Hereditary changes in Capsicum annuum L. I. Induced by ordinary grafting

Summary Hereditary changes of certain Mendelian traits in red pepper after grafting are described. It is suggested that these changes are induced by a mechanism similar to that of transformation in higher organisms.The abstracts of this paper and the parts to follow have been presented at the XIII International Congress of Genetics held in August 1973 at Berkeley, California, USA as both a contributed paper and an exhibit including real herbarial specimen and color pictures of the variants genetically analyzed.     

Chromosomal structural changes in Capsicum annuum L. and C. chinense Jacq.

Summary Wide hybridizations between M. arvensis and Brassica amphidiploid species (B. napus and B. juncea) were carried out in order to incorporate desirable traits of M. arvensis into Brassica crops. Crossing barriers between them were present without the use of in vitro techniques. F₁ hybrids have been produced through ovary culture, when M. arvensis were used as a female parent. Higher hybrid embryo productivity (3.07 embryos per pollination) was obtained in the cross of M. arvensis x B. napus than in that of M. arvensis x B. juncea (0.79 embryos). The hybridity was confirmed by morphology, cytology, isozyme and Southern analyses. The first backcrossing progenies and open pollinated ones were produced.     

Genetic nature of bushy plant type in the variant strain induced by grafting in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary To elucidate the genetic nature of bushy plant type in the variant strains derived from grafting, testcrosses were made on the one hand between one of the variant strains, G₅S₁₇, and both Yatsubusa and Spanish Paprika, and on the other hand between the two cultivars.The bushy strain has more nodes and branches on the main stem than the two cultivars.This bushy plant character was recessive to cv. Yatsubusa used as a scion and over-recessive to cv. Spanish Paprika used as a root stock.Such graft-induced change from recessive to over-recessive as bushy plant type was quite different from other varied characters such as, fruit shape, capsaicin content and guard cell size, which were generally intermediate between the two cultivars.     

Genetic nature of low capsaicin content in the variant strains induced by grafting in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary The genetic nature of low capsaicin content in variant strains induced by grafting was elucidated by crossing the G₅S₂₃ strain with the two cultivars, Yatsubusa (Capsicum annuum L. var. fasciculatum Ilish) and Spanish Paprika (C. annuum L. grossum Sendt) originally used for grafting. Decreased capsaicin synthesis was a stable characteristic for at least several generations from G₅S₁₆ to G₅S₂₃ and was transmitted to the progenies of crosses. This fact shows that the decreased capsaicin synthesis is a genetic trait in the graft-induced variant strains. The genetically dependent characteristic of pungency of the G₅S₂₃, Yatsubusa and Spanish Paprika were analysed by High Perfomance Liquid Chromatography measurement and tasting assay.Cross experiment between the G₅S₂₃ strain, hot parent Yatsubusa and sweet parent Spanish Paprika showed that pungent and sweet for pungency chracteristics are generally controlled by at least two pairs of genes. Although segregation of capsaicin content and pungency was clearly demonstrated in F₂ progenies from reciprocal crosses between the G₅S₂₃ strain and Spanish Paprika, F₂ progenies from reciprocal crosses between G₅S₂₃ and Yatsubusa were all hot and did not develop low capsaicin plants.     

Additional spontaneous male-sterile mutant in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary A stable, male-sterile, recessive mutant has been found in Gambo pepper and appears useful for production of hybrid pepper varieties.     

三樱椒标准化栽培技术

1培育壮苗1．1壮苗标准当苗龄60d左右时,株高20cm左右,展叶12片以上;节间长1～2cm。     

Inheritance studies with nine characters in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Information obtained from breeding work with relatively small F₂ populations suggests independent segregation in 12 pairs of characters. Anthocyanin pigmentation in the cotyledon is either recessive or dominant, showing either single gene or polygenic inheritance, depending on parental genotypes. When single gene inheritance was observed, pigmentation was independent of resistance to potato virus-y, of the male sterile-1 (ms1) gene and of male sterile-2 (ms2) gene. However, additional observation suggests that one of the genes involved in pigmentation is linked with the male sterile-1 gene.     

