and 15.0 d. Metarhizium robertsii isolate CPD6 (will be under the trade name NoVil) was among the isolates that caused high mortality within shorter times and was selected for study on developmental stages and greenhouse trial. The third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs, and adults were inoculated with 10⁶, 10⁷, and 10⁸ conidia per ml of NoVil. All the stages were susceptible to fungal infection. However, third and fourth instars were the most susceptible with no significant differences in mortality across the three concentrations. On the other hand, mortality was dose-dependent with fifth-instar nymph and adult stages. The LT₅₀ and LT₉₀ values were also dose-dependent, with higher concentrations having shorter lethal-time values as compared to the lower concentrations. In the greenhouse, pepper plants were sprayed with NoVil and chemical insecticide Flonicamid (as industrial standard), before releasing adult tarnished plant bug. Mortality of 37.3, 75.5, and 76.3% was recorded in the control, NoVil, and Flonicamid, respectively. This study has identified NoVil as a potential mycoinsecticide candidate for the control of tarnished plant bug under greenhouse conditions. Further field testing on juvenile and adults is needed to evaluate the potential for in-field control.     

Effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. for control of the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in maize in Kenya

The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and insecticide trichlorfon were compared for the control of stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in field experiments at different times of infestation. Egg masses of C. partellus at the blackhead stage were pinned to the undersurface of the maize leaves. Two fungal formulations, conidial aqueous suspensions and a granular formulation, were applied. Compared with the untreated checks, the numbers of surviving C. partellus larvae were significantly reduced in treatments where B. bassiana was applied at a concentration of 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹ as granules and as two aqueous spray formulations. No significant difference in numbers of stem borer larvae was found between trichlorfon and the untreated check. Fungus granules persisted longer in the field than did one spray of the fungus inoculum at the same concentration, or trichlorfon. A major increase in grain yield was obtained with two fungal sprays and with fungus granules both applied at a concentration of 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹. A granular formulation of B. bassiana should be considered for the control of the stem borer C. partellus.     

Potential of two entomopathogenic fungi,Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), as biological control agents against the June beetle

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain PPRI 5339 [BroadBand, an emulsifiable spore concentrate (EC) formulation] and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain F52 [Met52, both EC and granular (GR) formulations] against the larvae of Polyphylla fullo (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Larvicidal bioassays were performed in foam boxes (100 by 75 by 50 cm; length by width by height), containing moist soil medium with some humus and potato tubers as food. Although the B. bassiana product (min. 4 × 10⁹ conidia/ml) was applied at 100, 150, and 200 ml/100 l water; M. anisopliae strain F52 was applied at 500, 1,000, and 1,500 g/m³ of moist soil medium for GR (9 × 10⁸ cfu/g) and 75, 100, and 125 ml/100 l water for EC (5.5 × 10⁹ conidia/ml) formulation. Both fungi were pathogenic to larvae of the pest; however, young larvae (1st and 2nd instars) were more susceptible to infection than older ones (3rd instar). Mortality rates of young and older larvae varied with conidial concentration of both fungi and elapsed time after application. The B. bassiana product was more effective than both of the formulations of the M. anisopliae product, causing mortalities up to 79.8 and 71.6% in young and older larvae, respectively. The highest mortality rates of young and older larvae caused by the M. anisopliae product were 74.1 and 67.6% for the GR formulation, 70.2 and 61.8% for the EC formulation, respectively. These results may suggest that both fungi have potential to be used for management of P. fullo.     

