茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉组成抗性的研究进展

小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)对茶树危害极大且化学防治效果差,因此茶树对小贯小绿叶蝉的抗性是育种工作的重要指标.本文概述了茶树抗小贯小绿叶蝉种质资源的鉴定、茶树的形态学特征和生化成分等与抗小贯小绿叶蝉的相关性研究进展,展望了茶树与小贯小绿叶蝉相关领域的研究方向并对后续研究提出了建议,以期为科学开展小贯小绿叶蝉抗性研究等提供参考.     

呋虫胺和氟啶·啶虫脒防治小贯小绿叶蝉药效试验

开展了呋虫胺、氟啶·啶虫脒防治小贯小绿叶蝉效果及对天敌蜘蛛杀伤力的对比试验。试验结果表明,20%呋虫胺SG防治小贯小绿叶蝉见效快、持效期长,对天敌蜘蛛影响小,推荐剂量为450 g/hm^2,生产上可推广应用。46%氟啶·啶虫脒WG对小贯小绿叶蝉见效快、效果较好、持效期长,对天敌蜘蛛有一定杀伤力,推荐剂量为150 g/hm^2。     

茶园三种间作模式对小贯小绿叶蝉及其天敌功能团群落的影响

为探讨茶园间作对茶园小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukiiMatsuda）的生态调控作用,本研究开展樱花（Cerasus sp.）、圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）、油菜（Brassica napus L.）间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉种群时序动态,及其天敌功能团组成结构、种群数量时序变化调查,分析间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团群落多样性和益害比。结果显示：樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶和油菜-茶中小贯小绿叶蝉的时间动态变化趋势与常规茶园无显著差异,但发生量较同期常规茶园显著下降（P=0.034<0.05）,全年分别下降25%~225%、20%~82.6%和20%~100%;经调查、鉴定得出,同期茶园小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团隶属于蜘蛛目、脉翅目和膜翅目,共计9个科、12个种,均为肉食性节肢动物;不同间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团种群的优势种、从属种和偶见种存在差异;与常规茶园相比,樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶可显著提高蜘蛛、捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫的种群数量（P<0.05）,油菜-茶可显著提高茶园中捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫的发生量,但对蜘蛛的发生量无显著影响;樱花-茶的小贯小绿叶蝉与天敌功能团益害比显著高于油菜-茶和圆叶决明-茶;多样性指数分析显示,樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶、油菜-茶的小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团群落多样性与常规茶园存在显著差异,且通过聚类分析得出,当兰氏距离为4.79时,茶树间作模式分为2类,一类为常规茶园,一类为樱花-茶、油菜-茶和圆叶决明-茶。研究结果表明,间作樱花、圆叶决明、油菜能有效降低茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉的发生量,提高天敌功能团的种群数量和益害比,对小贯小绿叶蝉的发生起到明显的生态控制作用。     

不同浓度印楝素对小贯小绿叶蝉防治效果研究

小贯小绿叶蝉是我国茶园主要害虫,广泛分布于全国各茶区,发生量较大,目前生产上主要以化学药剂防治为主。为探索虫口密度较高情况下高浓度生物药剂对小贯小绿叶蝉的防治效果,采用不同浓度0.3%印楝素乳油对小贯小绿叶蝉的田间防治效果进行了研究。结果表明,不同浓度0.3%印楝素乳油对小贯小绿叶蝉均有一定的控制效果,其50倍液喷雾后1 d或150倍、75倍、50倍液喷雾后3 d,小贯小绿叶蝉虫口减退率极显著高于对照组,0.3%印楝素乳油50倍液喷雾后1 d和3 d的最高防效分别达到67.07%和57.54%。但是,在小贯小绿叶蝉虫口密度较高情况下,高浓度印楝素乳油对其防治效果仍然不理想,不建议作为化学药剂替代产品使用。     

6种杀虫剂防治茶树小贯小绿叶蝉田间药效试验

<正>小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onnkii Matsuda)是苏州茶区的一种主要害虫,以成虫、若虫刺吸茶树嫩梢、嫩叶汁液为害,受害叶尖和叶缘红褐枯焦,芽梢生长缓慢。苏州有茶园面积3.65万亩,茶叶总产量350 t,总产值2.9亿多元,是苏州农业的名片产业。近年来,小贯小绿叶蝉的发生呈现虫量大、世代多、范围广、危害重等特点,严重影响茶叶产量及品质。本试验选用4种新型药剂和2种当前防治小贯小绿叶蝉的常规农药进行田间药效试验,以便生产上轮换     