酶联免疫法测定辣椒中辣椒素含量

旨在建立一种简便快速低成本的辣椒素测定方法。辣椒样品中辣椒素经69.15%乙醇,振摇10min,离心5min,取上清液100μL,置于2.0mL样品瓶中,加0.9mL去离子水,旋涡混匀后用于酶标仪分析。结果表明：标准曲线满足线性方程Y=-42.9X+30.3,相关系数R2=0.9999;在100mg/100g添加水平下,平均回收率测为92.6%,重复性相对标准偏差小于3.5%;方法检出限为0.25mg/100g。300余份新鲜辣椒样品中辣椒素含量测定结果在1.50~323.8mg/100g之间。采用酶联免疫法测定辣椒中的辣椒素含量,有操作简单、测定速度快等优点,尤其适合批量样品的测定。     

三樱椒高产栽培技术

为科学指导三樱椒产业又好又快发展,从选用良种、适时播种、科学施肥、合理密植及田间管理等方面介绍了三樱椒高产栽培技术。     

Graft-induced change in fruit shape in Capsicum annuum L. I. genetic analysis by crossing

Summary Characteristics of fruit shape in the progeny from a graft-induced change were analysed. Non-pointed, typically inverted-blunt (two-lobed) fruit apex was observed in chimeric state within a scion of Yatsubusa grafted onto Spanish Paprika (inverted-blunt, three-or four-lobed fruit). This frequency of change in fruit shape was unstable in an early generation on the graft.     

Male sterility in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Male-sterility in peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was first documented in the 1950's. Since then considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the nature of the trait, the means of its identification and induction, inheritance of both genic and cytoplasmic genic male-sterility, its line maintenance, and the potential for breeding hybrid cultivars. Today, several internationally known seed companies use the genic mechanism msms on a large scale for producing hybrids, whereas the cytoplasmic genic source is used mainly for breeding pungent (S) Rf rf hybrids.     

Characterization of graft-induced change in capsaicin content of Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Capsaicin contents were measured in the progenies from the test crosses between the strain, G₅S₁₇ derived from fruit with the graft-induced change in fruit shape and the original two cultivars, Yatsubusa (Capsicum annuum L. var fasciculatum Ilish) and Spanish Paprika (C. annuum L. var. grossum Sendt) used for grafting.The strain, G₅S₁₇ contained a lower amount of capsaicin than the original pungent cultivar Yatsubusa used as scion. The characteristic of the lowered capsaicin content in the strain has been stably inherited through seed propagation, and has also been transmitted to the progenies from the crosses with the original two cultivars used for scion or stock. These features in the capsaicin content agreed with those in fruit shape in the graft-induced change.     

Studies of the inheritance of mature fruit color in Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Crosses were made among a permanent white accession of pepper, genetically yyc₁c₁c₂c₂ and parents having the following mature fruit color: orange, orange-yellow, lemon-yellow, permanent green and brown. The F₂ and BC generations from these combinations were studied and several models of inheritance were suggested. The discrepancies between the present findings and previous studies were considered, with an emphasis on the inheritance of the white color.     

辣椒自交系的基因型值分析

利用Steuclid遗传距离对31个自交系的10个性状的基因型值基于UPGMA法进行研究,在遗传距离GD为6.0处,可将辣椒的两个变种分开,即Capsicumannuumvar.grossum变种群和Capsicumannuumvar.longum变种群;在遗传距离GD为4.6处,可将31个自交系分为5类。第一类:7号,灯笼椒变种;第二类:9号和5号,植株较高大、晚熟、感病;第三类:25号,中抗、矮杆、早熟;第四类:6、12、10、19、14、11、29、31、30、24、16、20、18、17、21、15、13、23、22、8、4号,这一类在熟性、抗性方面属于中间类型,在植株高度方面存在较大的差异;第五类:27、26、28、3、2、1号,植株高大、晚熟、抗病。这种分类结果有助于利用这些自交系进行杂交亲本的选配。     

Variation in Yugoslavian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions

A total of 67 hot pepper accessions were evaluated based on 35 morphological and physiological characters. Differences were observed in a number of characters. The accessions were grouped into six clusters, mainly based on fruit weight, 1000 seed weight, and fruit number per plant. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

