蔬菜有机与无机生产系统能流,经济流的比较研究

通过田间试验分析比较了莴苣、洋葱有机与无机生产系统的能流、经济流及土壤环境的影响。结果表明,有机系统蔬菜的长势、产量、经济效益均高于无机系统;能量产投经有机系统受施肥种类影响很大;土壤微生物量有机系统高于无机系统。     

有机茶茶农间作模式下经济流、能流状况的分析

采用对比分析方法，对有机茶的茶农间作模式与常规单一种茶模式进行能流、经济流比较分析。从定量的角度进一步深化立体复合种植模式的理论研究，为理论上探讨茶叶的种植模式提供科学依据。     

有机-无机复混肥在日光温室无公害蔬菜上的应用

以茄果类蔬菜为供试材料，探讨有机-无机复混肥对日光温室无公害蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明：施用有机-无机复混肥能显著提高日光温室无公害蔬菜的产量和品质，黄瓜、辣椒、西红柿三种蔬菜产量分别较不施化肥对照提高16．44％、17．23％和21．54％，硝酸盐含量分别下降111mg／kg、213mg／kg和223mg／kg。     

有机-无机复混肥在日光温室无公害蔬菜上的应用

以茄果类蔬菜为供试材料,探讨有机-无机复混肥对日光温室无公害蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明:施用有机-无机复混肥能显著提高日光温室无公害蔬菜的产量和品质,黄瓜、辣椒、西红柿三种蔬菜产量分别较不施化肥对照提高16 44%、17 23%和21 54%,硝酸盐含量分别下降111mg/kg、213mg/kg和223mg/kg。     

不同配方蚕沙有机无机复混肥在叶菜类蔬菜上的效果研究

通过盆栽试验,对由蚕沙作为主要有机物料研制的有机无机复混肥的不同配方在生菜和青菜上的施用效果,及其对植株吸收养分和土壤养分供应的影响进行研究。试验结果表明,施用配方1、2、3的蚕沙有机无机复混肥的青菜分别比对照增产35.1%、16.2%、42.1%;生菜增产33.0%、23.4%、38.5%。施用3个配方的蚕沙有机无机复混肥与对照相比,具有促进植株对N、P、K养分吸收的作用,长期施用蚕沙有机无机复混肥对提高和保持土壤养分是有益的。     

用蚕沙研制有机无机复混肥的试验研究

通过培养试验和盆栽试验,对由蚕沙作为主要有机物料研制而成的有机无机复混肥配方进行筛选,研究了由几种配方生产的蚕沙有机无机复混肥在叶菜类作物上的增产作用,及其对植株吸收养分和土壤养分供应的影响,确定了最适合的蚕沙有机无机复混肥配方。     

有机无机磷肥配施对蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋溶模拟实验研究化肥、有机肥以及有机无机P肥配施对蔬菜地土壤P素淋失的影响,结果表明,有机肥可明显提高土壤的有机P含量,促进土壤P素的淋失;在施P量相同的情况下,有机P肥所占的比例越大,淋出液总P、溶解总P、溶解有机P的浓度和累积淋失量就越高.在评价蔬菜地土壤P对水环境影响时,应把有机P作为评价指标.     

有机无机生物活性肥料对蔬菜作物生长及土壤生物活性的影响

田间试验结果表明 :施用有机无机生物活性肥料能明显提高蔬菜作物长势 ,提高甘蓝抗根腐病能力 ,有效提高甘蓝单球重 ,田间直观效果比较理想。等成本条件下可比习惯施肥、等量其它无机复混肥料增产 4.0 %以上 ,达显著水平。同时 ,施用有机无机生物活性肥料可明显改善根际土壤微生物区系 ,显著提高土壤酶活性 ,达到改良土壤、提高土壤肥力的目的。     

有机无机生物活性肥料施用技术对蔬菜作物生长及产量的影响

田间试验结果表明:施用有机无机生物活性肥料能明显提高蔬菜作物长势,提高甘蓝抗根腐和烂心病能力。在等氮条件下,与常规对照相比产量基本持平,差异并不显著;但每666.7m2可节约成本24元左右,幅度达30,7%。椐统计分析,甘蓝最佳施肥置以100kg/666,7m2为宜,此用量可比常规对照增产9.3%,每666.7m2增加收入295元。在施用总量不变的条件下,减少有机无机生物活性肥料基肥比例,甘蓝则有碱产趋势。     

