苏云金杆菌Bt-8的培养特性及杀虫活性分析

[目的]明确苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)Bt-8的菌株生物特征及其杀虫活性,为其工业化生产提供参考.[方法]通过LB培养基培养观察3株苏云金杆菌Bt-8、Bt2671和Bt7-9菌株生长特征,并比较分析其内生质粒和晶体蛋白的种类.发酵培养基培养分离3株菌株的晶体蛋白,通过生物活性测定和国家标准中描述的方法分析毒素蛋白浓度和生物效价及杀虫谱.[结果]Bt-8具有典型的苏云金杆菌培养特征,营养生长后期形成菱形至椭圆形晶体蛋白,但孢子稳定时间较短,容易二次萌发.Bt-8携带24、16、8和7kb4种质粒,大分子晶体蛋白基因主要为cry1Ac和cry1Ab.杀虫活性分析结果表明,Bt-8培养活菌数低于原分离菌株Bt2671,但晶体蛋白代谢量极显著提高(P<0.01),生物效价较Bt2671提高30.4%,对小菜蛾、稻纵卷叶螟和茶尺蠖等多种鳞翅目害虫具有广谱杀虫活性.[结论]Bt-8菌株较原生产菌株Bt2671的生物效价高,产毒素蛋白能力较强,杀虫谱较广,具有开发高含量Bt制剂的潜力.     

海南岛吊罗山杀棉铃虫Bt菌株的筛选

【目的】从海南岛吊罗山原始热带雨林区筛选分离杀棉铃虫Bt菌株,为研发新的防治棉铃虫的生物农药和抗虫转基因棉花奠定基础。【方法】在吊罗山原始热带雨林区不同海拔高度采集253份土壤样品,采用醋酸钠高温处理方法从中分离各类芽孢杆菌,通过显微镜观察鉴定出产伴胞晶体蛋白的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt),对伴胞晶体蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳和质谱分析,了解其基本特性。并以棉铃虫二龄幼虫为靶标,测定获得的Bt菌株对棉铃虫的杀虫活性。【结果】从253份土壤样品中分离出芽孢杆菌786株,其中产伴胞晶体蛋白的Bt菌株33株,Bt菌株分离率为4.2%。SDS-PAGE电泳和质谱分析表明,分离Bt菌株含有的伴胞晶体蛋白与已发现的毒素蛋白不同,可能为新型晶体蛋白;利用棉铃虫二龄幼虫进行Bt分离株生物活性测定,结果表明有8株Bt菌株对棉铃虫幼虫的致死率为25%~85%。【结论】从海南岛吊罗山原始热带雨林区筛选分离获得8株杀棉铃虫的Bt菌株,这些菌种可能含有新的杀虫晶体蛋白基因。     

对棉铃虫高杀虫活性苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株的筛选

采用生物活性测定方法对实验室分离保存的73株Bt菌株进行杀棉铃虫幼虫的筛选,获得了3株对棉铃虫具有显著杀虫活性的菌株,其胞晶混合物对棉铃虫幼虫的LC50值为413. 43～574. 30μg·m L-1。对这3株Bt菌株研究发现,其产生的伴胞晶体类型包括菱形和方形,伴胞晶体蛋白编码基因的类型主要有cry1Aa、cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cry1Ia、cry2Ac、cry2Ah、cry4Ba、cry9Ea、cyt2Aa等,这些Bt菌株均表达约60 k Da和130k Da伴胞晶体蛋白。这3株Bt菌株的鉴定为棉铃虫的生物防治提供新的菌株资源和基因资源。     

一株对鳞翅目蔬菜害虫具有广谱高毒力的新Bt菌株

从河北省土壤分离出苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）MB-15菌株,利用室内生物活性测定的方法,与Bt标准菌株HD-1的杀虫毒力进行比较,结果发现该菌株胞晶混合液对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等5种鳞翅目蔬菜害虫的毒力均高于标准菌株Bt HD-1胞晶混合液。对发酵液各组分活性的分析发现,该菌株的上清液对胞晶混合物的杀虫活性有明显的增效作用。光学显微镜下观察该菌株伴胞晶体为菱形,SDS-PAGE分析显示其伴胞晶体主要由130.0 kDa和65.0 kDa 两种晶体蛋白组成。利用PCR-RFLP对其杀虫基因型进行鉴定,结果表明该菌株含有cry1Ac、cry2Aa、cry1I和vip3Aa基因。推断该菌株是一株对鳞翅目蔬菜害虫的防治具有潜在的商业开发价值的Bt野生株。     

