不同浓度印楝素对小贯小绿叶蝉防治效果研究

小贯小绿叶蝉是我国茶园主要害虫,广泛分布于全国各茶区,发生量较大,目前生产上主要以化学药剂防治为主。为探索虫口密度较高情况下高浓度生物药剂对小贯小绿叶蝉的防治效果,采用不同浓度0.3%印楝素乳油对小贯小绿叶蝉的田间防治效果进行了研究。结果表明,不同浓度0.3%印楝素乳油对小贯小绿叶蝉均有一定的控制效果,其50倍液喷雾后1 d或150倍、75倍、50倍液喷雾后3 d,小贯小绿叶蝉虫口减退率极显著高于对照组,0.3%印楝素乳油50倍液喷雾后1 d和3 d的最高防效分别达到67.07%和57.54%。但是,在小贯小绿叶蝉虫口密度较高情况下,高浓度印楝素乳油对其防治效果仍然不理想,不建议作为化学药剂替代产品使用。     

野艾蒿精油对小贯小绿叶蝉的毒杀活性

为探明野艾蒿精油对小贯小绿叶蝉的杀虫潜力,通过药膜和密封熏蒸法测试野艾蒿精油对小贯小绿叶蝉成虫的毒杀活性.结果表明:野艾蒿精油对小贯小绿叶蝉成虫具有一定的触杀活性,触杀活性随着浓度的升高和时间的延长而增加,72 h后8μL·mL-1处理组的校正死亡率为77.08％.野艾蒿精油对茶小绿叶蝉成虫表现出很强的熏蒸效果,24 ...     

外来植物胜红蓟的研究概况

胜红蓟是一年生草本植物。在农业领域,胜红蓟独有的生物活性物质被用于化感作用、忌避或杀死害虫、杀菌抑菌。在医药领域,胜红蓟在很多国家民间用药历史悠久。在此基础上,国内外学者对其各种药理作用及临床应用有了进一步的研究。就以上的研究内容特别在其医药领域的应用作全面的综述。     

小贯小绿叶蝉半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因的克隆与表达

半胱氨酸蛋白酶是植食性昆虫体不可或缺的重要水解蛋白酶之一。本文从小贯小绿叶蝉的转录组数据库中获得半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因Eocyp的基因片段的转录本序列,利用RACE技术得到其cDNA全长序列,利用生物信息学技术对Eocyp所编码的理论氨基酸序列进行分析,使用qRT-PCR技术检测Eocyp在小贯小绿叶蝉不同发育阶段,雌、雄成虫不同部位以及不同温度和光周期下的表达量。结果表明,小贯小绿叶蝉Eocyp的全长cDNA序列包含一个1β656βbp的开放阅读框,编码551个氨基酸,并具有由24个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽。推测其相对分子量为62.09βkD,预测其分子式为C₂₇₈₂H₄₁₆₃N₇₃₇O₈₃₅S₂₅;理论等电点为6.02,不稳定系数为36.10。Eocyp具有半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因的典型特征,即催化三联体Cys³⁵⁷-His⁴⁹⁹-Asn⁵¹⁹,同时具有ERFNIN,GNFD和GCDGG簇等保守结构域。Eocyp编码氨基酸序列与茶翅蝽CYP基因编码序列相似度最高。表达特征分析结果表明,Eocyp在小贯小绿叶蝉的各个生长时期均有表达,在5龄若虫时期达到最高;Eocyp在小贯小绿叶蝉雌、雄成虫的腹部均有较高的表达量;然而,Eocyp的表达量对于高、低温和不同光周期均无响应。这些结果为进一步研究Eocyp功能提供了理论依据。     

茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉组成抗性的研究进展

小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)对茶树危害极大且化学防治效果差,因此茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉的抗性是育种工作的重要指标.本文概述了茶树抗小贯小绿叶蝉种质资源的鉴定、茶树的形态学特征和生化成分等与抗小贯小绿叶蝉的相关性研究进展,展望了茶树与小贯小绿叶蝉相关领域的研究方向并对后续研究提出了建议,以期...     

