不同干燥方法对苜蓿营养成分及其降解率的影响

试验研究了不同干燥方法对不同生育期苜蓿的营养成分及开花期样品的瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:(1)随着生育期的推进,CP和CA含量逐渐下降,NDF、ADF的含量逐渐增加,而WSC的含量开始增加,到现蕾期最高,后又减少;(2)干燥方法对WSC含量的影响极其显著(P<0.01),含量从高到低的顺序为:烘干、晒后烘干、晒干、阴干;(3)开花期样品OM和DM的降解率从高到低的排列为烘干、晒后烘干、晒干和阴干。     

不同刈割期和干燥方法对牧草营养成分含量的影响

研究了不同刈割期和干燥方法对第一茬牧草水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)等营养成分的影响.结果表明(1)牧草随着生育期的推进粗蛋白质(CP)和粗灰分(CA)的含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量逐渐增加,而且豆科牧草在营养生长阶段CP含量显著高于禾本科牧草,但它们下降的速度和NDF、ADF增加的速度也比较快;WSC的含量禾本科牧草在抽穗和开花期较高;牧草WSC与CP含量之间不存在相关.(2)牧草烘干样品中CP、WSC含量最高,而NDF和ADF含量最低,最佳的干燥方法是直接烘干,其次是晒后烘干、阴干,晒干最差.     

不同刈割期和干燥方法对牧草营养成分含量的影响

研究了不同刈割期和干燥方法对第一茬牧草水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）等营养水分的影响。结果表明：（1）牧草随着生育期的推进粗蛋白质（CP）和粗灰分（CA）的含量逐渐下降，中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的含量逐渐增加，而且豆科牧草在营养生长阶段CP含量显著高于禾本科牧草，但它们下降的速度和NDF、ADF增加的速度也比较快；WSC的含量禾本科牧草在抽穗和开花期较高；牧草WSC与CP含量之间不存在相关。（2）牧草烘干样品中CP、WSC含量最高，而NDF和ADF含量最低，最佳的干燥方法是直接烘干，其次是晒后烘干、阴干、晒干最差。     

不同干燥方法对鸭茅营养成分及其损失的影响

研究干燥方法对鸭茅(不同生育阶段)营养成分及其损失量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着生育期的推进,粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐增加,而水溶性碳水化合物含量开始不断增加,开花期最高,结实期又迅速减少;干燥方法对水溶性碳水化合物含量的影响极其显著(P<0.01),其含量的顺序为:烘干>晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。(2)干燥方法与营养物质的损失量间差异显著(P<0.05),其损失量的顺序为晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。不同干燥方法的水溶性碳水化合物损失量与干物质、粗灰分、无氮浸出物损失量之间呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8798、0.6404和0.6568。     

不同干燥方法对热带牧草WSC等营养成分的影响

选用热带牧草热研3号俯仰臂形草、热研6号珊状臂形草、热研7号柱花草和热研2号柱花草作为研究对象,采用直接烘干（180℃,10min）、晒干（5d）、晒1d后烘干（180℃,10min）和阴干（15d）4种不同的干燥方法,选择各种牧草的最佳利用期样品（豆科牧草采用开花期、禾本科牧草采用抽穗期）,研究样品营养物质的含量。试验结果表明,从干燥方法来说,牧草的烘干样品粗蛋白（CP）、水溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量最高,在这4种干燥方法中烘干是最佳的干燥方法,其次是晒后烘干、阴干,晒干最差。     

豆秸营养价值的研究

研究豆秸在不同保存时间、不同保存方法和干燥方法下营养价值的变化情况,以及不同保存方法对豆秸营养成分的瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明,在自然状态下,随着保存时间的延长,豆秸中CP、OM和WSC含量逐渐减少,而NDF和ADF含量却逐渐增加;保存方法中氨化好于棚舍保存、露天保存、青贮;干燥方法中烘干好于阴干、晒干。烘干和氨化可以明显提高豆秸营养成分的瘤胃降解率。     

不同贮存方式对玉米秸秆营养成分的影响

试验研究了不同贮存方式(露天保存、棚舍保存、烘干、晒后烘干、青贮和氨化)对玉米秸杆水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)等营养成分的影响。结果表明:烘干和棚舍保存方法有利于玉米秸秆CP(粗蛋白)等营养物质的保存且WSC含量也高,露天晒干保存是一种最不可取的方法。     

不同干燥方式对苜蓿含水率及营养成分的影响

为了研究不同干燥方式对苜蓿含水率及营养成分的影响,试验取同一块地初花期紫花苜蓿,分别采用太阳能干燥、室外晒干和室外阴干三种方式进行干燥,分析不同干燥方式对苜蓿中水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维含量的影响。结果表明:相同时间内,不同干燥方式水分蒸发速度太阳能干燥室外晒干室外阴干;粗蛋白含量以太阳能干燥方式下最高(P0.05),其次是室外阴干,室外晒干的粗蛋白含量最低;不同含水率情况下,室外晒干样品粗蛋白含量较太阳能干燥降低6.86%~22.43%,室外阴干样品降低4.92%~17.20%;同一含水率下,不同干燥方式粗灰分含量室外阴干室外晒干太阳能干燥,太阳能干燥粗灰分含量低于室外晒干3.72%~19.22%,低于室外阴干8.12%~29.93%;中性洗涤纤维含量在室外晒干的情况下最高,显著高于另外二种干燥方式(P0.05),太阳能干燥最低,太阳能干燥中性洗涤纤维含量低于室外晒干9.08%~27.25%,低于室外阴干4.84%~24.84%。     

不同干燥处理马齿苋不同部位抗氧化成分及青贮养分分析

采用福林——乔卡梯度法、紫外分光光度法、国标法分别测定总多酚类、总黄酮类和β-胡萝卜素的含量,分析马齿苋不同部位(种子、根、茎、叶)抗氧化成分含量差异。采用4种方式(冻干、阴干、烘干、晒干)对马齿苋干燥后,测定常规养分,分析干燥方式对常规养分的影响。结果表明:马齿苋体内3种抗氧化成分含量都表现出"种子叶片茎部根部"的规律。将晾晒后的马齿苋进行青贮并对4种干燥方式下马齿苋常规养分进行测定。结果表明,马齿苋的DM/CP在烘干、阴干、冻干处理间无显著差异;晒干处理的马齿苋的Ash和ADF显著高于阴干处理的;烘干状态下马齿苋的NDF显著高于阴干和冻干处理的,且烘干处理的马齿苋NDF与晒干处理的马齿苋NDF差异不显著;烘干处理的ADF显著低于晒干处理的。马齿苋青贮后营养水平较高,青贮品质良好,可以将马齿苋青贮作为一种优良添加剂使用。     

7个品种苜蓿3种干燥方法营养成分的比较

为探讨7个不同品种苜蓿在不同干燥处理下的营养成分含量，分别设晒干、阴干、模拟雨淋3个处理，分析不同品种苜蓿在不同干燥条件下的CP、NDF、ADF、WSC、Ash含量。结果表明，不同苜蓿品种之间，以及同一品种内在晒干、阴干和模拟雨淋时，其营养成分含量有所差异。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。