Si/As调控苗期水稻吸收、外排和转运砷的研究

通过生物模拟法,将水稻幼苗分别暴露于含有10μmol/L无机三价砷As(Ⅲ)或五价砷As(V)的营养液中12,24,48h,探究硅砷摩尔比(Si/As为0∶1,100∶1和200∶1)对苗期水稻吸收、外排、转运和累积砷的影响。结果表明,水稻暴露于含As(Ⅲ)营养液中12h,与Si/As为0∶1相比,Si/As为200∶1的处理使水稻的As(Ⅲ)吸收速率降低30.7%(P0.05),且随着暴露时间的延长,水稻对As(Ⅲ)的吸收速率逐渐降低,不同Si/As对其吸收速率的影响也减弱。处理48h,100∶1和200∶1的Si/As均降低水稻根部As(Ⅲ)向茎叶的转移系数,较Si/As为0∶1分别降低51.2%和56.9%,同时水稻地上部As(Ⅲ)含量比Si/As为0∶1的处理分别降低50.7%和67.2%;暴露在As(V)营养液中12h,Si/As为100∶1促进水稻对As(V)的吸收,增幅高达82.3%,但暴露24h,Si/As为200∶1则抑制水稻根系对As(V)的吸收,以及As(Ⅲ)的外排和As(Ⅲ)由水稻根系向茎叶的转运,降幅分别为28.0%,41.9%和39.9%。暴露48h时,Si/As为200∶1的水稻As(Ⅲ)转移系数较Si/As为100∶1的处理降低57.9%,并且处理24,48h时,Si/As为100∶1和200∶1水稻地上部As(Ⅲ)含量显著降低53.6%和75.0%,25.0%和52.8%。此外,水稻根系对As(V)的吸收与As(Ⅲ)的外排之间呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.921,P0.01),该关系不受Si/As和暴露时间的影响。无论是As(Ⅲ)或As(V)处理,在12～48h的暴露时间内,Si/As为200∶1显著抑制砷的吸收、As(Ⅲ)的外排和As(Ⅲ)在水稻体内的转运。     

叶面喷施硅调理剂对水稻砷累积及其赋存形态的影响

采用营养液培养生物学模拟方法,研究了喷施8种不同的叶面硅调理剂对苗期水稻累积总砷(As)和砷形态的影响。结果表明,叶面施用硅调理剂可降低水稻根和茎叶中砷含量,其中叶面施用Na2SiO3+鼠李糖脂处理(Si6)的水稻根系和地上部砷含量最低,分别为10.04,0.31mg/kg,比对照降低25.35%和33.10%(P<0.05);水稻中砷的赋存形态主要为As(Ⅲ),喷施该叶面硅调理剂减少水稻地上部和根系As(Ⅲ)含量,降幅分别为27.74%和21.50%(P<0.05);综合考虑水稻根系和地上部砷累积及砷由根系向地上部的转运,对不同的叶面硅调理剂处理进行聚类分析发现,喷施Na2SiO3+鼠李糖脂的处理为水稻砷低积累类群。因此,生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂与含硅溶液配施是抑制水稻幼苗吸收和积累砷效果最好的叶面硅调理剂,可为我国砷污染区稻米生产安全提供技术支撑。     

中国54种“药食同源”植物中总砷和无机砷的含量分析

为探究中国不同产地“药食同源”（Medicine Food Homology,MFH）植物中砷元素的分布情况,评估MFH中砷的安全风险,该研究采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）和高效液相色谱联用电感耦合等离子体质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, HPLC-ICP-MS）法测定中国54种MFH植物中总砷（t-As）和无机砷（AsIII和AsV）的含量分布。结果发现,除了四川花椒的t-As值达3.407 mg/gk,其他样品的t-As含量范围为0.005～1.627 mg/kg,均低于中国药典规定的最低限值（2 mg/kg）,这可能是因为原产地土壤、水源或环境受到污染。此外,AsIII的浓度范围（低于LOD至0.09 mg/kg）大于AsV（低于LOD至0.58 mg/kg）,山西金银花（0.090 mg/kg）中AsⅢ含量最高,而四川花椒（0.584 mg/kg）中AsV含量最高。相关研究为MFH中砷的风险评估提供了参考,有利于“药食同源”植物在食品中的安全应用。     

