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1.
Axel Diederichsen 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(3):419-440
A characterization of 10,105 accessions of hexaploid cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. sensu lato) from 85 countries of the Plant Gene Resources of Canada (PGRC) collection was conducted at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada. Eight environmentally stable morphological characters (panicle type, panicle erectness, panicle density, lemma colour,
dorsal awn of lemma, ligula, major infraspecific group), differentiated into 18 character states, were used to define genetically
distinct morphological groups. Comparisons of oat diversity from different countries, among the major infraspecific groups
and among Canadian oat cultivars registered between 1886 and 2002 were possible. The 10,105 accessions represented 118 different
morphological groups. The number of accessions in each morphological group was unevenly distributed with the 13 most frequent
morphological groups including 90% of the accessions. The most frequent morphological groups in the PGRC collection were identical
with the most frequent types of Canadian oat cultivars. The greatest richness of diversity was found in oat from countries
with temperate climates and intensive oat breeding programmes. The oat accessions comprised 8,754 accessions of common hulled
oat, 183 accessions of hull-less oat and 1,168 accessions of red oat. For red oat (A. byzantina C. Koch), West Asia was richest in diversity. The USA could be considered a secondary centre of diversity for red oat and
Canada a secondary centre of diversity for hull-less oat. Morphological diversity of oat cultivars released in Canada increased
during the twentieth century. The morphological groups were related to formal taxonomical infraspecific classifications of
A. sativa. Applications of the concept of defining morphological groups for phenotyping a large germplasm collection are demonstrated
discussed. 相似文献
2.
Information on the variation available for different plant attributes has enabled germplasm collections to be effectively utilised in plant breeding. A world sourced collection of white clover germplasm has been developed at the White Clover Resource Centre at Glen Innes, New South Wales. This collection of 439 accessions was characterised under field conditions as a preliminary study of the genotypic variation for morphological attributes; stolon density, stolon branching, number of nodes, number of rooted nodes, stolon thickness, internode length, leaf length, plant height and plant spread, together with seasonal herbage yield. Characterisation was conducted on different batches of germplasm (subsets of accessions taken from the complete collection) over a period of five years. Inclusion of two check cultivars, Haifa and Huia, in each batch enabled adjustment of the characterisation data for year effects and attribute-by-year interaction effects. The component of variance for seasonal herbage yield among batches was large relative to that for accessions. Accession-by-experiment and accession-by-season interactions for herbage yield were not detected. Accession mean repeatability for herbage yield across seasons was intermediate (0.453). The components of genotypic variance among accessions for all attributes, except plant height, were larger than their respective standard errors. The estimates of accession mean repeatability for the attributes ranged from low (0.277 for plant height) to intermediate (0.544 for internode length).Multivariate techniques of clustering and ordination were used to investigate the diversity present among the accessions in the collection. Both cluster analysis and principal component analysis suggested that seven groups of accessions existed. It was also proposed from the pattern analysis results that accessions from a group characterised by large leaves, tall plants and thick stolons could be crossed with accessions from a group that had above average stolon density and stolon branching. This material could produce breeding populations to be used in recurrent selection for the development of white clover cultivars for dryland summer moisture stress environments in Australia. The germplasm collection was also found to be deficient in genotypes with high stolon density, high number of branches, high number of rooted nodes and large leaves. This warrants addition of new germplasm accessions possessing these characteristics to the present germplasm collection. 相似文献
3.
Sevda Babayeva Zeynal Akparov Mehraj Abbasov Alamdar Mammadov Mohammad Zaifizadeh Kenneth Street 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(3):293-298
Diversity analysis was performed among 39 cultivated lentil (Lens
culinaris Medik.) accessions of Central Asia and Caucasian origin using five highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. A total of
33 alleles determined ranging from 3 to 8 per locus. Estimated gene diversity value for 33 loci was 0.66. Genetic similarity
indices among 39 accessions ranged from 0.24 to 1.0. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic
mean method classified accessions into six major groups at 0.5 similarity coefficient. More than half accessions from Tajikistan
formed large cluster. On the other hand, a few accessions from each country showed unique genotypes. Overall, most of the
accessions, except ones with closely related origin, were distinguished by the present high quality DNA fingerprinting. This
molecular diversity information gives important basis for conservation strategy in gene bank and exotic germplasm introduction
in breeding programs in Central Asia and Caucasian countries. 相似文献
4.