不同类型药剂对小贯小绿叶蝉的防治效果

<正>小贯小绿叶蝉(Empoasca onukii Matsuda)是杭州地区茶叶生产中的一种主要害虫,以成虫、若虫刺吸茶树嫩梢、嫩叶汁液为害,受害叶尖和叶缘红褐枯焦,芽梢生长缓慢,严重影响茶叶产量及品质。为有效控制小贯小绿叶蝉为害,大力推广绿色防控,筛选高效低毒低残留农药,本试验选择30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂、10%氟啶虫酰胺水分散粒剂等4种不同类型的杀虫剂,通过田间药效试验评价其对小贯小绿叶蝉的田间防效,为生产实践中的应用提供技术指导。     

基于机器视觉的小贯小绿叶蝉智能识别的研究与应用

深度学习已经在农作物害虫实时监测的智能识别过程中广泛应用。以小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukii）识别模型为基础,研究深度学习在诱虫板上叶蝉识别中的应用,旨在提高小贯小绿叶蝉田间种群调查的准确性。本研究设计了一种茶园小贯小绿叶蝉的识别、计数方法,首先采用黄色诱虫板诱集小贯小绿叶蝉,利用相机对诱虫板进行图像采集并上传至服务器,然后通过服务器部署的目标检测算法,对图像中叶蝉进行识别与计数。通过算法筛选,确定YOLOv3作为识别算法,用改进后的Soft-NMS代替原来的NMS,用K-means聚类方法计算新的先验框的尺寸,提升YOLOv3对目标识别的速度和准确率。通过田间试验对比诱虫板上叶蝉的真实数量,结果显示优化后识别算法的准确率可达到95.35%以上。本研究验证了诱虫板诱集、目标识别算法和物联网技术相结合,能够为小贯小绿叶蝉田间种群的实时监测提供技术支持,可为其他具有颜色偏爱性昆虫的实时监测和茶园害虫综合治理提供参考。     

小贯小绿叶蝉水状唾液蛋白的鉴定及其参与茶树“叶蝉烧”症状形成的初步研究

小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukii Matsuda）唾液蛋白在茶树“叶蝉烧”（Hopperburn）形成中的作用研究尚属空白。利用双层膜夹营养液法和自制唾液收集装置采集小贯小绿叶蝉成虫的水状唾液;采用SDT裂解法和FASP(Filter-aided sample preparation)酶解法提取唾液蛋白质;并通过LC-MS/MS质谱对小贯小绿叶蝉水状唾液蛋白质的种类和成分进行检测与分析。结果显示,小贯小绿叶蝉水状唾液中共鉴定到107个肽段、92个蛋白质,按不同功能可分为7类,包括酶类、转运蛋白、离子结合蛋白、调节蛋白、骨架蛋白、其他或非酶蛋白和未表征蛋白。此外,以收集纯化的成虫唾液蛋白质处理机械损伤茶树叶片,并与纯机械损伤叶片、纯唾液处理叶片、血清蛋白处理叶片和虫害叶片进行比较,结果发现,叶蝉唾液蛋白处理后的叶片与小贯小绿叶蝉危害叶片的变化趋势基本一致,处理48 h均会出现叶蝉烧症状;而其他处理叶片均未出现此类症状。本研究为进一步了解小贯小绿叶蝉的唾液组成及其与茶树之间的互作机理提供了一定的基础信息。     

中国茶园小绿叶蝉的种名是小贯小绿叶蝉

<正>中国农业科学院茶叶研究所与西北农林大学等单位共同合作,5年多来分别采集了来自日本、中国大陆及台湾地区茶园的数千头小绿叶蝉标本,应用分子生物学和形态学鉴定方法,研究明确了中国茶园主要害虫小绿叶蝉的种名为小贯小绿叶蝉Empoasca(Matsumurasca)onukii Matsuda 1952,与日本茶园小绿叶蝉是同一种,也进一步     

鱼藤根提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉的防治

进行了鱼藤根提取物对茶树害虫假眼小绿叶蝉的室内生物活性和田间小区防治试验。结果表明,室内条件下,鱼藤根提取物对假眼小绿叶蝉具有拒食、触杀和毒杀作用,触杀作用很强,不具内吸活性。田间条件下,鱼藤根提取物的药效与毗虫味和阿克泰的防效相当,40 ug血L的鱼藤根提取物浓度即可满足田间防治假眼小绿叶蝉用药,药后5d的防效可达97.24%,鱼藤根提取物与毗虫咻混配的防效与毗虫琳单用的防效相当。     

Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren causes severe damage to humans and animals as well as the environment. Chemical treatment is the main strategy of RIFA management, which also is potentially toxic to the environment. Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered as potential substance that can be used to control insects. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of camphor EO and investigate the insecticidal activity on RIFAs. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results revealed that 36.61% camphor and 30.05% cineole were the major components. The insecticidal activity of camphor EO was assessed against RIFA workers by conducting two different bioassays: fumigant toxicity and repellence. Fumigant toxicity assay results showed that the lethal dose (LC₅₀) of the EO at 24 h was 1.67 and 4.28 μg/ml for minor and major workers, respectively; knockdown time (KT₅₀) was 10.82 and 14.73 h. At 2.55 μg/ml, the highest average mortality of the ants was 84.89% after 72 h. Camphor EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against minor and major workers as indicated by the effects on attacking, feeding, and climbing behaviors. This EO was also strongly repellent to the two size workers of the colony as observed in their behavior against Tenebrio molitor treated with 5 µl EO. The fumigant toxicity and repellence of camphor EO against RIFA indicated that this substance could be a potential alternative for the development of eco-friendly products used to control pests.     

Plant essential oils for pest and disease management

Certain essential plant oils, widely used as fragrances and flavors in the perfume and food industries, have long been reputed to repel insects. Recent investigations in several countries confirm that some plant essential oils not only repel insects, but have contact and fumigant insecticidal actions against specific pests, and fungicidal actions against some important plant pathogens. As part of an effort aimed at the development of reduced-risk pesticides based on plant essential oils, toxic and sublethal effects of some essential oil terpenes and phenols have been investigated using the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) as model pest species. In this paper I review (i) the range of biological activities of essential oils and their constituents; (ii) their toxicity and proposed mode-of-action in insects; (iii) their potential health and environmental impacts as crop protectants; and (iv) commercialization of pesticides based on plant essential oils.     

14种植物精油对茶尺蠖行为的影响

为获得能够应用于茶园茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua“推—拉”策略的行为调节剂,在室内测定了茶尺蠖成虫对14种植物精油的趋性反应,及植物精油对茶尺蠖雌虫产卵行为的干扰作用,并采用叶碟法测定了植物精油对茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食作用。结果表明,罗勒、迷迭香、肉桂、茴香及天竺葵5种植物精油对茶尺蠖成虫表现出一定的驱避活性,并且迷迭香油和天竺葵油还能显著干扰雌虫的产卵活动。在3个浓度处理下,茴香、罗勒和藿香植物精油对茶尺蠖3龄幼虫表现出显著的拒食活性。随着精油处理浓度的升高,茶尺蠖幼虫的拒食率升高,生长率随之下降。试验结果证明迷迭香、罗勒、茴香及天竺葵等植物精油对茶尺蠖具有显著的行为调控功能,具备作为茶尺蠖防控剂开发的潜力,值得进一步研究。     

Fumigant toxicity of citrus oils against cowpea seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present study, the effects of volatile components of Citrus paradisi, C. aurantium, C. limonium and C. sinensis peel essential oils were investigated on the cowpea adult bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The oils were extracted from the fruit peels using hydrodistillation. The results indicated that the citrus oils had high fumigant activity against adult beetles. The mortality of 1-2 day-old adults increased with concentration and exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The oil of C. paradisi was more effective than those of C. aurantium and C. limonium (The LC50 values were 125, 145 and 235 microl L(-1) at 24 h exposure, respectively). The oil of C. sinensis proved to be least toxic (LC50 = 269 microl L(-1). The results suggested that citrus peel oils can be used as potential control measure against cowpea beetles.     

5种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病的病菌毒力及田间防效

马铃薯黑痣病(Rhizoctonia solani)是一种土传病害,危害呈逐年加重趋势。本研究进行了5种杀菌剂对病菌的毒力测定和病害田间防效试验。结果表明:抑霉唑、嘧菌酯抑菌作用较好,EC50分别为4.46μg·mL-1、8.32μg·mL-1,相关系数r均大于0.91。5种药剂在田间防病中,噻氟菌胺沟施浓度过高对马铃薯出苗产生药害,相对出苗率为92.3%,与对照有显著性差异;嘧菌酯、噻氟菌胺、百菌清、抑霉唑沟施和拌种对地中茎防病效果均在83%以上;抑霉唑(沟施)、嘧菌酯(沟施和拌种)、百菌清(沟施)对预防因病造成植株死亡效果较好,防效分别为71.6%、69.3%、67.4%、67.3%;嘧菌酯预防薯块带菌效果最好,沟施和拌种防病效果分别为90.7%、86%。     

Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Essential Oil of Allium tuberosum Leaves and Its Selected Major Constituents Against Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The aim of this research was to evaluate acute toxicity of the essential oil of leaves of Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng (Asparagales: Alliaceae) and its major constituents against Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of the oil were sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl methyl trisulfide (36.24%), diallyl disulfide (27.26%), diallyl trisulfide (18.68%), and dimethyl trisulfide (9.23%). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves exhibited acute toxicity against Ap. lucorum with an LD₅₀ value of 20.03 μg per adult. Among the main compounds, diallyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 10.13 μg per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than allyl methyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.10 μg per adult) and dimethyl trisulfide (LD₅₀ = 21.65 μg per adult). The LD₅₀ value of diallyl disulfide against Ap. lucorum was 28.10 μg per adult. The results indicated that the essential oil of A. tuberosum and its major constituents may have a potential to be developed as botanical insecticides against Ap. lucorum.     