硅铁施用对水稻生长及磷吸收的影响

为探讨硅铁施用对水稻生长和磷吸收的影响,指导合理施肥、提高磷素利用率,利用水培试验研究了不同浓度铁(0、0.5、1、2 mmol·L~(-1))预处理下施加不同浓度硅(0、1、4 mmol·L~(-1))对水稻生长及磷吸收的影响。结果表明,低浓度的铁预处理对水稻SPAD、株高、根长和地上部干质量无显著影响,而高浓度的铁预处理下,这些指标则显著降低(P0.05)。中低浓度铁处理下施硅在一定程度上增加了水稻株高、根长和地上部干质量,但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。铁预处理显著增加了水稻根表铁膜的厚度及根表铁膜中的磷含量(P0.05),施硅则显著降低了0.5 mmol·L~(-1)和1 mmol·L~(-1)铁预处理的水稻根表铁膜的厚度(P0.05)。铁预处理对水稻根部的磷含量无显著影响,但显著降低了地上部磷的含量(P0.05)。施硅对水稻根和地上部的磷含量无显著影响。研究表明,施铁处理显著诱导了根表铁膜的出现,增加了铁膜中的磷含量并且显著降低了地上部的磷含量;施硅在一定程度上缓解了水稻生长中的铁毒害现象,并且能够改变根表铁膜厚度,减少根冠比,从而影响水稻磷的吸收转运。     

磷硅肥配施抑制华南地区水稻籽粒砷积累的效果

选取华南地区广泛种植的杂交水稻品种“培杂泰丰”,利用外源添加砷（50 mg·kg-1）的土壤盆栽试验,研究不同施用量的磷硅肥对水稻生长特性和砷积累的影响。结果表明,施用磷硅肥的处理,水稻糙米中砷含量为0.504~0.586 mg·kg-1,低于农业部颁布的粮食中砷限量标准（NY 861—2004）中大米砷限值。相关性分析表明,水稻糙米砷含量与水稻植株的生物量、稻谷千粒重和秸秆中硅/砷摩尔比呈显著负相关,与秸秆中磷/砷摩尔比呈极显著负相关;糙米的砷含量随磷、硅肥的施加而降低。综合分析表明,在华南地区同类中度砷污染土壤中可有效控制砷向水稻籽粒运输累积的磷、硅肥最优施加量及配比为40 mg P·kg-1土、50 mg Si·kg-1土。     

不同品种水稻对砷的吸收转运及其健康风险研究

为了比较不同品种水稻砷的积累特点,筛选可食用部分低砷积累水稻品种,研究通过盆栽试验,分析了江苏省常见的11个水稻品种根、茎、叶、谷壳和籽粒中的砷含量、砷的转运系数和根表铁膜厚度及其对砷固持的影响,并预估了不同品种水稻籽粒砷的健康风险。结果表明,不同品种水稻各部位的砷含量差异显著(P <0.05),泰瑞丰5号籽粒中的砷含量最高,而镇稻16号籽粒中的砷含量最低,后者大约是前者的一半。砷在水稻相邻部位的转运系数存在品种间差异(P <0.05),砷在水稻叶与籽粒间的转运系数最大的水稻品种是泰瑞丰5号,最小的是镇稻16号。根表铁膜量在不同品种间差异显著(P <0.05),其中淮稻6号的铁膜量是武运粳23的2.17倍。根表铁膜量与铁膜中的砷含量及水稻根叶中的砷含量均呈显著正相关关系(P <0.05)。不同水稻品种间的目标风险指数(THQ)也存在显著差异,其中泰瑞丰5号的THQ值最高,而镇稻16号的THQ值最低,两者相差0.99倍。研究表明,镇稻16号由于较低的砷吸收和转运能力,在中低砷污染土壤上种植风险较小,而泰瑞丰5号风险最大。     