有机和常规生产模式下菜田土壤酶活性差异研究

通过对露地及温室环境下有机和常规蔬菜栽培土壤采样,测定分析了5种参与土壤碳氮循环的酶活性,及其与土壤相关理化性质之间的关系。结果显示:温室及露地土壤EC值在有机生产中相应低于常规生产12%和16%;有机生产土壤微生物碳氮含量显著高于常规生产;不同生产模式下土壤酶活性差异显著,有机生产土壤中的蛋白酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、β-葡糖苷酶活性高于常规生产,而硝酸还原酶活性较常规生产低;有机与常规栽培对蛋白酶活性影响极显著(P=0.006 8),对脲酶活性影响程度达显著水平(P=0.012 4)。除脱氢酶以外,不同栽培模式环境对土壤中另外4种酶活性均有显著影响,温室栽培环境中的蛋白酶、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性高于露地。除硝酸还原酶外,其他4种酶活性与可溶性全氮、微生物碳、微生物氮相关系数达到显著水平。分析表明,土壤酶活性受到栽培方式以及环境的影响,并且有机生产能够提高参与土壤碳氮循环的酶活性。土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、脱氢酶和β-葡糖苷酶活性能够作为表征土壤碳氮循环以及微生物活性的指标。     

有机、无公害与常规蔬菜生产模式土壤及植株性状比较研究初报

试验研究结果表明,施用有机肥可促进蔬菜植株生长和增产,且有利于改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤肥力。有机、无公害生产模式土壤有机质、全N、速效钾含量分别较常规生产模式高48.5%、25.4%、130.1%和5.1%、4.3%、81.6%;有机生产模式西红柿维生素C、总糖、可溶性固形物分别比常规生产模式高11.9%、14.1%和3.9%,芹菜维生素C、总糖、可溶性固形物分别较常规生产模式高11.2%、12.5%和43.8%。有机、无公害生产模式芹菜NO-3含量分别较常规模式低30.6%和25.9%。     

我国蔬菜无土栽培基质研究与应用进展

本研究从基质原料选材、前处理措施,混合基质配比、养分提供,栽培基质的科学使用等方面重点介绍了我国无土栽培基质的新研究成果和应用方法,阐述了我国蔬菜无土栽培基质的研究与应用概况及发展趋势。     

留民营农业生态工程能量流分析与计算

对北京市大兴县留民营村农业生态工程能量流进行了分析与计算。能量流的分析步骤应包括确定 系统边界,分析系统结构,测定系统的能量输入和输出,绘制能流图。能量流分析对提高系统的生产力、保障农业生态工程建设的实施具有重要作用。     

有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响

在广州市蔬菜集约化种植区连续进行了6茬菜心试验,探讨有机肥施用模式[施无机肥(CK)、无机肥配施国产生物有机肥(BM)、无机肥配施腐殖酸(HA)、无机肥配合淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(BSP)、无机肥配施腐殖酸并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(HA+BSP)、无机肥配施水沤腐熟鸡粪并淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂(CM+BSP)、无机肥配施复合芽孢杆菌剂堆沤腐熟鸡粪(BSPCM)]对蔬菜产量、土壤化学性质及微生物的影响。结果表明,不同茬别菜心产量差别较大。连续6茬试验中,CM+BSP处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于CK处理,BSPCM处理菜心产量仅次于CM+BSP处理。BM、CM+BSP、BSPCM处理能提高土壤pH,降低连作土壤的酸化风险。随着种植茬数的增加,CM+BSP处理土壤细菌、真菌和微生物总数持续增加,显著高于原始土壤和其他施肥处理,BSPCM处理次之。CK处理土壤中细菌、真菌及微生物总量均比原始土壤下降。在连作菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量水沤腐熟鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌剂,不但可提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,有利于减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions

 Soil organic matter level, mineralizable C and N, microbial biomass C and dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were studied in soils from a field experiment under a pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence receiving inorganic fertilizers and a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments for the last 11 years. The amounts of soil organic matter and mineralizable C and N increased with the application of inorganic fertilizers. However, there were greater increases of these parameters when farmyard manure, wheat straw or Sesbania bispinosa green manure was applied along with inorganic fertilizers. Microbial biomass C increased from 147 mg kg^–1 soil in unfertilized soil to 423 mg kg^–1 soil in soil amended with wheat straw and inorganic fertilizers. The urease and alkaline phosphatase activities of soils increased significantly with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments. The results indicate that soil organic matter level and soil microbial activities, vital for the nutrient turnover and long-term productivity of the soil, are enhanced by use of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizers. Received: 6 May 1998     

Responses of soil microarthropods to inorganic and organic fertilizers in a poplar plantation in a coastal area of eastern China

Soil microarthropod community is an essential functional unit of soil food webs. Fertilizers can induce an alteration of quantity and quality of food for soil fauna and trigger profound changes in soil faunal communities. We initiated this study to examine the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil microarthropods in poplar plantations (Populus deltoides) in a coastal region of northern Jiangsu, eastern China. We established a control and four fertilizer application treatments: low and high levels of organic fertilizers, low and high levels of inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer amendments increased both soil organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), whereas inorganic fertilizer had a positive significant effect on soil total N. The application of both inorganic and organic fertilizers resulted in significantly reduced soil pH. We found that both inorganic and organic fertilizers increased the abundance of all soil microarthropods, bacterivorous Acari, and hemiedaphic and epedaphic Collembola, but had no influence on the total taxonomic richness, Shannon diversity index and DG diversity index of the microarthropod community. The abundance of soil microarthropods was positively correlated with soil C and N, and negatively with pH. Our results indicate that changes in the quality and quantity of soil organic matter and other immediate chemical properties after fertilizer application can increase the abundance of soil microarthropods, but have a limited influence on their diversity in the coastal alkaline soils of eastern China.     

有机稻鸭共作对土壤养分动态变化和经济效益的影响

土壤养分供应与作物需求间的矛盾是影响有机种植作物产量的技术瓶颈之一。试验通过对常规稻田、转换期稻鸭共作稻田和有机稻鸭共作稻田3种不同种植模式的土壤定位监测,分析土壤基本养分在水稻不同生长阶段的动态变化。结果表明,有机稻鸭共作稻田土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分指标在整个水稻生长期基本能维持一个相对稳定的状态,在幼穗分化期速效钾含量高于常规稻田,在成熟期碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都远高于常规稻田。有机稻鸭共作稻田水稻产量较常规稻田有所降低,由于有机稻米的价格远高于常规稻米,实际经济效益可观,是值得推广的种植模式。     

Long-term energy use and economic evaluation of three tillage systems for cereal and legume production in central Spain

Three different experiments have been carried out in the area to the northeast of Madrid (central Spain) over 10 years with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring barley and vetch (Vicia sativa L.) grown for hay. In these experiments, three tillage systems were compared: conventional tillage (primary tillage was mouldboard ploughing to 300 mm depth), minimum tillage (primary tillage was spring tine cultivation either with a chisel or a cultivator to 150 mm depth) and zero tillage (direct drilling), in relation to energy consumption, production costs, energy efficiency and productivity, and economic returns. The experiments were performed on a Vertic Haploxeralf of a clay loam texture.The aforementioned variables were calculated considering every input (i.e. fertilisers, seeds, herbicides, machinery and fuel) including all the labour practices performed to harvesting. Post-harvesting activities were not included.The results showed that important energy and production cost savings may be achieved through minimum tillage and zero tillage, compared with conventional tillage. These energy savings ranged from 7 to 11% for cereal crops, whereas for vetch crops the reduction was 10% for minimum tillage and 15% for zero tillage. Production costs for minimum tillage were 13–24% less than for conventional tillage. For zero tillage these reductions ranged from 6 to 17%. For cereal crops, minimum tillage and zero tillage had energy productivities which were 18% and 20%, respectively, greater than that for conventional tillage. In most cases, yields of winter crops were similar, regardless of the tillage system considered. Only spring barley showed lower yields with zero tillage. For winter cereals the profitability with minimum tillage and zero tillage is higher than that with conventional tillage. However, spring barley is less profitable when using zero tillage.