高温逆境下嫁接番茄耐热特性研究

以赤茄、粘毛茄、北农茄砧和托鲁巴姆为砧木,研究了嫁接番茄对夏季高温的抵御能力,以及对果实品质的影响。结果表明:高温下北农茄砧嫁接番茄叶片游离脯氨酸、蛋白质的含量均较番茄自根苗多,同时POD与APX活性较高,表现出较强的抗热能力;以赤茄为砧木嫁接番茄叶片POD与APX活性较低,叶片游离脯氨酸、蛋白质的含量减少,耐热性降低。嫁接显著地提高了番茄果实有机酸含量,降低了果实蛋白质含量。嫁接对果实维生素C、还原糖含量影响较小。     

不同桃自根砧对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗逆机理研究

砧木的抗旱能力直接影响桃品种生长发育,选择适宜抗旱性桃砧木对桃产业发展有积极的促进作用。为阐明不同桃砧木对干旱胁迫生理响应机制,以5种桃砧木扦插苗为试材,通过盆栽控水方式,研究不同程度干旱胁迫下5种桃自根砧的叶片水分特性、渗透调节物质、抗氧化物酶及叶绿素含量变化。结果表明,随着干旱程度加重,5种砧木相对含水量、临界含水量下降,自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏及需水程度上升,组织密度和自由水含量逐渐减少,束缚水含量则增大,持水能力、组织水势和耐旱系数下降。各干旱胁迫处理的丙二醛(MDA)含量、 游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖含量和叶绿素含量均增加;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,其中随干旱程度加重,丙二醛(MDA)含量、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量均呈增加趋势,SOD活性、CAT活性也均呈提升趋势,可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量、POD活性变化不尽相同。综合隶属函数分析可知,桃自根砧品种间抗旱性由强到弱依次为樱桃李5号、RA、樱桃李3号、GF677、樱桃李1号。     

樱桃番茄嫁接种苗生长及养分吸收差异研究

以海茄砧1号为砧木,以红粉A4为接穗,研究不同苗龄砧木与接穗养分吸收差异及接穗叶片数量对樱桃番茄嫁接种苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:同苗龄期,种苗所需氮磷钾钙镁养分砧木皆大于接穗,随着苗龄的增加,砧木与接穗氮磷钾含量均显著下降,接穗钙、镁含量趋向于增加,与砧木表现不同;随着苗龄的增加,砧木与接穗氮磷钾钙镁积累量均显著增加,砧木对钾需求量高出氮需求量约1.8倍,接穗两养分需求量相差不大;嫁接成活后21 d,2叶1心接穗嫁接的樱桃番茄嫁接种苗根系更发达,4叶1心长势更健壮,两处理壮苗指数均较高,分别为0.178、0.180。     

不同嫁接砧木对旱砂田西瓜生长及品质和产量的影响

近年来宁夏旱砂西瓜产区嫁接栽培迅速发展,但砧木品种繁杂。为筛选出适宜宁夏的旱砂西瓜嫁接砧木品种,选用10个南瓜砧木品种,观察了不同砧木对旱砂田西瓜生长、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,采用宁砧1号、宝根103、金城雪峰嫁接的旱砂西瓜折合产量较高,分别为42 470.37 、41 877.78、41 844.44 kg/hm2。宁砧1号嫁接的旱砂西瓜果皮硬度、果肉硬度、果实纵径最高,皖砧2号、宝根103、思状7号嫁接的旱砂西瓜果皮较厚,金城雪峰嫁接的旱砂西瓜果实中心可溶性固形物含量及总糖含量最高,宝根103嫁接的旱砂西瓜果实边缘可溶性固形物含量及总酸含量均高于其他砧木,宁砧1号嫁接的旱砂西瓜果实Vc含量均显著高于其他砧木。综合考虑认为,砧木品种金城雪峰、宝根103、宁砧1号对提高旱砂西瓜品质和产量的效果最好。     

外源谷胱甘肽对自毒作用下嫁接黄瓜及砧穗幼苗叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为探索外源还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对自毒作用下嫁接黄瓜的保护作用及机理,本研究以200g·L-1连作嫁接黄瓜根际土壤浸提液灌根模拟自毒胁迫(CK2),分别以浓度为0、100、200 mg·L-1GSH对幼苗进行叶片喷施和灌根处理,在处理第4、第8、第12、第16天测定嫁接黄瓜、黄瓜、南瓜幼苗生物量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及GSH、抗坏血酸(As A)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果表明,自毒胁迫下,嫁接黄瓜、黄瓜和南瓜幼苗壮苗指数、叶片SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性降低,As A、GSH含量下降,MDA含量升高。表明连作嫁接黄瓜土壤浸提液能够对3种植物幼苗产生自毒作用。3种植物幼苗T1、T2、T3处理和嫁接黄瓜、南瓜幼苗T4处理的壮苗指数,叶片SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性和GSH、As A含量均显著增加,MDA含量均显著降低。黄瓜幼苗T4处理的壮苗指数,叶片SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性和GSH、As A含量呈下降趋势,MDA含量呈上升趋势。表明施加适宜浓度GSH可以提高抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,减轻活性氧对膜脂造成的伤害,从而提高幼苗素质。综上,嫁接黄瓜和南瓜幼苗的T4处理,黄瓜幼苗的T2处理缓解自毒作用效果较为明显。本研究结果为防治嫁接黄瓜连作障碍提供了理论依据。     