F. Shan H. J. Clarke G. Yan J. A. Plummer K. H. M. Siddique 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(3):519-527
Wild annual Cicer gene pools contain valuable germplasm for chickpea improvement programs. Previous research showed that duplication might
exist in accessions collected from these gene pools, which would hinder chickpea breeding and related research. AFLP (amplified
fragment length polymorphism) markers were used to fingerprint the world collections of the primary and secondary gene pools
including C. reticulatum Lad., C. bijugum K.H. Rech., C. judaicum Boiss. and C. pinnatifidum Jaub. et Sp. Duplicates were detected in a total of 24 accessions in both the gene pools, highlighting the necessity to fingerprint
the germplasm. Genotypic difference was detected as gene pool specific, species specific and accession specific AFLP markers.
These were developed into fingerprinting keys for accession identification between and within species and gene pools. Use
of AFLP markers to detect duplicates and to identify accessions is a reliable method which will assist in the characterisation
and use of wild annual Cicer germplasm in chickpea improvement programs. We recommend the procedure presented in this paper as a standard approach for
the precise genetic identification and characterisation of future world collections of wild Cicer, to keep germplasm integrity and to benefit chickpea breeding and related research programs. 相似文献
5.
María Ferriol Maria Belén Picó Fernando Nuez 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2003,50(3):227-238
Increasing the knowledge of the molecular diversity of a crop is essential for extending its genetic base, identifying cultivars and selecting parental varieties for breeding programs. In this sense, Cucurbita maxima Duch. is poorly characterised. Nineteen accessions of this species and 8 related Cucurbita accessions were included in a genetic diversity analysis. For this purpose, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), which analyse neutral variability, and Sequence-Based Amplified Polymorphism (SBAPs), which preferentially amplify coding regions of the genome, were used. While the UPGMA cluster and the principal coordinates analysis obtained using RAPDs did not group the different accessions according either to fruit morphological criteria or to passport data (origin and agro-climatic conditions), the principal coordinates analysis obtained using SBAPs grouped the different pumpkin accessions fundamentally according to the type of use (human consumption, animal fodder or ornamental). This passport trait is reported to be associated with agronomic breeding characters of interest. The usefulness of both types of markers for discriminating accessions of breeding interest is discussed. 相似文献
6.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to evaluate the genetic relationships and diversities of Chinese
vegetable mustards. Fourteen pairs of primers generated a total of 366 scorable fragments among 16 accessions of Brassica juncea studied, of which 296 bands were polymorphic with an average of 21.1% polymorphic bands per primer combination. Genetic similarities
were obtained using Nei and Li similarity coefficients, and a dendrogram of the 16 accessions was made by UPGMA clustering
method. The Nei and Li Similarity coefficient value ranged from 0.63 to 0.88. This result indicated that the 16 accessions
of B. juncea possessed high level genetic variations. The cluster analysis showed that the vegetable mustards could be grouped into two
main groups and some minor rami, which was partially in accordance with the traditional classification that based on different
edible organs of vegetable mustards. The incongruity between morphological and molecular classification might be attributed
to the high selection pressure during domestication of Chinese vegetable mustards, producing some accessions with similar
genetic backgrounds evolving into abundant morphological variations. The great diversification among Chinese vegetable mustards
not only provides an excellent object for molecular evolution research of B. juncea but also is of great value for widening the genetic basis of breeding programs and breeding materials selection. Besides,
our study also indicates that AFLP are informative and can provide significant insights for genetic diversity research in
B. juncea. 相似文献
7.