双丙环虫酯对小贯小绿叶蝉的防治效果及残留评价

双丙环虫酯是一种由天然产物衍生而成的新型生物源杀虫剂,为明确其在茶园小贯小绿叶蝉防治中的应用效果,通过多地的药效试验和示范试验,综合分析了双丙环虫酯可分散液剂对小贯小绿叶蝉的防治效果和在茶叶中的残留情况。两个地区的药效试验结果表明,在有效成分用量为15.00 g·hm^-2和22.50 g·hm^-2剂量下,50 g·L^-1双丙环虫酯可分散液剂药后1 d的防治效果为88.6%~93.4%,药后14 d为75.5%~85.5%,防治效果优于小贯小绿叶蝉的主要防治药剂虫螨腈,具有较好的速效性和持效性。在有效成分用量为18.75 g·hm^-2剂量下,7个地区的示范试验结果显示,药后3 d的防治效果为88.9%~100.0%,药后14 d为60.2%~100.0%,防治效果优于当地常用防治药剂;药后7 d绿茶中双丙环虫酯的残留量在0.17~0.64 mg·kg^-1,泡茶过程中双丙环虫酯从干茶到茶汤的浸出率为17.1%~19.1%;茶叶中双丙环虫酯残留的风险熵值远小于1,通过饮茶摄入双丙环虫酯引起的健康风险极低。因此,双丙环虫酯具有有效成分用量低、防治效果好、健康风险低等优点,适用于茶园小贯小绿叶蝉的抗性管理和综合治理。     

基于机器视觉的小贯小绿叶蝉智能识别的研究与应用

深度学习已经在农作物害虫实时监测的智能识别过程中广泛应用。以小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukii）识别模型为基础,研究深度学习在诱虫板上叶蝉识别中的应用,旨在提高小贯小绿叶蝉田间种群调查的准确性。本研究设计了一种茶园小贯小绿叶蝉的识别、计数方法,首先采用黄色诱虫板诱集小贯小绿叶蝉,利用相机对诱虫板进行图像采集并上传至服务器,然后通过服务器部署的目标检测算法,对图像中叶蝉进行识别与计数。通过算法筛选,确定YOLOv3作为识别算法,用改进后的Soft-NMS代替原来的NMS,用K-means聚类方法计算新的先验框的尺寸,提升YOLOv3对目标识别的速度和准确率。通过田间试验对比诱虫板上叶蝉的真实数量,结果显示优化后识别算法的准确率可达到95.35%以上。本研究验证了诱虫板诱集、目标识别算法和物联网技术相结合,能够为小贯小绿叶蝉田间种群的实时监测提供技术支持,可为其他具有颜色偏爱性昆虫的实时监测和茶园害虫综合治理提供参考。     

茶园三种间作模式对小贯小绿叶蝉及其天敌功能团群落的影响

为探讨茶园间作对茶园小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)的生态调控作用,本研究开展樱花(Cerasus sp.)、圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)、油菜(Brassica napus L.)间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉种群时序动态,及其天敌功能团组成结构、种群数量时序变...     

小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导抗、感茶树品种挥发物的释放

为研究不同抗性水平茶树应对小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导的挥发物释放及相关代谢机制,以抗虫茶树品种举岩(JY)和感虫茶树品种恩标(EB)为试验材料,利用动态顶空收集法结合GC-MS技术检测茶树在小贯小绿叶蝉取食不同时间(6、12、24、36、48、72 h)释放的主要挥发物组分,并结合转录组数据分析主要挥发物合成途径上的相关基因的表达水平及其调控趋势。结果表明,在健康状态下,茶树释放的挥发性物质较少;在虫害后不同时间段的茶样中检测到顺-β-罗勒烯(β-Ocimene)、(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯[(E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene,DMNT]、芳樟醇(Linalool)、法尼烯(Farnesene)等10种主要挥发物。其中,单萜类物质在虫害诱导的感虫品种茶树上含量高,倍半萜类物质在虫害诱导的抗虫品种茶树中含量高。转录组数据显示,小贯小绿叶蝉取食诱导抗、感茶树品种中调控萜类合成的关键基因均被明显激活。调控单萜类物质合成的相关基因在感虫茶树品种中的表达量相对较高,而调控倍半萜类物质合成的相关基因在抗虫品种中的表达量与感虫品种差异不显著。本研究结果为茶树抗虫机制和小贯小绿叶蝉绿色防控提供一定的理论依据。     