温度和砷对不同品种水稻幼苗生长和砷吸收的影响

为明确温度和外源砷对水稻生长发育的影响,选取江苏地区常见的8个水稻品种为试验材料,通过添加不同浓度外源砷[0(As0)、0.5(As0.5) 和1 mg?L-1(As1)]和模拟不同温度[白天/夜晚分别为30 ℃/25 ℃（T0）和35 ℃/30 ℃（T1）],在人工气候箱内进行了发芽和苗期培养试验,并分析了8个品种水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及砷含量状况。结果表明,外源砷对水稻的芽长和活力指数具有抑制作用,与对照（T0As0）相比,T0As1处理使不同品种水稻的芽长和活力指数分别降低13.69%~43.34%和28.14%~52.88%。 而温度对水稻种子萌发的影响与水稻品种有关。在T1处理下,盐两优1618的发芽率、芽长和活力指数均优于其他品种。温度和外源砷的共同作用显著降低了不同品种水稻的芽长（P<0.05）。与T0As0相比,T1As1使水稻芽长显著降低5.66%~43.34%。水稻根长和根系活力显著受到温度和外源砷的单一因素的影响。与T0As0相比,T0As1处理使水稻根系活力降低3.01%~58.21%。温度和外源砷的共同作用抑制了水稻根长和根系活力,其中T1As1使水稻根系活力显著降低53.80%~89.01%。不同品种水稻的苗高和根系活力在相同温度或外源砷处理下具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中盐两优888的苗高和根系活力均处于较高水平。水稻茎叶砷含量在外源砷处理下显著增加,在增温处理下却降低。与单一的砷处理相比,温度和外源砷的共同作用降低了水稻茎叶的砷含量。综上可知,温度和外源砷影响水稻的生长及砷吸收,但水稻生长状况具有明显的品种间差异,其中盐两优888和盐两优1618在增温和外源砷共存条件下的种子萌发和生长状况优于其他水稻品种。     

不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗的营养生理与分子响应

为揭示水稻秧苗响应砷胁迫的营养生理机制,以"汕优63"为受体材料,采用水培方法研究了水稻秧苗在不同价态无机砷胁迫下其形态学指标(根长、株高和干重)及植株中N、P、K含量等生理响应,并采用实时荧光定量PCR (FQ-PCR)分析了不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗根和叶中与N、P、K吸收相关的4个关键酶基因的表达差异.结果表明,砷胁迫可显著降低水稻的根长、株高、干重,As(Ⅲ)的抑制作用大于As(Ⅴ);As(Ⅲ)主要抑制水稻秧苗对磷、钾的积累,而As(Ⅴ)主要抑制氮的积累;不同价态无机砷胁迫下,水稻秧苗根部,叶部与N、P、K吸收相关的基因表达均下调,且As(Ⅲ)主要影响磷酸根离子转运蛋白和钾离子转运蛋白的表达,而As(Ⅴ)则主要影响硝酸根离子转运蛋白和氨离子转运蛋白的表达.可见,不同价态无机砷胁迫对水稻营养生理机制的影响存在差异.     

提高供磷可缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用

环境和食品中砷标准提高后,砷污染及其有关的食品安全问题更加受到广泛的关注。磷对植物吸收和累积砷的影响及其作用机制仍有很大争论。本文利用水培试验,研究了0.025~1.0 mmol L-1范围内7个供磷水平下50μmol L-1AsO43-胁迫对微型番茄生长、砷和磷的吸收及两个磷酸盐转运体基因(LePT1和LePT2)表达的影响。在0.025~0.4 mmol L-1的缺磷条件下,砷对番茄的生长有明显抑制作用。在缺磷状态下,增加磷供应能显著减少番茄体内砷的浓度。约58%的砷累积在番茄根部,根部砷的浓度较地上部高10倍以上。砷抑制番茄对磷的吸收只出现在严重缺磷(0.025~0.05 mmol L-1)条件下。此外,外界砷的存在对LePT1、LePT2基因的表达影响不显著。从本文的结果来看,番茄吸收过程中的磷砷相互作用在缺磷条件下更明显,提高供磷水平可降低番茄体内砷含量,缓解砷对番茄的胁迫作用。     