Genetic variability of Coffea arabica L. accessions from Ethiopia evaluated with RAPDs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A.P. Chaparro M.A. Cristancho H.A. Cortina A.L. Gaitán 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2004,51(3):291-297
The genetic diversity of 50 wild and semi-wild accessions of the Coffea arabica L. germplasm collection, gathered by the FAO and ORSTOM missions to Ethiopia, and maintained in Colombia by CENICAFE, was evaluated with RAPD markers. The evaluation was carried out in two phases: In phase one, the polymorphism of 8 Ethiopian accessions of different geographic origin, plus the cultivated variety 'Caturra' was assessed with the RAPD technique with forty-two 10-mer oligonucleotides. In phase two, 51 accessions were assessed with a set of 5 polymorphic primers that reproduced, with a correlation of 95%, the groups generated by the 24 polymorphic primers found in phase one. Principal Coordinate Analysis of molecular data revealed that a closely related group consisting of 86% of the Ethiopian C. arabica accessions evaluated are significantly different from the Caturra variety and could be used in a genetic breeding initiative to increase the variability of cultivated varieties. The results also indicate that a larger polymorphism is present in the Colombian replica of FAO Ethiopian coffee germplasm collection than previously reported. 相似文献
8.
X. K. Zhang J. Chen L. Chen H. Z. Wang J. N. Li 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(8):1175-1184
In this study, the correlations among these characters were investigated in 18 rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) accessions with different seed coat color. The results indicated that seed water uptake and flooding tolerance were significantly
correlated with seed color and melanin pigment content of testa. The red or black-seeded accessions had higher melanin content
in testa, showed slower water uptake and lower leakage and higher flooding tolerance. The majority of yellow-seeded rapeseed
accessions which had low melanin pigments content in testa showed a rapid water uptake and higher leakage than the red or
black-seeded, which led to imbibition damage and lower flooding tolerance. The results suggest that the yellow-seeded cultivars
experienced poor field emergence and more serious pre-harvest sprouting in raining weather than the dark-seeded cultivars.
Some yellow-seeded accessions showed a slow imbibition behavior and relative high flooding tolerance, indicated these accessions
can be used as a genetic resource to improve the flooding tolerance and reduce imbibition damage for the yellow-seeded B. napus L. 相似文献
9.
10.
Bernardette Primieri Carelli Lee Tseng Sheng Gerald Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin Sergio Echeverrigaray 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2006,53(2):395-400
Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) were used to estimate the variability of 35 tomato accessions (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A total of 257 reproducibly scorable bands were obtained from 20 primers, 78.6% of which were polymorphic. The percentage
distribution of RAPD markers shows a bimodal distribution, and the frequency of rare alleles is similar in commercial and
landrace accessions. Genetic distances among accessions were calculated and a dendrogram showing the genetic relationships
among them was constructed allowing for the separation of four groups. Twenty out of 23 Brazilian landraces fell within one
group, whereas commercial cultivars were distributed in the four groups. AMOVA analysis of RAPD data showed that, despite
the high within Brazilian landraces and commercial cultivars variation, these two groups are significantly different, indicating
that landraces can be a source of variation for breeding programs. 相似文献
11.
Abdelfattah Badr Hanaa H. El-Shazly Linda E. Watson 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2008,55(1):21-31
The origin and ancestry for Egyptian clover, Trifolium alexandrinum, was examined using AFLP data. The data support a close relationship of T. alexandrinum accessions from Syria and Egypt to T. apertum, T. berytheum, and T. salmoneum. However, crossability and geographic distributions suggest that T. apertum is an unlikely progenitor. In contrast, T. salmoneum appears to be the most probable progenitor for Syrian material of Egyptian clover, although a close relationship to T. berytheum was also revealed. The ability of these species to cross freely indicates that T. salmoneum and T. berytheum may be regarded as the primary ancestors from, which man domesticated Egyptian clover through artificial selection in Syria.
Following domestication, the earlier forms of the crop species could have been taken into rain-fed cultivation in Palestine
and irrigated cultivation in Egypt. In this regard, the domestication of Egyptian clover may be analogous to other crops,
such as barley and wheat, which were also domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and taken into cultivation in the Nile Valley.
It appears that genetic improvement of the crop occurred in Egypt after cultivation, and that the varieties that were developed
in Egypt were later distributed worldwide. 相似文献
12.