上海地区苏云金芽孢杆菌的分离及其对草地贪夜蛾室内杀虫活性的测定

为进一步发掘国内苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)的菌株资源,在上海市若干地区搜集土壤样品,采用Na Ac-抗生素筛选法从土样中分离野生Bt菌株,通过光学显微镜染色镜检、PCR-RFLP体系及SDS-PAGE电泳等方法对分离菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白形态、蛋白表达量及cry基因类型进行分析,并测定了分离菌株对草地贪夜蛾的室内杀虫活性。结果表明:在上海地区采集的165份土壤样品中共分离得到苏云金芽孢杆菌50株,总出菌率为8.20%;其伴孢晶体蛋白呈菱形、球形、椭球形、不规则形等晶体形态,以球形晶体为主;多数表达130 ku、90 ku、80 ku、50 ku蛋白;分离菌株所含cry基因类型丰富,包含cry1、cry3、cry8类等共16种基因类型,以cry32及cry8类基因居多;有6株菌株对草地贪夜蛾表现出高杀虫活性,72 h校正死亡率最高可达100%。上述分离菌株对后续开展草地贪夜蛾的绿色防控及抗性治理具有重要的实践意义。     

一株对鳞翅目蔬菜害虫具有广谱高毒力的新Bt菌株

从河北省土壤分离出苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)MB-15菌株,利用室内生物活性测定的方法,与Bt标准菌株HD-1的杀虫毒力进行比较,结果发现该菌株胞晶混合液对棉铃虫(Helicoverpaarmigera)、甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)和菜青虫(Pieris rapae)等5种鳞翅目蔬菜害虫的毒力均高于标准菌株Bt HD-1胞晶混合液。对发酵液各组分活性的分析发现,该菌株的上清液对胞晶混合物的杀虫活性有明显的增效作用。光学显微镜下观察该菌株伴胞晶体为菱形,SDS-PAGE分析显示其伴胞晶体主要由130.0 kDa和65.0 kDa两种晶体蛋白组成。利用PCR-RFLP对其杀虫基因型进行鉴定,结果表明该菌株含有cry1Ac、cry2Aa、cry1I和vip3Aa基因。推断该菌株是一株对鳞翅目蔬菜害虫的防治具有潜在的商业开发价值的Bt野生株。     

食用菌异迟眼蕈蚊苏云金芽孢杆菌筛选及杀虫蛋白基因鉴定

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)杀虫谱广,活性高,可以很好地应用于双翅目眼蕈蚊科的防治。为了筛选出对食用菌异迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia difformis)有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株,并进行杀虫蛋白基因鉴定,采用醋酸钠-抗生素法,从江苏省南京市紫金山土壤中分离产晶体芽孢杆菌,通过室内毒力测定和对食用菌菌丝影响试验逐步进行筛选,同时进行Bt杀虫蛋白基因型聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism, PCR-RFLP)扩增鉴定。结果从分离到的17株产晶体芽孢杆菌中筛选出7个对异迟眼蕈蚊杀虫活性的校正死亡率在50%以上且不影响食用菌菌丝生长的菌株。经16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析,这7株菌与公共数据库中苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的同源性可达99%以上,初步认定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(B. thuringiensis)。Bt杀虫蛋白基因型鉴定发现,这7个菌株含有cry4/10、cry11、cyt1、cyt2等4个不同的毒蛋白基因型。筛选出的这7株Bt菌株对于防治食用菌异迟眼蕈蚊具有较好的开发利用潜力。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌诱变育种的初步研究

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)是世界上适用范围最广杀虫效果最理想的生物农药,但是Bt存在着发酵效率低、杀虫谱窄、毒力效价低的问题,严重制约着其发展推广.为了提高Bt菌种毒力效价,增强其杀虫活性.该文采用了紫外照射以及硫酸二乙酯(DES)、亚硝酸钠两种化学试剂对菌株Bt HD-1进行诱变育种,得到各诱变优化条件,结果表明,在最佳诱变条件下伴孢晶体含量都有了明显的增加,其中紫外照射条件最为明显,通过优化试验,筛选到一株伴孢晶体含量OD值增加34.2%菌株,得到产伴孢晶体能力明显提高菌株.     