砷胁迫条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌对番茄生长和磷吸收的影响

采用盆栽法研究了砷(As)污染条件下(As 0,50,100和200 mg·kg-14个水平)丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)接种对全生育期番茄植株生长及其磷(P)营养的影响。试验中各接种处理均成功侵染,侵染率在11.79%~34.36%之间。砷胁迫显著影响番茄植株的生物量,植株生长过程中各个时期地上部和根系干重均随As添加水平的升高而显著下降。本试验同时发现As 50 mg·kg-1是不接种番茄植株忍受砷毒害的上限,而接种丛枝菌根真菌后,番茄忍受砷毒害的上限上调到100 mg·kg-1;但200 mg·kg-1已达番茄忍受砷毒害的极限。基质中添加砷对番茄植株不同生长时期地上部和根部磷含量有显著影响。除开花期地上部与其不接种处理根部磷含量外,幼苗期和坐果期植株地上部磷含量与根部磷含量均随着砷添加量的增加而呈大致递增趋势。番茄植株生长的各个时期(幼苗期、开花期和坐果期)地上部和根部磷吸收量随砷添加水平的增加呈明显下降趋势。砷污染条件下,接种丛枝菌根在一定程度上促进了植株生长及其对磷的吸收,缓解了砷对植株生长的胁迫。     

Arsenic Uptake by Two Hyperaccumulator Ferns from Four Arsenic Contaminated Soils

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate and compare arsenic accumulation from four arsenic contaminated soils by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. After growing in soils for six weeks, the plants were harvested and separated into above- and below-ground biomass. Total As, P, Ca, K, glutathione and biomass were measured for the plants, and total As, Mehlich-3 P and As, exchangeable K and Ca, and arsenic fractionation were performed for the soils. Pteris vittata had significantly higher total biomass (14 g/plant) and As accumulation than P. cretica. Arsenic accumulation in both ferns followed the arsenic concentrations in the soil. The P/As molar ratio in the fronds, growing in arsenic contaminated soils, ranged from 80 to 939 in P. vittata and 130 to 421 in P. cretica. Plant arsenic concentrations were significantly positively correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic in the soils. Soil pH was also significantly correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic before and after plant uptake. Plant As uptake was significantly correlated with exchangeable potassium in the soil before plant uptake. Glutathione availability was not implicated as a major detoxification mechanism in these ferns. Though both plants were effective in taking up arsenic from various arsenic contaminated soils, P. vittata was overall a better candidate for phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils.     

Comparison of Arsenic and Phosphate Uptake and Distribution in Arsenic Hyperaccumulating and Nonhyperaccumulating Fern

Abstract

Uptake of arsenic (As) and its distribution in Chinese Brake fern (Pteris vittata L.), an As hyperaccumulator, and Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata L.), a nonhyperaccumulator, in the presence of phosphorus (P), were characterized by employing a hydroponic experiment with a complete three-factorial design. Two levels of As (100 and 1000 µM) and four levels of P (0, 100, 500, and 1000 µM) were used in this study. Arsenic uptake rates on the basis of root fresh weight for the two ferns were similar at low As concentration (100 µM). At high As concentration (1000 µM), however, As uptake rates (373–987 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1) of P. vittata were significantly greater than those of N. exaltata (164–459 nmol g^?1 f wt h^?1). In both ferns, addition of P reduced their As uptake rate as well as accumulation. Pteris vittata had a greater As TF (Translocation factor = concentration ratio of fronds to roots) than N. exaltata. On the contrary, N. exaltata displayed a greater P TF than P. vittata. As a result, high P/As ratio was observed in the roots of P. vittata, whereas high P/As ratio was observed in the fronds of N. exaltata. The study illustrated that As hyperaccumulation by P. vittata may be facilitated by its high As influx rate and its high molar P/As ratio in the roots resulting from both high As TF and low P TF.     

