人参果罐头加工技术研究

研究了人参果罐头的配方及其加工过程中的护色工艺、杀菌条件对产品风味、质地及贮藏期的影响,确定了加工人参果罐头的最佳工艺参数,为工厂化的生产奠定了技术基础。该产品具有较高的营养价值,是水果保健罐头中的佳品。     

黄桃罐头加工工艺技术研究

以黄桃为原料,对其进行预处理,利用护色处理、中温杀菌技术所得的产品色泽、滋味、气味、组织形态明显优于高温杀菌罐头的品质,营养损失少,且达到商业无菌要求。确定护色剂组合为0.9%EDTA-2Na,2%柠檬酸,1%NaHSO_3;过程为升温10 min,达到85℃,恒温杀菌10 min,再经过升温2~3 min,达到再次恒温杀菌温度92℃,杀菌10~12 min,然后快速降温10 min。     

不同贮藏温度对冷处理护色荔枝贮藏品质的影响

以糯米糍等5个品种的荔枝果实为试材,研究经3～5℃冷处理结合护色后,不同贮藏温度（-2～0℃,1～4℃）对荔枝果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,荔枝采后经3～5℃冷处理结合保鲜剂护色后,快速置于-2～0℃条件下贮藏,可有效降低果实水分和糖、酸、VC等营养物质的损耗,保持良好的果皮、果肉色泽及口感,贮藏100～120d,好果率可达98％以上。     

不同加工流程对枇杷罐头质构的影响研究

以枇杷为研究对象,研究加工过程中的工艺条件对枇杷罐头中枇杷质构的影响。采用质构仪对不同工艺条件下的枇杷进行测定,结果发现护色处理、杀菌条件、灌汤条件和冷却温度对枇杷罐头中枇杷的硬度有影响。     

番茄丁罐头生产工艺的研究

对加工番茄丁罐头的关键工艺进行了研究,结果表明,制作番茄丁罐头的最佳工艺为：番茄于90℃条件下烫漂1min;番茄丁采用1．0％氯化钙硬化4h;汤液中添加10％白砂糖、0．1％柠檬酸及0．2％CMC;成品罐头经过100℃杀菌20min,制得的番茄丁罐头产品色泽均匀,酸甜适口,组织形态稳定,感官品质最佳。     

速冻西兰花加工工艺的优化

西兰花,色泽鲜绿,营养丰富,可以抑制癌变和肿瘤的发生。速冻加工工艺能实现产品的护色保脆、降本节能的目的。通过CaCl2的应用进行护色保脆;通过0.03%蚕丝肽和0.02%溶菌酶的应用,大幅度降低有害微生物的数量,延长了保质期;通过3%～5%的蔗糖或海藻糖的应用,使西兰花的玻璃态转变温度提高了2℃以上,在生产上可使冷藏库温度相应调高2℃左右。     

莲藕粥罐头生产工艺的研究

以鲜莲藕为原料,生产粥罐头。探讨了莲藕粥罐头的加工工艺,试验结果表明,莲藕去皮后,应使用柠檬酸0.05%,乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.03%,氯化钠0.2%配比的混合护色液进行护色,能有效避免莲藕发生一系列的酶促褐变和非酶促褐变,保证成品的感观色泽。莲藕粥罐头内容物配方为:藕丁6%,糯米6%,大麦仁1.5%,银耳1.5%,其粥体呈现莲藕应有的清香和滋味,且香气协调。莲藕粥罐头产品在贮存的24个月内不色变,不分层,符合商业销售的食品安全标准。     

二氧化氯对鲜切莲藕杀菌护色作用的研究

以新鲜莲藕为试材,研究了鲜切莲藕的加工工艺及加工过程中杀菌护色的问题。结果表明,鲜切莲藕在p H值5~6条件下用50 mg/L的ClO_2浸泡液处理10 min,在0~4℃的温度下贮藏20 d,产品品质稳定,杀菌护色效果优于常用的护色剂。     

云南野生水蕨菜软罐头加工工艺研究

使用不同种类及用量的护绿剂,采用烫漂、常温浸泡及真空渗透等护绿措施,对水蕨菜护绿效果进行比较。将水蕨菜装袋后,分别于85,95,105℃及不同时间下进行杀菌试验,结果表明,用质量浓度为250mg/kg的硫酸铜作为护绿液,在95℃温度下烫漂1.5min,护绿效果最好;而最佳杀菌式为:10'-15'-10'/105℃。所得水蕨菜软罐头在室温下可贮藏12个月,绿色保持不变,感官品质得到改善。     

不同品种黄桃软罐头加工工艺的研究

以NJN76油桃、金星桃、晚金油桃、金秋桃四个品种的黄桃为原料,通过对其采收成熟度、糖液配比、包装材料、封口条件、杀菌方式的研究来确定黄桃软罐头的最佳加工工艺。试验结果表明:用于制作软罐头的四个品种黄桃果实适宜的采收成熟度为八成熟;NJN76油桃软罐头、金星桃软罐头的最佳糖液浓度为25%,晚金油桃软罐头的最佳糖液浓度为30%,金秋桃软罐头的最佳糖液浓度为25%的糖和添加0.16%的柠檬酸;封口工艺参数为:封口温度190~195℃、封口时间2~3 s、封口压力5×101.3~6×101.3 kPa;杀菌温度为85℃杀菌10 min。按此工艺制作的四种黄桃罐头桃丁色泽金黄一致,酸甜适口,保质期可达9个月以上。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.