小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukii）的生长发育对自身视觉能力的影响

异速生长普遍存在于昆虫的生长发育过程中,是昆虫适应外界环境的重要策略。视觉线索是小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukii）寄主选择和飞行运动的关键信息,随着叶蝉龄期的增长,叶蝉的体型和活动能力逐渐增强,同时复眼的形态也发生显著变化。通过组织学和行为学技术,测定叶蝉不同龄期复眼形态结构和视觉能力的变化特征,明确了叶蝉的视觉能力在生长发育过程中逐渐增强,从1龄至5龄,若虫的光学灵敏度从0.04 μm²·sr提升至0.11 μm²·sr,视觉敏锐度从0.086 cpd（Cycles per degree,周/度）提升至0.112 cpd,均符合异速生长规律,但增速慢于若虫体型的增长速度。若虫羽化后复眼中部区域的光学灵敏度下降且雌雄虫存在显著差异,虽然成虫的视觉敏锐度有所提升,但依旧属于低分辨率视觉,有效视距非常有限。本研究证实了叶蝉为了优先体型及其运动相关器官的发育,视觉能力增长速度选择放缓且主要注重复眼视野的增加,以便于叶蝉感知大范围的视觉线索。     

福建省茶小绿叶蝉抗药性的地区差异

采用浸梢法测定茶小绿叶蝉对8种杀虫剂的相对敏感基线,福建省不同地区茶小绿叶蝉对5种杀虫剂的药剂敏感性水平。结果表明,联苯菊酯、溴虫腈、三氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、高效氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、杀螟丹等药剂对小绿叶蝉均有较高的毒力,不同地区小绿叶蝉对药剂的抗性水平不同。福安茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对联苯菊酯、啶虫脒已经产生了高抗水平,抗性倍数分别达44.1和97.4倍,对吡虫啉达中抗水平,抗性倍数为11.8倍;北峰茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对杀螟丹的抗性水平为中抗,抗性倍数为16.4倍;武夷山茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对啶虫脒已经产生了高抗水平,抗性倍数为52.3倍。不同茶场的小绿叶蝉种群对溴虫腈表现敏感。     

五种杀虫剂对圆果大赤螨毒力及其对假眼小绿叶蝉捕食作用的影响

测定了印楝素、吡虫啉、赛丹、天王星和敌敌畏5种杀虫剂对圆果大赤螨的毒力,及其对茶假眼小绿叶蝉捕食作用的影响。结果表明,印楝素和吡虫啉对圆果大赤螨的毒性和捕食功能影响较小,其它3种农药影响较大;亚致死剂量杀虫剂对圆果大赤螨功能反应模型的基本结构没有改变,但影响到了模型的各项参数,药剂处理后圆果大赤螨最大日捕食量降低,处理猎物的时间延长,捕食速率和寻找效应减弱,说明亚致死剂量杀虫剂对天敌圆果大赤螨的捕食作用存在着不良影响。     

Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren causes severe damage to humans and animals as well as the environment. Chemical treatment is the main strategy of RIFA management, which also is potentially toxic to the environment. Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered as potential substance that can be used to control insects. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of camphor EO and investigate the insecticidal activity on RIFAs. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results revealed that 36.61% camphor and 30.05% cineole were the major components. The insecticidal activity of camphor EO was assessed against RIFA workers by conducting two different bioassays: fumigant toxicity and repellence. Fumigant toxicity assay results showed that the lethal dose (LC₅₀) of the EO at 24 h was 1.67 and 4.28 μg/ml for minor and major workers, respectively; knockdown time (KT₅₀) was 10.82 and 14.73 h. At 2.55 μg/ml, the highest average mortality of the ants was 84.89% after 72 h. Camphor EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against minor and major workers as indicated by the effects on attacking, feeding, and climbing behaviors. This EO was also strongly repellent to the two size workers of the colony as observed in their behavior against Tenebrio molitor treated with 5 µl EO. The fumigant toxicity and repellence of camphor EO against RIFA indicated that this substance could be a potential alternative for the development of eco-friendly products used to control pests.     