Plant Colonization and Arsenic Uptake on High Arsenic Mine Wastes, New Zealand

Substrates associated with two historic gold mining sites in north Westland, New Zealand, have locally very high arsenic concentrations (commonly 10–40 wt% As). The substrates consist of iron oxyhydroxide precipitates, and processing mill residues. Waters associated with some of these substrates have high dissolved arsenic (commonly 10–50 mg/L As). Natural revegetation of these very high arsenic sites has occurred over the past 50 years, although some areas of substrate remain bare. Revegetating species include native and adventive shrubs, adventive grasses, rushes, and mosses, and native ferns. Revegetation by higher plants follows initial colonization by mosses, and some shrubs are growing directly in high-arsenic substrate. Shrubs, especially manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), gorse (Ulex europaeus), tree fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata) and broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis) largely exclude arsenic from their shoots (<?10 mg/kg dry weight) irrespective of the As content of the substrate. Likewise, most grasses, and reeds (Juncus spp.), have only modest As contents (typically <?100 mg/kg dry weight). However, mosses growing on high-arsenic substrates have strongly elevated arsenic contents (>?0.2% dry weight). In particular, the moss Pohlia wahlenbergii acts as a hyperaccumulator, with up to 3% (dry weight) As. Antimony (Sb) contents of all plants are about one thousandth of that of arsenic, reflecting the As/Sb ratio of the substrates. Plant establishment in the high-As substrates may be locally limited by low nutrient status, rather than arsenic toxicity. The shrubs, grasses, and reeds identified in this study are arsenic tolerant and largely exclude arsenic from their shoots so that revegetation with these species, can help to isolate the high-arsenic substrates from the surface environment. These species could be used as phytostabilisation agents on high-arsenic sites that are remote from human habitation. In contrast, the mosses, despite their high arsenic tolerance, are a less desirable component of revegetation of high-arsenic substrates because they actively transfer arsenic from the substrate to the biosphere.     

砷污染土壤生物挥发研究进展

本文综述了国内外As污染土壤生物挥发研究的最新进展.介绍了As的生物地球化学循环过程,分析了微生物形成挥发性As化合物的机理以及影响因素,探讨了采用生物挥发修复As污染土壤的可能性,最后展望了As污染土壤生物挥发研究的未来.     

Uptake,Translocation, and Transformation of Arsenic by Four Fern Species in Arsenic‐Spiked Soils

Arsenic (As) toxicity has become a global concern because of the ever‐increasing contamination of water, soil, and crops in many regions of the world. Although most plants are susceptible to As, some ferns are resistant to it and can accumulate As. In this study, four species of ferns, Asplenium nidus (AN), Pteris umbrosia (PU), Polypodium vulgare (PV), and Pteris cretica (PC), were screened for their ability to tolerate and hyperaccumulate As. Ferns were exposed to 120 mg As kg^?1 as sodium arsenate (Na₂HAsO₄) for 50 days under natural sunlight in greenhouse conditions, and the fronds and roots were analyzed for As speciation and selected macronutrients [potassium (K) and phosphorus (P)]. The species of ferns varied widely in their abilities to transport As to the fronds (ranged from 164 to 4820 mg kg^?1 DW) with the greatest frond As concentration found in PU (4820 mg kg^?1). The distribution of soil As fractions indicated that As was mostly bound carbonate (carb) (32.4%) and in the residual fractions (45.1%). Chemical fractionation of As‐spiked soil indicated that the greatest reduction in soil As after growing was in carb As form. Arsenic speciation analysis shows that >82% of the total As in the aboveground biomass is present as the reduced form of As, arsenite [As(III)], which is considered to be the more toxic form. However, in roots, only 60% of the As is present as As(III). Furthermore, among the four species of ferns, PU is the most promising to be used in the remediation of the affected area. Therefore, it is possible to use PU to remediate As‐contaminated soils by repeatedly harvesting its fronds.     