砧木材料对樱桃番茄生长与结果状况的影响

以茄子和番茄作为砧木,樱桃番茄"西大樱粉"作为接穗品种进行嫁接栽培试验。番砧1号做砧木成活率最高,达96.6%。茄子和番茄做砧木时,"西大樱粉"结果期植株的平均株高分别为163.45 cm和221.38 cm,平均展幅分别为27.13 cm和58.08 cm。与自根苗比较茄子砧木和番茄砧木的植株分别增产-8.34%和11.09%。番茄砧木的植株的可滴定酸的含量,维生素C含量,可溶性糖含量,还原性糖的含量和番茄红素的含量均高于茄子砧木植株。番茄砧木嫁接植株的果实硬度与茄子砧木嫁接植株比较显著提高。     

不同供铁水平对番茄产量及果实风味品质的影响

以番茄品种"中杂101号"为试材,研究了不同供铁水平对番茄产量和果实风味品质相关指标的影响。结果表明,无论缺铁还是多铁处理,番茄叶片叶绿素含量、POD活性、SOD活性和MDA含量都显著低于正常铁处理。果实方面,番茄的产量下降,果实的酸度增加,甜度和Vc含量降低,品质下降;此外,果实中的活性物质番茄红素、总酚、总黄酮含量下降,而且果实的芳香物质种类也发生了变化。说明适宜浓度的铁是番茄高产、优质的必要条件。     

不同砧木对欧李嫁接成活及果实品质的影响

为探讨不同砧木对欧李（Prumus humilis）嫁接成活率及果实品质的影响，本研究以欧李自根苗为对照，对比分析了3种砧木（长柄扁桃、毛樱桃、山杏）嫁接欧李的成活率、根癌病发病率和果实品质性状差异，并通过主成分分析对不同砧穗组合和自根苗进行综合评价。结果表明，欧李/长柄扁桃的嫁接成活率为87.33%，且移栽三年后的成活率为98.00%。不同砧木嫁接欧李的根癌病发病率为0，而欧李自根苗的根癌病发病率为18.41%。与自根苗相比，嫁接苗的单株产量和果实可滴定酸含量有所下降，但其他果实品质得到提升，其中，欧李/长柄扁桃的单果重、果实横径、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、花色苷含量等最高，欧李/毛樱桃的果实钙含量和锌含量最高，欧李/山杏的果实固酸比、类黄酮含量和铁含量最高。利用主成分分析对不同砧穗组合和自根苗的嫁接成活率和果实品质性状进行综合评价，欧李/长柄扁桃D值为0.746，综合评价排名第一。综上，嫁接可以降低欧李的根癌病发病率，改变其果实品质，以长柄扁桃为砧木嫁接的欧李综合性状最佳。本研究结果可为欧李嫁接苗的推广提供数据支持。     

露地小型西瓜产量品质砧木效应的综合评价

为综合评价露地小型西瓜产量品质的砧木效应,以接穗京颖-6自根苗为对照,研究南瓜砧和葫芦砧分别嫁接同一接穗品种后,不同嫁接组合的幼苗质量、植株长势、产量、果实性状和品质变异特征。结果表明,所有砧木的嫁接成活率均高于90%,供试南瓜砧中幼苗质量以兴盛和铁砧尔帝较好,葫芦砧以强根和京欣砧1号表现较好。嫁接成株长势和产量也因选择砧木不同而表现不同,其中南瓜砧嫁接植株长势较强,产量较高,最低增产率也达17.0%;葫芦砧嫁接植株长势和产量变异较大,强根增产率达49.4%,但京欣砧王单位产量较对照低12.3%,且嫁接对小型西瓜果实特性及果实营养品质的影响显著。构成小型西瓜果实品质相关指标的综合评价结果表明,仅2个南瓜砧和4个葫芦砧嫁接果实品质优于自根苗。综上,供试南瓜砧均显著提高了小型西瓜的产量,但多降低了果实品质;葫芦砧中仅强砧和京欣砧1号嫁接西瓜的产量有所提高,且果实品质有所改善。本研究为嫁接小型西瓜优质高产栽培提供了理论依据。     

