甲氧苄啶对黄芩苷体外抗菌增效作用的试验

黄芩苷是从唇形科植物黄芩的干燥根中提取的一种黄酮类化合物,具有抗菌、消炎和免疫调节等多种药理作用[1].甲氧苄啶(TMP)为广谱抗菌增效剂,临床上常与磺胺类药物联用以增强磺胺类药物的了抗菌效果,其还可增强多种抗生素以及中药的抗菌作用[2-3].而关于TMP对黄芩苷的抗菌增效作用未见报道.为了探讨TMP对黄芩苷抗菌活性的影响,促进黄芩苷在防治畜禽传染性疾病上的应用,进行黄芩苷与TMP联用的性质和增效剂量关系的试验,并确定TMP对黄芩苷体外抗菌增效的最佳剂量,为开发高效中药复方抗菌制剂奠定基础.     

甲氧苄啶对金银花体外抗菌增效作用及量效关系的试验

金银花为常用传统中药,具有清热解毒、抗多种病原微生物、免疫增强、消除耐药质粒等多种功效[1].而甲氧苄啶(TMP)作为合成抗菌药,本身抗菌作用较弱,一般不单独应用;临床上TMP主要用作磺胺类药物的抗菌增效剂,其还可以增强多种抗生素类药物以及中草药的抗菌作用[2-3].但目前有关TMP对金银花的抗菌增效作用研究较少,尤其增效的剂量关系研究未见报道.本试验旨在通过研究金银花与TMP联用的性质和增效的剂量关系,从而确定TMP对金银花抗菌增效的最佳剂量,为中西药复方制剂的开发提供基本理论支持.     

正交设计优选复方恩诺沙星混悬型注射剂处方的研究

恩诺沙星属氟喹诺酮第三代产品,具有抗菌谱广,杀菌活性强,体内分布广,抗菌作用独特,与其他抗菌药无交叉耐药性等特点。它对大部分革兰阴性菌、部分革兰阳性菌及某些支原体、衣原体、立克次体均有效。目前,临床上使用的恩诺沙星剂型主要有片剂、普通注射剂、散剂、溶液剂等。混悬剂是指难溶性固体药物以微粒状态分散于液体介质中而形成的非均相液体制剂,注射用的混悬剂要求颗粒大小适宜,具有良好的通针性和再分散性,而且不能沉降太快。将药物制成混悬型注射剂不仅解决了难溶性药物注射给药的问题,而且混悬剂注射给药后吸收延缓,可显著延长疗…     

肌肉注射盐酸头孢噻呋混悬注射液对猪安全性试验

头孢噻呋(ceftiofur)是第一个畜禽专用的第3代头孢菌素类抗生素,具有抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、对胃酸和β-内酰胺酶较稳定、过敏反应少、毒性小、在动物体内残留低的特点[1].国内外已批准的制剂有注射用头孢噻呋钠和盐酸头孢噻呋注射液,用于肉牛、奶牛、马、羊、猪呼吸道病和1日龄鸡细菌性感染的防治[2].     

溪黄草对大肠杆菌人工感染鸡的疗效观察

中草药抗细菌感染作用非常复杂,曾有报道指出,某些中草药体外抑菌作用与动物体内抗菌作用结果不一致,以及动物体内抗菌作用结果与临床疗效不一致[1].体外抑菌试验已证实了溪黄草对多种动物常见致病菌有明显抑菌效果,大肠杆菌对其高度敏感,但体外试验毕竟只能说明受试药物与细菌直接接触所产生的影响,体外抑菌有效的药物在动物体内的抗菌效果则必须通过体内试验才能确定.     

猪血中抗菌肽的提取

抗菌肽是生物体内诱导表达具有广谱抗菌活性的小分子多肽[1-2].这些多肽是生物体非专一性的免疫应答产物,是生物体内免疫系统的重要成分[3].     

氟苯尼考琥珀酸钠对人工诱发鸡大肠杆菌病的疗效观察

氟苯尼考(Florfenicol)是新一代氯霉素类兽医专用广谱抗生素[1].由于氟苯尼考微水溶性较差,限制了其在兽医临床上的应用,开发水溶性氟苯尼考一直是兽药领域研究的热点.氟苯尼考琥珀酸钠为氟苯尼考的前药,具有很高的水溶性,在动物体内可以代谢为氟苯尼考而发挥抗菌活性.     

微生态制剂对雏鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

微生态制剂又称益生素、活菌制剂等,它是在微生态制剂平衡理论指导下,将从动物体内分离的有益微生物(包括活菌或细菌菌体及其代谢产物)经过鉴定、培养、干燥等特殊加工工艺制成的活菌制剂[1].微生态制剂是一种新型的饲料促生长剂,具有剂量小、见效快、毒性小等优点,在今后的畜牧业发展中具有广阔的应用前景.     

胸腺肽及其制剂的研究与应用现状

胸腺肽是胸腺产生的一组蛋白质和多肽激素,能刺激T淋巴细胞的成熟、平衡和调节免疫功能,是一种与机体的细胞免疫有密切关系的激素.胸腺肽主要来源于动物胸腺,医学临床上所用的胸腺肽多是从小牛或猪的胸腺中提取出来的.现在市场上广泛使用的胸腺肽是沿用的Goldstein等在1966年建立的从小牛胸腺中提取的第五组分(F5)的方法经过改良提取的.由于胸腺素F5是含有10~15个组分的一类多肽物质,所以亦称胸腺肽.胸腺肽具有多种药理免疫作用[2].当前市售的胸腺肽制剂主要有冻干和液体两种剂型,但由于生产工艺不同,原料来源也不一样,制剂在其有效成分、生物活性、多肽含量、分子量等指标方面均存在着一定的差异.     

双黄连制剂的药理作用及在兽医临床中的应用

双黄连制剂为金银花、黄芩、连翘三味中药精制而成的纯中药制剂,具有辛凉解表、清热解毒之功效。根据现代药理研究和动物试验证实,双黄连制剂的药理作用主要有抗菌、抗病毒、解热抗炎及增强机体免疫力等。兽医临床上对感冒发热、细菌、病毒及气候变化引起的家禽、家畜及宠物等的各种呼吸道疾病及细菌感染引起的胃肠道疾病等均有明显疗效。随着研究的不断深入,双黄连制剂在兽医临床上将会得到广泛的应用。目前,兽医临床上现有剂型主要为口服液、可溶性粉及注射液等。论文对双黄连制剂的药理、毒理及在兽医临床上的应用进行了综述,为双黄连制剂的药理作用的研究及临床应用提供依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。