Cecilia Y. Kato Chifumi Nagai Paul H. Moore Francis Zee Minna S. Kim Denise L. Steiger Ray Ming 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2005,51(8):815-825
Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) cultivars, often derived from somatic mutations, are propagated vegetatively. It has been suggested by isozyme data that there is little genetic variation among Smooth Cayenne cultivars. A thorough investigation of the genetic variation within the cultivated speciesAnanas comosus, particularly among commercial cultivars, will provide critical information needed for crop improvement and cultivar protection. One-hundred and forty-eight accessions ofA. comosus and 14 accessions of related species were evaluated with AFLP markers. The average genetic similarity ofA. comosus was 0.735 ranging from 0.549 to 0.972, suggesting a high degree of genetic variation within this species. With AFLP markers, discrete DNA fingerprints were detected for each commercial cultivar, breeding line, and intra-specific hybrid. Self-incompatibility, high levels of somatic mutation, and intraspecific hybridization may account for this high degree of variation. However, major cultivar groups of pineapple, such as Cayenne, Spanish, and Queen, could not be distinctively separated. These cultivar groups are based on morphological similarity, and the similar appearance can be caused by a few mutations that occurred on different genetic background. Our results suggest that there is abundant genetic variation within existing pineapple germplasm for selection, and discrete DNA fingerprinting patterns for commercial cultivars can be detected for cultivar protection. The genetic diversity and relationships of fourAnanas species are also discussed. 相似文献
13.
Naja Steen Andersen Gert Poulsen Bente Anni Andersen Lars Pødenphant Kiær Tina D’Hertefeldt Mike J. Wilkinson Rikke Bagger Jørgensen 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(2):189-200
When planning optimal conservation strategies for wild and cultivated types of a plant species, a number of influencing biological
and environmental factors should be considered from the outset. In the present study Brassica rapa was used to illustrate this: to develop Scandinavian conservation strategies for wild and cultivated B. rapa, DNA-marker analysis was performed on 15 cultivated and 17 wild accessions of B. rapa plus 8 accessions of the cross compatible B. napus. The B. rapa cultivars were bred in Sweden and Finland in 1944–1997 and the wild B. rapa material was collected from Denmark, Sweden and United Kingdom. The B. napus accessions were bred within the last 20 years in the Scandinavian countries. Results were based on scoring of 131 polymorphic
ISSR markers in the total plant material. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach implemented in NewHybrids demonstrated
a clear distinction of B. rapa and B. napus individuals except for three individuals that seemed to be backcrosses. The backcrossed hybrids descended from two Swedish
populations, one wild and one escaped. The overall pattern of genetic variation and structure in B. rapa showed that cultivated and wild B. rapa accessions formed two almost separated clusters. Geographical origin and breeding history of cultivars were reflected in
these genetic relationships. In addition, wild populations from Denmark and Sweden seemed to be closely related, except for
a Swedish population, which seemingly was an escaped cultivar. The study point to that many processes, e.g. spontaneous introgression,
naturalisation, breeding and agricultural practise affected the genetic structure of wild and cultivated B. rapa populations. 相似文献
14.
Total 65 lotus accessions in genus Nelumbo mainly collected from China, were subjected to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to estimate the genetic diversity
and to test the genetic basis of the relationships between morphotypes and molecular markers. Seventeen primers generated
a total of 195 highly reproducible and discernible loci, among which 173 were polymorphic. Percent polymorphism varied from
66.7 to 100 with an average of 88.72, and five primers out of them, OPC05, OPG10, OPN20, OPP09 and OPS17, showed 100% polymorphism.
A relatively high genetic diversity was detected among all the samples with the similarity coefficient values ranging from
0.45 to 0.85, and Nei’s gene diversity (h) 0.30, and Shannon index (I) 0.46. The UPGMA dendrogram clustered 65 accessions in four clusters and the clustering pattern showed two groups, N. nucifera ssp. nucifera and those accessions related to the American lotus, and some special cultivars, landraces, hybrids and the American lotus.
Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) further indicated that the genetic diversity of Nelumbo accessions was not evenly distributed, instead, was presented by a clustered distribution pattern. Similar to the results
revealed by the dendrogram, two main groups representing the two subspecies of N. nucifera, as well as some special landraces, cultivars of Chinese lotus, the Japanese lotus and hybrids out of the two groups were
obtained. Neither the UPGMA dendrogram nor the PCA analysis exhibited strict relationship with geographic distribution and
morphotypes among the accessions. 相似文献
15.
Jinggui Fang Chih-Cheng T. Chao Philip A. Roberts Jeffrey D. Ehlers 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(6):1197-1209
Cowpea is an important grain legume and hay crop of many tropical and subtropical regions, especially in the dry savanna region
of West Africa. The cowpea gene pool may be narrow because of a genetic bottleneck during domestication. Genetic variation
within specific breeding programs may be further restricted due to breeding methods, ‘founder effects’ and limited exchange
of germplasm between breeding programs. Genetic relationships among 60 advanced breeding lines from six breeding programs
in West Africa and USA, and 27 landrace accessions from Africa, Asia, and South America were examined using amplified fragment
length polymorphism (AFLP) markers with six near infrared fluorescence labeled EcoRI + 3/1bases/MseI + 3/1bases primer sets. A total of 382 bands were scored among the accessions with 207 polymorphic bands (54.2%). Despite
a diverse origin, the 87 cowpea accessions shared a minimum 86% genetic similarity. Principal coordinates analysis showed
clustering of breeding lines by program origin, indicating lack of genetic diversity compared to potential diversity. Accessions
from Asia and the Americas overlapped and were distinct from West African breeding lines, indicating that germplasm from Asia
and the Americas have common origins outside West Africa. US and Asian breeding programs could increase genetic variability
in their programs substantially by incorporating germplasm from West Africa, while national programs in West Africa should
consider introgression of Asian germplasm and germplasm from other parts of Africa into their programs to ensure long-term
gains from selection. 相似文献
16.
N. P. Goncharov S. V. Bannikova T. Kawahara 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(7):1507-1516
The effective utilisation of available genetic resources of related species is essential for successful crops breeding and
maintaining genetic variability within crops. Bread wheat, the basic cultivated wheat species, is an amphiploid (2n = 6x = 42) and, therefore, the production of new synthetic amphiploids using genomes of related species should reduce the difficulties
caused by direct crossings, for example, between hexaploid wheat and diploid relatives. Hence, exploiting synthetic amphiploids
is an effective and rapid way of introgressing desirable traits from related species into cultivated wheats. Some of the artificial
amphiploids that already exist were produced 80 years ago. Yet little work has been done to highlight potential contamination
and/or genetic changes during their conservation by genebanks. Thus, we utilised the electrophoresis of wheat endosperm storage
proteins (gliadins) to check such amphiploid authenticity, and also where differences had been previously observed between
synthetic wheat amphiploids. In addition, we checked putative amphiploid accessions where Triticum timopheevii (GGAtAt) was recorded as one of the parents. A synthetic species, T. timococcum produced by Kostov, together with a natural T. zhukovskyi found in Georgia (the former Soviet Union) were revealed to be identical according to our assays. The existence of several
T. kiharae accessions independently produced by different authors was confirmed, and they exhibited polymorphism for a number of traits,
including spike characters (awning, hairy glumes) and growth habit (spring vs. winter). The effective conservation of artificial
amphiploids in genebanks is discussed. 相似文献
17.
H. B. Guo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2009,56(3):323-330
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ssp. nucifera), one of 12 aquatic species used as vegetable, has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years, and now has been widely cultivated
in almost all provinces in China. The largest area under cultivation of lotus is located in the regions surrounding mid-down
Yangtse River, including Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. According to different purposes or
morphological differences, the Chinese lotus (N. nucifera ssp. nucifera) is usually classified into three types: rhizome lotus, seed lotus and flower lotus. Rhizome lotus is mainly cultivated in
Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui and Zhejiang provinces; Seed lotus in Jiangxi, Fujian and Hunan, and flower lotus in Wuhan, Hubei province,
and Beijing. Up to the year 2002, a total of 572 lotus accessions (including landraces, cultivars and breeding lines) were
conserved in National Garden of Aquatic Vegetable, Wuhan, Hubei province, including those collections from 153 counties in
18 provinces, and lines bred by breeders. Out of these accessions, 310 were rhizome lotus which contains 201 landraces and
109 breeding lines; 229 were flower lotus including 172 cultivars and 57 breeding lines; and the rest 33 were seed lotus with
18 cultivars. 相似文献
18.