Bt杀虫晶体蛋白的研究概述

苏云金芽孢杆菌 (Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白对许多农业害虫有很高的活性。许多试验表明Bt晶体蛋白之间具有协同增效作用 ,蛋白的混配比单一的蛋白具有更高的活性。本文对Bt杀虫晶体蛋白分类方法、蛋白活性以及蛋白之间的协同作用进行综述。     

硬脂酸改性苏云金杆菌伴孢晶体蛋白对其抗紫外线作用及杀虫活性的影响

以硬脂酸为改性剂,对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thringiensis,Bt)伴孢晶体蛋白进行表面包覆改性,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对改性前后的Bt伴孢晶体进行表征。结果表明,硬脂酸成功接枝到Bt伴孢晶体表面,形成一层厚度约20~40 nm的保护膜,能有效地阻挡紫外线穿透,降低紫外线导致晶体蛋白的变性作用,保持Bt伴孢晶体的杀虫活性。田间药效试验结果表明,用硬脂酸表面改性后的Bt伴孢晶体对二化螟的杀虫效果明显优于32 000 IU·g^-1 Bt可湿性粉剂,与目前常用的化学杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺的防效接近。     

转vip3基因作物研究进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)杀虫晶体蛋白(Insecticidal Crystal Proteins,ICPs)转基因作物在全球种植已近15年。随着转基因作物种植面积的扩大,害虫对Bt杀虫蛋白产生抗性已成为一个严峻的问题。通过研究发现,苏云金芽孢杆菌的营养生长阶段可产生一种新的毒素,即VIP3蛋白。VIP3蛋白与已知的ICPs没有序列同源性和结构相似性,表达VIP3对十多种鳞翅目害虫具有毒杀作用,具有更广泛的抗虫谱,尤其可毒杀小地老虎(Agrois ipsilon)等对Bt非敏感害虫,对环境生物没有不良影响,是防治抗性害虫及扩大抗虫谱的一种新策略。     

苏云金杆菌新菌株WZ-7的PCR-RFLP分析及生物活性研究

利用PCR—RFLP技术分析了自河北省土壤中分离的苏云金杆菌新菌株WZ-7，结果表明该菌株含有cryl、cry2Ab、cryllal型基因，其中cryl型基因的酶切片段类型不同于已发表的基因类型，有可能含有新的基因。SDS—PAGE分析结果出现130、79、73、66、60、58kD左右的6种晶体蛋白，毒素蛋白类型属于Ⅱ型。室内生测结果显示，该菌株对重要的农业害虫棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫、玉米螟等均有较高的杀虫毒力。     

Comparative Analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Aa57 and Vip3Aa62 Insecticidal Activities

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exhibits strong insecticidal activity and is harmless to non-target organisms such as human and animals. Bt becomes the most commonly used environment-friendly insecticidal microorganism. However, the insecticidal activities of different Bt strains variy significantly. Therefore, it is particularly important to compare the insecticidal activities of different strains and explore their insecticidal effector mechanisms to expand Bt insecticidal spectrum and enrich transgenic resources. Here, the insecticidal activities of Vip3Aa57 and Vip3Aa62 strains, carrying vegetative insecticidal protein-encoding genes that were inserted into the expression vector pET-21b and transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) strain, expressing 88 ku protein, were compared. Vip3Aa57 protein reportedly displayed body weight inhibition effect on Spodoptera exigua without affecting Heliothis armigera while Vip3Aa62 protein was known to have strong insecticidal activity against S. exigua (LC50=5.124 ng ? mg-1). A low H. armigera activity (LC50=870.1 ng ? mg-1) was observed. The paraffin sectioning results showed that Vip3Aa57 protein affected S. exigua midgut cell morphology. The laser confocal microscopic imaging results showed that Vip3Aa57 bound to receptors in the midgut without damaging the midgut tissue morphology. This study would be conducive for making full use of Bt strains in the soil to compare the insecticidal activities of different Vip insecticidal genes. It could thus provide significant help in revealing the underlying insecticidal mechanisms of Vip3Aa insecticidal genes, developing new insecticidal proteins and delaying pest resistance problems.     