Geographical origin and drying methodology may affect the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill) N.E. Brown

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown, the ginger grass, is a medicinal and aromatic plant widely used in Latin America. In this work the effect of the geographical origin and different drying methodologies on L. alba leaves production, essential oil content and composition were evaluated. Field experiments were conducted in three different municipalities (Amargosa, Cruz das Almas and Santo Antônio de Jesus) from Bahia region (Brazil) and two drying methodologies (traditional and artificial with controlled conditions) were assessed. Fresh and dried leaves essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and their volatiles were determined by gas chromatography.The geographical origin affected the mass production, essential oil content and both qualitative and quantitative fractions of their composition. Leaves from Cruz das Almas had higher yield in essential oil content. Overall, 26 oil constituents were identified. Carvone, germacrene D and limonene were the main oil constituents. The drying methodologies combined with the geographic origin influenced essential oil composition showing that L. alba constituents were influenced by post-harvest treatments. Some constituents were sensitive to both methods applied, while some enhanced their content like germacrene D.     

European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) from Portugal: Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts and essential oil

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) essential oil and to characterize the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of its water (hot and cold) and ethanolic extracts and of the essential oil. The essential oil revealed menthone, pulegone and neo-menthol as the main constituents, comprising 35.9, 23.2 and 9.2% of the essential oil, respectively. The hot water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and phenol content. In contrast, the extracts were not very effective to inhibit the growth of the seven foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria tested, but the essential oil showed antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains. In conclusion, extracts and essential oil of M. pulegium from Mediterranean origin have huge potential as an alternative to chemical additives for the food industry.     

Biological efficiency of small dicofol droplets against Tetranychus urticae (Koch) eggs,larvae and protonymphs

The influence of droplet size on mortality of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) eggs, larvae and protonymphs was evaluated using sprays of an oil-based 1% dicofol formulation. The effect of using droplets of fixed size but with varying concentrations of active ingredient (0·05%–4·0% a.i.) against eggs was also investigated. The relationship between LD₅₀ and droplet diameter was positive and curvilinear for the three developmental stages, with an LD₅₀ of 12 ng/cm² against eggs, 5 ng/cm² against larvae and 6 ng/cm² against protonymphs when applying droplets of diameter 20 μm. With droplets of 40 μm the LD₅₀ value increased approximately twofold against larvae, protonymphs and eggs: thus an increase in droplet size generally resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of sprays against all three developmental stages of the mite. A U-shaped relationship was found between LD₅₀ and concentration with a theoretical optimum concentration of 1·18% a.i. (i.e. 11·8 g/litre) when droplets of a fixed size were used against eggs. The efficiency of droplets with the minimum active ingredient content (0·05% a.i.) and those with the maximum concentration (4·0% a.i.) was reduced by more than three times compared with the efficiency of droplets with the optimum concentration.     

The Effect of Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Several Essential Oils on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The major chemical components of four essential oils (EOs) extracted from dry leaves of Citrus limonum, Cymbopogon citratus, Litsea cubeba, and Muristica fragrans were analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and their fumigant, contact, and repellent activities against 10th instar and adults of Tenebrio molitor were also assayed. The results indicated that the major constituents of C. limonum and Cy. citrates were D-limonene (38.22%) and 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal (26.21%), while which of L. cubeba and M. fragrans were (E)-3, 7-dimethyl-2, 6-octadienal (49.78%) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (79.31%), respectively. Contact activities of L. cubeba and C. limonum with LC₅₀ values of 21.2 and 13.9 µg/cm² at 48 h and repellence activities (>89.0% repellence indexes) (P < 0.05) at 12 h on 10th instar were better than those of the other two EOs. Nevertheless, the fumigation activities of L. cubeba on 10th instar and adults (LC₅₀ = 2.7, 3.7 μl/liter) were stronger than those of C. limonum (LC₅₀ = 10.9, 12.0 μl/liter) at 96 h and significant (not overlapping confidence intervals). The EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum have clearly elongated the growth and development of larvae, egg, and slightly shorten pupae and adults of T. molitor compared with the control. The mainly active ingredients of L. cubeba and C. limonum, including D-limonene and β-pinene, were demonstrated to coinhibit the actives of AChE and enhance the toxicities on 10th instar of T. molitor. These results indicate that the EOs of L. cubeba and C. limonum could have great potential as botanical insecticides against T. molitor.