灌溉量对亚低温下温室番茄生理生化与品质的影响

试验以番茄为材料,采用温室盆栽方法,对比研究了常温和亚低温下补充灌水80%蒸腾蒸发量,100%蒸腾蒸发量及120%蒸腾蒸发量的水分对温室番茄抗寒性及果实品质的影响。结果表明：与常温相比,亚低温使番茄植株叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水率、可溶性蛋白含量降低,果实品质显著降低;使番茄叶片细胞膜相对透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高;不论在亚低温还是在常温下,补充80%蒸腾蒸发量或120%蒸腾蒸发量灌水均使植株抗寒性降低,果实Vc、含糖量、可溶性固形物含量降低,总酸度增大。亚低温下水分胁迫引起植株抗寒性降低,认为在亚低温条件下,番茄开花座果期以蒸腾蒸发量的100%补充灌溉,有利于植株生长和果实品质品质的提高。     

Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

Abstract

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar “Jinchun No. 2” (Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25?mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100?mmol?L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl^? contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl^? contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.     

Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar "Jinchun No. 2" ( Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25 mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100 mmol L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl⁻ contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.     

不同光强下龙葵对镉的吸收积累及生理响应

采用土培方法探讨了不同光强（自然光和50%遮光）和镉（Cd）不同添加量（0、 25、 50、 75和100 mg/kg）复合处理下,龙葵对Cd的吸收累积特征,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）、 过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及叶绿素、 丙二醛（MDA）、 谷胱甘肽（GSH）和植物螯合肽（PCs）含量等的变化特征。结果表明, 自然光条件下龙葵叶绿素b、 叶绿素a+b以及地上和地下部Cd富集量均显著低于遮光处理; 叶和根的SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下随土壤Cd添加量的增大先升后降,而在遮光处理下则持续升高; 除Cd 25 mg/kg处理时根POD及叶CAT活性在不同光强处理下没有显著差异外,其余Cd添加量处理下SOD、 POD、 CAT和APX活性在自然光条件下均显著高于遮光处理; 自然光条件下龙葵叶和根的MDA含量显著高于遮光处理,而叶和根的GSH含量和叶中PCs含量均显著低于遮光处理。研究结果表明,遮光环境促进了龙葵对Cd的富集,并且减轻了Cd对龙葵的氧化胁迫。     

Effect of nickel and grafting combination on yield,fruit quality,antioxidative enzyme activities,lipid peroxidation,and mineral composition of tomato

Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing serious threat to human health. Grafting tomato onto appropriate rootstocks may raise Ni tolerance through limiting heavy metal uptake by roots and/or its translocation to the shoot and by detoxification. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long‐term Ni exposure (0, 25, or 50 µM) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities in leaf, proline content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and mineral composition of tomato plants cv. Ikram, either self‐grafted or grafted onto three rootstocks: Black Beauty, Unifort, and Maxifort. Significant reduction in yield was observed in response to an increase in Ni concentration with more detrimental effects at 50 µM Ni. The fruit dry matter and total soluble solids content increased under severe Ni stress. The depression of crop performance under Ni toxicity was attributed to a decrease in leaf pigments (SPAD index), efficiency of PSII, macro‐ and microelements, and increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Maxifort and Unifort exhibited higher chlorophyll content, photochemical activity of PSII, antioxidant activity of APX and GPX, lower accumulation of MDA, and a better nutritional status (higher Ca and Fe, and lower Ni) in the leaf tissues in comparison with self‐grafted plants and those grafted onto Black Beauty. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Unifort and especially Maxifort could minimize the nickel toxicity by improving nutritional status and detoxification processes.     

La(NO3)3 对盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及抗逆生理特性的影响

为探讨稀土元素镧(La)对牧草盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用, 采用水培法研究了叶面喷施20 mg·L^-1La(NO₃)₃ 对NaCl 胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长及其抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明: 盐胁迫显著抑制黑麦草幼苗的生长, 提高叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)、O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 其作用随盐浓度的增大而增强。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量随盐浓度增大呈先升后降趋势, 可溶性糖和Na⁺/K⁺比逐渐增大, 质膜H⁺-ATP 酶活性逐渐降低, 过氧化物酶(POD)活性及POD 同功酶数量表达增强。喷施La(NO₃)₃ 处理可降低盐胁迫下黑麦草幼苗叶片的O₂^- 和H₂O₂ 含量, 提高SOD、CAT、POD、APX 和质膜H⁺-ATP 酶的活性及POD 同功酶的表达, 使AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及幼苗生物量增加, Na⁺/K⁺比降低。表明La(NO₃)₃ 可通过提高抗氧化系统的活性和积累渗透溶质减轻盐胁迫伤害, 从而提高黑麦草的耐盐性。     