几株Bt菌株对紫外线的抗性研究

[目的]寻求高抗紫外线的Bt菌株。[方法]采用不同照射时间的紫外线(UV)对1株野生型Bt菌株及3株Bt菌株Bt001、Bt200、Bt087进行照射处理后再置于32℃培养箱中培养16h。[结果]Bt野生菌株在UV处理3min后已基本全部失活,而Bt001、Bt200、Bt087在UV处理8min后仍有活性。菌株Bt001、Bt200、Bt087对UV的抗性均强于野生Bt菌株,其中,Bt200相对弱些,UV处理9min后已无菌落;Bt087最弱,UV处理8min后已无菌落;而菌株Bt001对UV的抗性最强,UV处理13min后仍有菌落出现,说明不同的Bt菌株,其遗传背景是不同的。另外,Bt001经紫外线照射9min培养16h后发现有9个菌落发生明显的变异,菌落呈棕黄色,菌落明显比原始菌落小,油镜下观察涂片,其菌体比原始菌体小,说明Bt001为明显发生突变的菌株。[结论]菌株Bt001对UV的抗性最强。     

Nitrogen spraying affects seed Bt toxin concentration and yield in Bt cotton

Cotton bolls exhibit the lowest insecticidal efficacy among all organs of Bt cotton, which would ultimately affect the yield formation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different urea concentrations on the seed Bt protein contents, seed cotton yield and the corresponding protein metabolism mechanism. The experiments were conducted during 2017–2018 cotton growing seasons. Two cultivars, Sikang 3(hybrid, SK3) and Sikang 1(conventional, SK1), were treated with six urea concentrations and their seed Bt protein contents were compared during boll formation period. The urea spray concentration had a significant effect on the seed Bt toxin content and seed cotton yield. Spraying of either 5 or 6% urea led to higher insecticidal protein contents and higher seed cotton yield for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest amino acid and soluble protein contents, as well as GPT and GOT activities, and lower protease and peptidase activities were observed at the 5 to 6% urea levels. Significant positive correlations between the seed Bt toxin and amino acid contents, and between the seed Bt toxin content and GPT activities were detected. The lower boll worm number and hazard boll rate were also observed with the 5 to 6% urea treatments, which may be the reason why nitrogen spraying increased the seed cotton yield. Therefore, our results suggested that the seed Bt toxin content and insect resistance were impacted markedly by external nitrogen application, and 5 to 6% urea had the greatest effect on insect resistance.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌LSZ9408菌株基因型的鉴定

利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术鉴定苏云金芽胞杆菌LSZ9408菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白及其基因组成.PCR结果表明:苏云金芽胞杆菌LSZ 9408菌株中含有cry1和cry2两种基因型.采用5对通用引物-Un1、Un2、Un3、Un4、Un7/8进行PCR扩增,结果显示:Un1和Un2引物扩增的DNA片段大小分别为270 bp和700 bp左右,其他引物无PCR扩增产物.SDS-PAGE结果也表明:苏云金芽胞杆菌LSZ 9408菌株中含有cry1和cry2两种基因,它们编码的杀虫晶体蛋白分子量约为130 kD和65 kD.     