Virtual Screening of Plant Volatile Compounds Reveals a High Affinity of Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Odorant-Binding Proteins for Sesquiterpenes From Its Native Host

Hylamorpha elegans (Burmeister) is a native Chilean scarab beetle considered to be a relevant agricultural pest to pasture and cereal and small fruit crops. Because of their cryptic habits, control with conventional methods is difficult; therefore, alternative and environmentally friendly control strategies are highly desirable. The study of proteins that participate in the recognition of odorants, such as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), offers interesting opportunities to identify new compounds with the potential to modify pest behavior and computational screening of compounds, which is commonly used in drug discovery, may help to accelerate the discovery of new semiochemicals. Here, we report the discovery of four OBPs in H. elegans as well as six new volatiles released by its native host Nothofagus obliqua (Mirbel). Molecular docking performed between OBPs and new and previously reported volatiles from N. obliqua revealed the best binding energy values for sesquiterpenic compounds. Despite remarkable divergence at the amino acid level, three of the four OBPs evaluated exhibited the best interaction energy for the same ligands. Molecular dynamics investigation reinforced the importance of sesquiterpenes, showing that hydrophobic residues of the OBPs interacted most frequently with the tested ligands, and binding free energy calculations demonstrated van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions to be the most important. Altogether, the results suggest that sesquiterpenes are interesting candidates for in vitro and in vivo assays to assess their potential application in pest management strategies.     

Identifying an Optimal Screen Mesh to Enable Augmentorium-Based Enhanced Biological Control of the Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The augmentorium is a cost-effective screened enclosure designed to receive fruits infested with insect pests, retain the pests inside but let their natural enemies escape to enhance biological control of pest populations. Screen selection is critical to ensure that an augmentorium is effective for a particular system. Here we tested five types of screens with a mini-augmentorium design and measured the escape of four insect species under laboratory conditions: the pests olive fruit fly Bactocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and the parasitoids Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Psyttalia ponerophaga (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The sex ratio of insects that escaped the screens was compared to the sex ratio of insects that could not escape. Results showed that one screen type (‘crystal mesh’) was the best for the purpose of designing a functional augmentorium: it retained 90% of B. oleae adults and 100% of C. capitata adults while letting 72% of Psyttalia lounsburyi adults and 94% of P. ponerophaga adults escape. The other screen types tested were suboptimal, either because they let too many flies freely escape or because they retained too many parasitoids. Sex ratio was almost always similar for insects that managed to escape the screens and insects that were retained, except for P. ponerophaga and the screen type ‘light mesh’. These results are promising for the development of a functional augmentorium against the olive fruit fly and further implementation against Mediterranean fruit fly.     

Survival of Coelaenomenodera lameensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Relation to the Physical Characteristics of Different Oil Palm (Elaeis sp.) Breeding Populations

The edibility of different Elaeis sp. breeding populations present in Benin was tested for the leaf miner Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a major oil palm pest in Africa. Experiments carried out in sleeves revealed the oviposition capacities of females and the mortality rates for the different developmental stages by comparing the populations found on two breeding populations of Elaeis oleifera (HBK) Cortes, four of Elaeis guineensis Jacquin and four (E. guineensis × E. oleifera) × E. guineensis backcrosses. Females laid their eggs similarly on all breeding populations, with a preference for the E. guineensis La Mé origin. The average hatching rate reached 80% for the La Mé origin as opposed to 28% for the Deli origin. The mortality rates for the larval instars were greater on E. oleifera, on certain backcrosses and on the Deli origin of E. guineensis. Development at the second- and third- larval instars was the most affected, with a mortality rate of three to five times greater than that seen on La Mé. Epidermis and cuticle measurements indicated which breeding populations were suitable or unsuitable for the development of C. lameensis. E. guineensis, with its thin epidermis (12 µm) and cuticle (2 µm), proved to be highly susceptible to C. lameensis attacks. On the other hand, E. oleifera, which is very resistant, exhibited a thicker epidermis (17 µm) and cuticle (4 µm). The breeding populations were thus classified according to the positive or negative influence they exerted on the insect’s egg laying and feeding.RÉSUMÉ. La comestibilité de différents matériels végétaux d’Elaeis sp. présents au Bénin est testée pour Coelaenomenodera lameensis Berti (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), important ravageur du palmier à huile en Afrique. Des expérimentations en manchons ont permis de déterminer les capacités d’oviposition des femelles et les taux de mortalité des différents stades de développement (œufs, larves, nymphes et adultes) en comparant les populations observées sur deux origines d’Elaeis oleifera (HBK) Cortes, quatre origines d’Elaeis guineensis Jacquin et quatre Backcross (E. guineensis × E. oleifera) × E. guineensis. Les femelles pondent indifféremment sur tous les types de matériel végétal avec une préférence pour l’origine La Mé d’E. guineensis. Le taux moyen d’éclosion atteint 80% pour l’origine La Mé contre 28% pour l’origine Deli. Le taux de mortalité des stades larvaires est plus important sur E. oleifera, sur certains Backcross et sur l’origine Deli d’E. guineensis. Le développement des deuxième et troisième stades larvaires sont les plus affectés avec un taux de mortalité 3 à 5 fois supérieur à celui observé sur La Mé. Des mesures d’épiderme et de cuticule mettent en évidence l’existence de matériel végétal favorable ou défavorable au développement de C. lameensis. E. guineensis dont l’épiderme (12 µm) et la cuticule (2 µm) sont peu épais se révèle être très sensible aux attaques de C. lameensis. Au contraire, E. oleifera présente un épiderme (17 µm) et une cuticule (4 µm) plus épais et est très résistants. Le matériel végétal est ainsi classé suivant l’influence positive ou négative qu’ils exercent sur la ponte et l’alimentation des insectes.     