Biovolatilization of Arsenic by Different Fungal Strains

The quantification of arsenic biovolatilization by microscopic filamentous fungi Aspergillus clavatus, A. niger, Trichoderma viride and Penicillium glabrum under laboratory conditions is discussed in this article. The fungi were cultivated on a liquid medium enriched with inorganic arsenic in pentavalent form (H₃AsO₄). Filamentous fungi volatilized 0.010 mg to 0.067 mg and 0.093 mg to 0.262 mg of arsenic from cultivation systems enriched with 0.25 mg (5 mg.l^?1 of arsenic in culture media) and 1.00 mg of arsenic (20 mg.l^?1 of arsenic in culture media), respectively. These results represent the loss of arsenic after a 30-day cultivation from cultivation systems. The production of volatile arsenic derivatives by the A. niger and A. clavatus strains was also determined by hourly sorption using the sorbent Anasorb (CSC) on the 29th day of cultivation.     

土壤-水稻系统砷迁移累积的影响因素及调控措施

砷(As)作为危害人类健康的污染物之一,对粮食安全和人类健康的威胁已引起全世界的广泛关注。水稻对砷具有较强的富集能力,目前对土壤中砷的有效性、水稻对砷的吸收、水稻内砷的运转及影响因素等方面进行了广泛深入的研究。在总结目前研究成果的基础上,从土壤砷有效性和水稻砷吸收两个方面,讨论了土壤质地、有机质、灌溉方式、土壤微生物、根际环境、施肥种类、水稻品种及复合污染对土壤-水稻系统中砷迁移转化的影响因素及其机制,并从灌溉方式、施肥种类和方式及基因工程等方面进一步讨论了降低水稻砷吸收和积累的措施。根据目前研究中出现的问题和不足,对未来尚需要进一步深入的研究提出自己的建议和展望。     

蜈蚣草的植物修复作用对土壤中砷总量及形态分布的影响研究

通过盆栽试验研究砷(As)的超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)对As污染土壤中As总量的吸收,及形态分布的影响。结果表明,蜈蚣草羽叶、叶柄和根系部对土壤中As的吸收量相差很大,蜈蚣草将吸收的88.2%的As转移至地上部。蜈蚣草对土壤中的As污染具有较好的修复效果,供试土壤中总As量降低了12.4%。同时研究结果显示,蜈蚣草的修复作用改变了土壤中As的赋存形态,残留态As的百分含量从97.41%降低到92.96%,而交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁猛氧化态及有机结合态As的百分含量分别从0.10%、0.07%、1.28%和1.23%上升至0.15%、0.09%、1.73%和5.07%。     

Arsenic in Rice Soils and Potential Agronomic Mitigation Strategies to Reduce Arsenic Bioavailability: A Review

Soils used for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in some areas contain high concentrations of arsenic (As) due to irrigation with groundwater containing As and intensive use of agrochemicals or industrial residues containing As. To restrict rice uptake of As in these soils, approaches to reduce As input and bioavailability must be considered. One approach to reduce As input into rice soils or uptake by rice is cultivating rice under aerobic, intermittent flooding, or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions, rather than in submerged soils, or use of irrigation water low in As. For reducing As bioavailability in soil, aerobic or AWD rice culture and application of biochar, sulfur (S), and/or rice polish to soil are promising. Moreover, use of As-hyperaccumulating plant species (e.g., Pteris vittata L.) in rotation or combinations with favourable plant species (e.g., Azolla, Chlorella, or Nannochloropsis species) can also be promoted, in addition to using rice cultivars that are tolerant to As. Though applications of high doses of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) fertilizers have shown promise in many instances, these methods have to be practiced carefully, because negative effects have also been reported, although such incidents are rare. Major factors affecting As speciation and bioavailability in soil are chemical properties such as redox status, pH, and Fe, P, Si, and S concentrations, physical properties such as texture and organic matter, and biological properties such as methylation activity by soil microorganisms. However, as many of these factors interact, long-term examination under field conditions is needed before measures are recommended for and implemented in farmers' fields.