鲁棉研21号高产稳产生理特性研究

以生产上大面积推广的4个不同类型的转基因抗虫棉品种为材料,比较并进而研究了常规转Bt基因抗虫棉鲁棉研21号的生理特性。结果表明：与其它同类品种相比,鲁棉研21号叶绿素含量较高,淀粉、可溶性蛋白含量在苗期、蕾期、初花期明显高于中棉所41和新棉99B,抗氧化酶（SOD、POD）活性较高,激素类物质代谢协调。这些特点为其高产、稳产、广适奠定了生理基础。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌对黄河鲤白细胞吞噬和溶菌酶活性的影响

为研究苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensisBt)对黄河鲤白细胞吞噬和溶菌酶活性的影响,将苏云金芽孢杆菌按1.0×1011、3.0×1011、5.0×1011cfu/kg 3个浓度添加在鱼用全价颗粒饲料中,投喂经嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)疫苗免疫的A1、A2、A3组和未免疫的B1、B2、B3组黄河鲤鱼,分别于试验的第1、15、30、40天时检测各组鲤鱼白细胞吞噬活性和血清溶菌酶活性。结果表明,添加苏云金芽孢杆菌可显著提高黄河鲤血液中白细胞吞噬活性和血清溶菌酶活性(P<0.05),且添加浓度越高,血液白细胞吞噬活性和溶菌酶活性越强。免疫组与未免疫组白细胞吞噬活性差异不显著(P>0.05),溶菌酶活性差异显著(P<0.05)。在停止投喂后10d,白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活性逐渐下降,但与停止投喂Bt前相比,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

The effects of high temperature level on square Bt protein concen-tration of Bt cotton

Higher boll worm survival rates were detected after high temperature presented during square period in Bt cotton. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high temperature level on the Bt efficacy of two different types of Bt cotton cultivars at squaring stage. During the 2011 to 2013 cotton growth seasons, high temperature treatments ranged from 34 to 44°C in climate chambers, and field experiments under high temperature weather with various temperature levels were conducted to investigate the effects of the high temperature level on square Bt protein concentration and nitrogen metabolism. The climate chamber experiments showed that the square insecticidal protein contents reduced after 24 h elevated temperature treatments for both cultivars, whereas significant declines of the square insecticidal protein contents were detected at temperature 38°C, and only slightly numerical reductions were observed when temperature below 38°C. Similar high temperature responses were also observed at the two field experimental sites in 2013. Correspondingly, high temperature below 38°C seems have little effect on the square amino acid concentrations, soluble protein contents, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase(GOT) activities as well as protease and peptidase activities; however, when the temperature was above 38°C, reduced soluble protein contents, enhanced amino acid concentrations, decreased GPT and GOT activities, bolstered protease and peptidase activities in square were detected. In general, the higher the temperature is(38°C), the larger the changes for the above compound contents and key enzymes activities of the square protein cycle. The findings indicated that the unstable insect resistance of the square was related to high temperature level during square stage.     

转Bt基因棉花杀虫蛋白表达规律及对棉铃虫控制作用研究

为了探明不同棉花品种对棉铃虫发生的影响,采用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测在安徽省普遍种植的12个转Bt基因棉花品种不同生育期叶片,以及不同组织器官的Bt蛋白含量,并结合室内生物测定方法探讨不同棉花品种对棉铃虫幼虫的毒杀效果。结果表明,不同棉花品种Bt蛋白含量差异显著,首先,Bt蛋白在中棉所71、中棉所65、爱棉1号和岱杂2号的各生育期,以及不同组织器官中均能相对稳定地高表达;其次,铜杂411、荃银棉4号和皖棉17在部分生育期及组织器官中Bt蛋白含量较高;与上述品种相比,创072、湘杂棉7号、稼元216、农丰棉1号和鄂杂棉26在不同生育期以及不同组织器官中的Bt蛋白含量普遍较低。同时,转Bt基因棉花Bt蛋白的含量随着棉花逐渐生长逐步下降,然而其下降趋势并非呈现出平滑和逐渐递减的状态,12个棉花品种三叶期叶片中Bt蛋白的含量普遍较低,随着棉花生长,在七叶期叶片至蕾期叶片的生长过程中出现一个Bt蛋白的表达高峰。室内生物测定表明,其对棉铃虫幼虫的致死率与其杀虫蛋白表达量基本一致。