Makiko Mimura Clarice J. Coyne Marie W. Bambuck Thomas A. Lumpkin 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2007,54(3):497-508
Edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a type of soybean selected for fresh or frozen vegetable use at an immature stage. Since edamame has a similar
protein content, milder flavor, nuttier texture, and is easier to cook when compared to grain soybean, it is being promoted
as a new vegetable for global consumption. Global production will require breeding programs for local adaptation; however,
limited research has been published on genetic diversity of edamame varieties for the assessment of genetic resources. Simple
sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to study the genetic diversity among 130 accessions, including edamame cultivars and landraces
from Japan, China and the US, and also the new breeding lines in the US. Although it is assumed that elite edamame cultivars
would have narrow genetic diversity, seventeen SSRs detected polymorphism to distinguish 99 of the 130 accessions. The cluster
analysis generated nine clusters and 18 outliers. Genetic diversity within Japanese edamame was lower than that within Chinese
vegetable soybean accessions (maodou), even though only 10 Chinese maodou were analyzed compared to 107 Japanese edamame.
Cluster analysis revealed that the patterns of SSR diversity in edamame can generally distinguish maturity classes and testa
color. We concluded that Japanese edamame have a narrow genetic base different from others and that SSRs can describe the
patterns of genetic diversity among the elite vegetable soybean. 相似文献
19.
Downy mildew (Peronospora viciae (Berk) de Bary) is an important disease of vetches (Vicia spp.) in the Mediterranean Region. Narbon and common vetch germplasm accessions originating from different countries, and advanced breeding narbon vetch genotypes, were evaluated for reaction to downy mildew for two seasons under field conditions. In narbon vetch, there were resistant sources from both germplasm accessions and advanced genotypes. From the germplasm accessions, 25 accessions were resistant while from the advanced breeding genotypes, 10 had resistance, with 2–3 ratings. In common vetch, many accessions were highly resistant to downy mildew. These were widely distributed in different countries, mainly Turkey, Italy, Syria and Iran. In general, common vetch had higher sources of resistance than the narbon vetch accessions. These new sources of resistance to downy mildew will be incorporated into the forage legume improvement project in a continuous effort to identify cultivars suitable for replacing fallow in the cereal-based cropping systems. 相似文献
20.
T. W. Eschholz P. Stamp R. Peter J. Leipner A. Hund 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2010,57(1):71-84
Between 1930 and 2003 with emphasis on the 1940s maize landraces (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) from all over Switzerland were collected for maintenance and further use in a new Swiss breeding program. The genetic relationship
and diversity among these accessions stored in the Swiss gene bank is largely unknown. Our hypothesis was that due to the
unique geographic, climatic, and cultural diversity in Switzerland a diverse population of maize landraces had developed over
the past three centuries. The aims were to characterize the genetic diversity of the Swiss landraces and their genetic relationship
with accessions from neighbouring regions as well as reviewing their history, collection, and maintenance. The characterization
and grouping was based on analyses with ten microsatellite markers. Geographic, cultural, and climatic conditions explained
a division in two distinct groups of accessions. One group consisted of landraces collected in the southern parts of Switzerland.
This group was related to the Italian Orange Flints. The other group contained accessions from northern Switzerland which
were related to Northern European Flints in particular German Flints. Historic evidence was found for a frequent exchange
of landraces within the country resulting in a lack of region-specific or landrace-specific genetic groups. The relatively
large separation between the accessions, indicated by high F
ST (0.42), might be explained partly by a bottleneck during the collection and maintenance phase as well as by geographical
and cultural separation of north and south of the country. Due to the high genetic diversity, the accessions here are a potential
resource for broadening the European flint pool. 相似文献