分蘖筛选技术在稻工程苗抗褐飞虱特性评价中的应用

分蘖筛选技术在稻工程苗抗褐飞虱特性评价中的应用傅强，陈伟，张志涛（中国水稻研究所，杭州３１０００６）关键词：褐飞虱；抗虫性鉴定；工程苗ＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＲｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＳｏｍａｔｉｃＲｉｃｅＨｙｂｒｉｄ...     

Yield response of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench to leaf damage by the flea beetle, Podagrica uniforma Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Yield-related response of okra plants, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, to artificial infestation of the flea beetle (Podagrica uniforma Jac.) at different densities (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 pairs per cage) was studied in screen house and field experiments. In both experiments, increase in beetle density resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in fruit production, fruit length, fruit width, fresh fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, 100 seed weight and fresh fruit yield. In addition, higher densities caused more dry matter accumulation in the seeds than in the husk of okra fruits. Compensation was noticed at the 5- and 10-pair levels of infestation in some of the variables measured. Fresh fruit yield reduction was more than 50% when beetle density was increased beyond 20 pairs per cage in both experiments. The lowest density of P. uniforma at which significant reduction (P < 0.05) occurred in fresh fruit yield per cage, when compared with the control, was the 20-pair level, representing the damage threshold of the beetle at which initiation of control measures would be justified. Regression analysis indicated that flea beetle density was linearly associated with fruit damage and fresh fruit yield. Also, chi-square analysis showed that the models derived from the screen house and field experiments were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other, and either could be used for prediction purposes.     

Application of epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) to study the microstructure of wheat dough: a comparison with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) technique

To study dough microstructure, epifluorescence light microscopy (EFLM) combined with digital image processing software was used, which enabled an improved image quality. A comparison was made between EFLM and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) methods. Both techniques were satisfactorily able to demonstrate changes in the dough microstructure upon different stages of z-blade mixing. Dough mixed for a shorter time (under-mixed) showed a heterogeneous structure with coarse protein domains and clusters of starch due to local segregation or de-mixing effect. Increasing mixing time (optimal mixing) led to development of interconnected gluten network covering starch granules throughout the dough, representing optimal development. Over-mixing led to formation of a homogeneous dough microstructure in which the gluten phase showed a fine distribution throughout the dough. Using a double staining method in the preparation of samples for both microscopic techniques it was possible to observe gluten network structures together with starch granules. Moreover, special features of image processing software described in this study enabled us to improve EFLM images and to obtain comparable images with CSLM. This could favour a low cost and a convenient microscopic observation of biomaterials.