Insecticidal Activity and Insect Repellency of Four Species of Sea Lily (Comatulida: Comatulidae) From Taiwan

The methanol and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of four species of sea lily (Himerometra magnipinna, Comaster multifidus, Comanthina sp., and Comatella maculata) were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Yellow-fever mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti) and their repellency against adult Asian Tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus). The 24-hr minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) data revealed that the extracts from H. magnipinna and the C. maculata were the most active, killing mosquito larvae at 12.5 ppm. The toxicity of the extracts from these four sea lilies in descending order was H. magnipinna (12.5 ppm), C. maculata (12.5 ppm), C. multifidus (100 ppm), and Comanthina sp. (200 ppm). Furthermore, no significant difference in toxicity was found using either EA or methanol as the extraction solvent. The MIC at 12.5 ppm is promising as an insecticide lead. The repellency study results show that EA is a better solvent for one species (H. magnipinna), but the methanol is a better solvent overall. The repellency of these sea lily extracts in descending order was Comanthina sp. MeOH (ED₅₀ at 0.32%), followed by H. magnipinna EA (ED₅₀ at 0.38%), C. multifidus MeOH (ED₅₀ at 0.57%), C. maculata MeOH (ED₅₀ at 0.76%), C. multifidus EA (ED₅₀ at 1.25%), and H. magnipinna MeOH (ED₅₀ at 1.67%). A compound with ED₅₀ <0.5% is considered to be a promising repellant. Among the studied sea lilies, both Comanthina sp. and H. magnipinna have potential to be further developed as mosquito control agents due to their favorable toxicity and repellency.     

Chemistry and Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity of 11,20-Epoxy-3Z,5(6)E-diene Briaranes from the South China Sea Gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea

Eighteen new 11,20-epoxy-3Z,5E-dien briaranes, gemmacolides AA–AR (1–18), were isolated together with three known analogs, dichotellides F (19) and I (20), and juncenolide C (21), from the South China Sea gorgonian Dichotella gemmacea. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and comparison with reported data. The absolute configuration was determined based on the ECD experiment. In the in vitro bioassay, compounds 1–3, 5, 6, 8–12, and 14–19 exhibited different levels of growth inhibition activity against A549 and MG63 cell lines. Preliminary structure-activity analysis suggests that 12-O-isovalerate may increase the activity whereas 13- or 14-O-isovalerate may decrease the activity. Contribution of substitutions at C-2 and C-16 remains uncertain.     

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of heated sterilized pepsin hydrolysate derived from half-fin anchovy (Setipinna taty)

In this paper we studied the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of the heated pepsin hydrolysate from a marine fish half-fin anchovy (HAHp-H). Furthermore, we compared the chemical profiles including the amino acid composition, the browning intensity, the IR and UV-visible spectra, and the molecular weight distribution between the half-fin anchovy pepsin hydrolysate (HAHp) and HAHp-H. Results showed that heat sterilization on HAHp improved the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity and reducing power. In addition, the antiproliferative activities were all increased for HAHp-H on DU-145 human prostate cancer cell line, 1299 human lung cancer cell line and 109 human esophagus cancer cell line. The contents of free amino acid and reducing sugar of HAHp-H were decreased (P < 0.05). However, hydrophobic amino acid residues and the browning intensity of HAHp-H were increased. FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that amide I and amide III bands of HAHp-H were slightly modified, whereas band intensity of amide II was reduced dramatically. Thermal sterilization resulted in the increased fractions of HAHp-H with molecular weight of 3000-5000 Da and below 500 Da. The enhanced antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of HAHp-H might be attributed to the Maillard reaction.     

