断奶仔猪腹泻的防控措施

<正>断奶仔猪腹泻在养猪业中危害居首,导致仔猪成活率降低,饲料报酬降低,生长缓慢,生长发育停滞;同时由于腹泻导致猪体质下降,免疫力降低,对疾病的抵抗力减弱,容易继发感染其他疾病,严重威胁养猪业的健康发展。据统计,断奶后8~13天,仔猪腹泻率高达32%,14~17天增至41.4%,到22~28天降到8.4%,断奶后仔猪死亡率高达20%~30%。如何降低断奶仔猪腹泻成为当前养猪     

应激反应对断奶仔猪腹泻的影响

断奶仔猪腹泻是养猪生产中常见疾病之一,是一种复杂的疾病群。仔猪断奶后腹泻的原因比较复杂,由于诸多应激因素的影响,导致仔猪断奶后2周腹泻的发病率高达30%。为了降低断奶仔猪腹泻发病率,提高仔猪成活率,特将断奶后诸多应激因素对仔猪腹泻的影响与防治措施总结如下,以供参考。1应激反应1.1仔猪断奶后离开母猪的精神应激。1.2仔猪由舒适的产房,特别是由保育箱迁到保育舍;由依     

早期断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及防治措施

随着现代化养猪生产的发展,养猪技术水平不断提高仔猪断奶的时间也由过去的60日龄提前到28日龄或更早些,这大大提高了母猪的年产仔数,也提高了肉猪年出栏率。但是早期断奶后饲养管理跟不上,就会造成仔猪腹泻(仔猪下痢),影响仔猪成活率。据统计,仔猪腹泻导致的死亡率占总仔猪死亡的49%;患腹泻病的仔猪的生长也受到影响。因此,防治仔猪腹泻是养猪生产的重要环节。     

早期断奶仔猪的生理特点及营养调控措施

在现代化养猪生产中，国内规模化猪场已逐步采用仔猪超早期断奶（SEW）技术，有的甚至提前至10日龄。但仔猪早期断奶常出现腹泻、采食量下降、生长缓慢和免疫力降低等早期断奶综合症。其中腹泻是最常见的也是对仔猪危害最大的问题。据报道，断奶后8～13d，仔猪腹泻率高达32％。14～17d增至41．4％，此后降，到22～28d降到8．4％，断奶后仔猪死亡率高达20％～30％（杨雪峰，2004）。如何降低断奶仔猪腹泻成为当前养猪业迫切需要解决的问题，本文介绍了早期断奶仔猪的生理特点及降低仔猪腹泻的营养调控措施。[第一段]     

早期断奶仔猪腹泻的综合防治技术

随着人们养猪技术水平不断提高,仔猪的断奶日龄由过去的60日龄提前到21～28日龄。但不当的早期断奶或早期断奶后饲养管理跟不上,都会给养猪生产带来一系列的不良影响。断奶仔猪的腹泻一般发生在断奶后的3～10d,第7d达到高峰,一般形成粥样或水样腹泻,内夹杂未消化的食物,如发现和治疗不及时,很快就会因脱水衰竭而死亡。据调查,断奶仔猪的腹泻问题在农村相当普遍,腹泻率一般在20%～30%左右,死亡率在2%～4%左右。而在有些猪场,     

断奶仔猪腹泻病的病因分析及防治要点

断奶仔猪的腹泻病在临床上相当普遍,腹泻率一般在20%￣30%左右,死亡率3%￣10%左右。但在有些猪场,断奶后仔猪的腹泻率极高,甚至可达到70%￣80%,死亡率达到15%￣30%,给养猪生产者造成极大的经济损失。断奶仔猪的腹泻病一般发生在断奶后的3￣10天,第7天达到高峰,临床上可见仔猪粥状或水样腹泻,内夹杂不消化的食物,常规药物治疗无效或反复发作,很快就会因脱水而死亡。1发病原因1.1母源抗体下降,造成仔猪抗病能力下降仔猪断奶后,由于母源抗体急剧下降造成仔猪抗病力下降。极易引起腹泻。1.2仔猪消化生理机能不健全仔猪消化生理机能不健全,因不适…     

早期断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及防控措施

仔猪早期断奶是提高养猪经济效益的有效途径之一。但是,仔猪早期断奶易引起仔猪腹泻,影响仔猪成活率,已成为养猪生产中最为关注的问题。本文就早期断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及防控方式进行了介绍。     

调味剂“印迹”法饲喂对母,仔猪生产性能的影响

提高养猪生产效益的有效措施之一，是提高母猪和仔猪的采食量。母猪采食量的提高，哺乳期脂肪损失就减少，这意味着从断奶到交配的时间就缩短而提高繁殖性能。哺乳仔猪采食量的提高不仅对仔猪的健康极为重要，而且可以实现由断奶前的哺乳到断奶后突然接触固体饲粮这一严峻时刻的安全过渡，避免断奶应激的发生，尤其是断奶营养性应激的发生，降低断奶后的腹泻率，对提高仔猪的成活率是非常关键的。同时，哺乳期采食量的提高，仔猪可以施行早期断奶，又可以缩短母猪配种的间隔期。因此，同时提高母猪与仔猪的采食量是养猪生产中必须尽力达到的…     

浅述提高仔猪成活率的方法措施

在养猪生产中,哺乳仔猪死亡率占总死亡率的75%以上,仔猪生产是养猪生产中极其重要的环节,如何提高仔猪成活率,迅速培育出大量品质优良的仔猪,是降低生产成本,提高养猪经济效益的关键。所以说提高仔猪成活率是直接关系到养猪者的经济效益。要想提高仔猪成活率,必须抓好4个关键时期。(1)必须做好仔猪出生0～7日龄护理工作,因仔猪刚出生是一个从水到陆生,从恒温到变温,从无菌到有菌,从被动吸取营养到主动吸取营养的过程。(2)加强初生仔猪的保温、防压护理工作。(3)提早诱食,出生后8～21d,由于母猪泌乳一般在21d左右达高峰后就逐渐下降,而仔猪生长发育却迅速上升,需乳量不断增加,如不及时喂料,以补充母乳之不足,容易造成仔猪瘦弱得病而死亡。(4)仔猪出生22d～断奶。此时,死亡较少,食量增加,是仔猪由吃乳为主过渡到吃料独立生活的重要准备期。本文主要根据仔猪的生理特点,从营养、环境、免疫、保健方面入手,分析找出仔猪饲养管理的一些方法措施,为养殖猪者提供参考。减少仔猪的腹泻、生长缓慢、应激等,从而提高仔猪的成活率。     

早期断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及防治措施

随着现代化养猪生产的发展,养猪技术水平不断提高,仔猪断奶的时间也由过去的60日龄提前到35日龄或更早些,这大大提高了母猪的年产仔数,也提高了肉猪年出栏率。但是早期断奶后饲养管理跟不上,也给仔猪生产带来了一系列的不良反应,如腹泻、水肿病、内毒素中毒等,其中以腹泻最为普遍。据调查,猪场断奶仔猪的腹泻病死率可达10%～40%,给养猪生产带来了很大的经济损失。现将早期断奶仔猪腹泻的原因及防治措施介绍如下。1早期断奶仔猪腹泻发生的原因1.1早期断奶时仔猪的消化系统发育不成熟仔猪早期断奶时,其胃底腺区的壁细胞和主细胞发育还不成熟,…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.