不同柑橘砧木对锰过量胁迫的耐受性及生理响应

  【目的】  土壤pH影响土壤锰 (Mn) 有效性,酸性土壤易出现Mn过量问题,我国柑橘主要分布在南方红黄壤区,柑橘园酸性或强酸性土壤比例高,柑橘园土壤Mn过量较普遍。为此,我们研究了4种柑橘砧木对Mn过量胁迫的耐受性和生理响应,以期为Mn过量土壤上适宜砧木的选择提供依据。  【方法】  选用枳、资阳香橙、红橘和沙田柚4种常用柑橘砧木苗为材料,采用蛭石与珍珠岩1∶1的基质进行了营养液栽培试验,营养液中Mn处理包括0.01 (对照)、0.05、0.25、1.25和6.25 mmol/L 5个浓度。观察砧木苗的生长反应和中毒症状,处理60天时,测定叶绿素含量和光合参数;处理67天终止处理,测定砧木苗生长量、生物量、过氧化物酶活性、营养元素含量等生理生化指标,并用隶属函数对砧木过量锰的耐受性进行综合评价。  【结果】  柑橘砧木苗出现锰中毒的症状为叶片失绿,出现褐色坏死斑点;根量变少,呈现褐色斑点。4种砧木苗均在Mn 0.25 mmol/L处理时出现Mn中毒症状,其中枳最先出现症状且最严重,资阳香橙最迟出现症状且最轻;4种砧木在Mn 0.05 mmol/L处理时即出现Mn过量胁迫,表现为地上部和地下部鲜重和干重显著下降,根冠比升高 (红橘除外)、叶绿素含量下降、净光合速率降低、气孔开度下降、胞间CO₂浓度上升。Mn过量 (> 0.05 mmol/L) 胁迫使4种砧木叶片细胞膜受损,相对电导率和MDA含量上升;清除活性氧的SOD和POD活性上升,CAT活性下降。Mn过量胁迫影响柑橘砧木的营养元素吸收和转运,叶片和根系Mn含量上升,但随Mn胁迫浓度升高,Mn从根系到叶片的迁移率先降低后升高;Mn过量胁迫使砧木叶片K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量下降,根系K、P、Fe、Zn含量上升而Ca、Mg含量下降。  【结论】  不同砧木对Mn过量胁迫耐受性存在明显的差异,综合评价耐性强弱顺序为:资阳香橙 > 沙田柚 > 红橘 > 枳,高锰土壤的柑橘园可选用资阳香橙做砧木以减轻锰害。     

Effects of Grafting on Alkali Stress in Tomato Plants: Datura Rootstock Improve Alkalinity Tolerance of Tomato Plants

Plant growth, nutritional status, and proline content were investigated in non-grafted and grafted greenhouse tomato plants onto five rootstocks of eggplant, datura, orange nightshade, local Iranian tobacco, and field tomato, exposed to 0, 5, and 10 mM sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) to determine whether grafting could improve alkalinity tolerance of tomato. The leaf fresh mass of ungrafted and grafted tomato plants decreased significantly as NaHCO₃ levels increased. Despite other rootstocks and ungrafted plants, alkalinity had no significant effect on stem and root fresh mass and shoot phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of datura grafted plants. The lowest solution pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values and the highest leaf proline content were observed in the plants grafted onto datura rootstock. Moreover, sodium (Na) concentration in shoots was lower in plants grafted onto datura rootstock than in other plants especially under high NaHCO₃ levels. Overall, using datura rootstock improved alkalinity tolerance of tomato plants under NaHCO₃ stress.     

干旱胁迫对台湾栾树幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响

采用称量控水方法,设置正常供水（CK）、轻度干旱胁迫（LD）、中度干旱胁迫（MD）和重度干旱胁迫（SD）4种水分处理,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对1年生台湾栾树盆栽苗生长和生理生化指标的影响,探讨台湾栾树耐旱机制.研究发现：随干旱胁迫程度的加剧,台湾栾树幼苗高生长量和生物量逐渐降低,但根冠比显著提高;台湾栾树幼苗叶丙二醛浓度、可溶性糖及脯氨酸质量分数增加,K＋和Ca2质量分数在LD处理略有升高后缓慢下降,Mg2＋质量分数则只有轻微减少;而叶可溶性蛋白质质量分数及CAT、POD、SOD、APX等活性表现为先增加后降低的规律,且在MD处理均达到最大.结果表明：干旱胁迫下台湾栾树膜脂过氧化加剧和生长受到抑制,但其能通过提高抗氧化酶系统的活性和积累可溶性糖、脯氨酸及可溶性蛋白质等渗透调节物质来保护膜结构,使其保持正常的生理活动,从而表现出较强的抗旱能力.