The Effect of Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Several Essential Oils on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The major chemical components of four essential oils (EOs) extracted from dry leaves of Citrus limonum, Cymbopogon citratus, Litsea cubeba, and Muristica fragrans were analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and their fumigant, contact, and repellent activities against 10th instar and adults of Tenebrio molitor were also assayed. The results indicated that the major constituents of C. limonum and Cy. citrates were D-limonene (38.22%) and 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal (26.21%), while which of L. cubeba and M. fragrans were (E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-octadienal (49.78%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (79.31%), respectively. Contact activities of L. cubeba and C. limonum with LC₅₀ values of 21.2 and 13.9 µg/cm² at 48 h and repellence activities (>89.0% repellence indexes) (P < 0.05) at 12 h on 10th instar were better than those of the other two EOs. Nevertheless, the fumigation activities of L. cubeba on 10th instar and adults (LC₅₀ = 2.7, 3.7 μl/liter) were stronger than those of C. limonum (LC₅₀ = 10.9, 12.0 μl/liter) at 96 h and significant (not overlapping confidence intervals). The EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum have clearly elongated the growth and development of larvae, egg, and slightly shorten pupae and adults of T. molitor compared with the control. The mainly active ingredients of L. cubeba and C. limonum, including D-limonene and β-pinene, were demonstrated to coinhibit the actives of AChE and enhance the toxicities on 10th instar of T. molitor. These results indicate that the EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum could have great potential as botanical insecticides against T. molitor.     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Mechanism of a Lipid Extract from Hard-Shelled Mussel (Mytilus Coruscus) on Chronic Arthritis in Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of a lipid extract from hard-shelled mussel (Mytilus coruscus) on adjuvant-induced (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. AIA and CIA rats that received hard-shelled mussel lipid extract (HMLE group) at a dose of 100 mg/kg demonstrated significantly lower paw swelling and arthritic index, but higher body weight gain than those which received olive oil (control group). Similar results were found in arthritic rats that received New Zealand green-lipped mussel lipid extract (GMLE) at the same dosage. The levels of leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) in the serum, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ankle joint synovial fluids of HMLE group rats were significantly lower than those of control group. However, the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in HMLE group rats were significantly higher than those in the control group. Decreased mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13, but increased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) were observed in the knee joint synovium tissues of HMLE group rats when compared with the control group. No hepatotoxicity was observed in both HMLE and GMLE group rats. The present results indicated that HMLE had a similarly strong anti-inflammatory activity as GMLE. Such a strong efficacy could result from the suppression of inflammatory mediators (LTB₄, PGE₂, TXB₂), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α) and MMPs (MMP1, MMP13), and the promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10) and TIMPs (TIMP1) productions.     

Anti HSV-1 Activity of Halistanol Sulfate and Halistanol Sulfate C Isolated from Brazilian Marine Sponge Petromica citrina (Demospongiae)

The n-butanol fraction (BF) obtained from the crude extract of the marine sponge Petromica citrina, the halistanol-enriched fraction (TSH fraction), and the isolated compounds halistanol sulfate (1) and halistanol sulfate C (2), were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the replication of the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1, KOS strain) by the viral plaque number reduction assay. The TSH fraction was the most effective against HSV-1 replication (SI = 15.33), whereas compounds 1 (SI = 2.46) and 2 (SI = 1.95) were less active. The most active fraction and these compounds were also assayed to determine the viral multiplication step(s) upon which they act as well as their potential synergistic effects. The anti-HSV-1 activity detected was mediated by the inhibition of virus attachment and by the penetration into Vero cells, the virucidal effect on virus particles, and by the impairment in levels of ICP27 and gD proteins of HSV-1. In summary, these results suggest that the anti-HSV-1 activity of TSH fraction detected is possibly related to the synergic effects of compounds 1 and 2.