辣椒SRAP-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

SRAP标记(Sequence-related amplified polymorphism,序列相关扩增多态性)是由Li和Quiros发展了一种新的分子标记技术。SRAP标记具有简便、稳定、中等产率、在基因组中分布均匀的特点,已经应用于在水稻、棉花、油菜、马铃薯、苹果、柑橘类果树、樱桃、梅子、大蒜、莴苣及芹菜等植物和水稻稻瘟病的研究中,对开展遗传图谱构建、基因定位与克隆、比较基因组学、cDNA指纹图谱、生物多样性研究、预测杂种优势等研究是一个十分实用的工具。本研究对辣椒SRAP反应体系的程序、模板、Mg^2 等参数进行优化研究,结果表明：辣椒的PCR程序为94℃预变性5min,94℃变性1min,35℃复性1min,72℃延伸1min,5循环,94℃变性1min,50℃复性1min,72℃延伸1min,35循环,最后72℃延伸10min;25μl反应体系中,模板量为15ng,M矿为2．0mmol／L。本研究建立的辣椒SRAP体系重复性好、稳定性强。     

Nuclear RFLP between pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L.)

Summary Forty one nuclear probes, distributed across the different linkage groups of the previously published map, were used to examine restrition fragment length polymorphism between cultivated peppers. Total DNA from thirteen accessions of Capsicum annuum var. annuum and one accession of C. baccatum var. pendulum was separately cut with ten restriction enzymes. The analyses were restricted to only one enzyme per probe to reduce the polymorphism redundancy. Nei & Li's genetic distances between accessions were calculated from the 141 resultant nuclear DNA restriction fragments. The genetic variation was larger between C. annuum and C. baccatum than between C. annuum cultivars. Large fruited related accessions closely clustered together. Distances between the small fruited cultivars were larger than within the bell pepper group. A correspondence analysis performed on differences between the global RFLP patterns of each accessions of C. annuum revealed the particular genomic structure of four small fruited cultivars: Criollo de Morelos 334, H3, Perennial and Doux Long des Landes. The percentage of probes revealing at least one RFLP with at least one enzyme ranged from zero to fifty percent for all the pairwise comparisons of C. annuum accessions. 82 presumptive loci were detected with a mean number of 1.46 alleles per locus within C. annuum and 1.83 within all the accessions. This result indicates that molecular markers will be more usable in intraspecific study of C. annuum than isozyme markers.     

气孔在辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)子叶和下胚轴上的动态变化

以辣椒幼苗(Capsicum annuum L.)为材料,研究了辣椒生长发育过程中子叶的上、下表皮和下胚轴上、下端1 cm处的气孔密度及表皮细胞密度的动态变化。结果表明:(1)辣椒的气孔由肾形保卫细胞组成,无副卫细胞;子叶的表皮细胞呈无规则形,下胚轴的表皮细胞呈长方形或椭圆形;(2)辣椒子叶上、下表皮的气孔密度和表皮细胞密度分别在辣椒种子出芽后第6天和第3天达到最大,之后随子叶的生长逐渐减小,下表皮的气孔密度和表皮细胞密度明显大于上表皮的;(3)辣椒下胚轴上、下端1 cm处的气孔密度随下胚轴的生长变化不明显,但是表皮细胞密度随下胚轴的生长逐渐减小,下胚轴上端的气孔密度和表皮细胞密度明显的大于下胚轴下端的。     

外来入侵杂草对黔南土著辣椒的化感作用

用空心莲子草、白三叶、红花酢浆草、波斯婆婆纳、小飞蓬、牛膝菊、三叶鬼针草、香附子8种入侵黔南辣椒耕作地外来杂草的幼苗茎叶、根系水提液培养皿滤纸法对三都、独山、福泉3种土著辣椒进行化感生物测定,测定种子最终萌发率、根长及苗高.结果表明:7种外来入侵杂草对3种辣椒均有不同程度的影响,高浓度的提取液能降低种子发芽率、胚轴和胚根长度,低浓度提取液化感作用较弱.外来杂草入侵辣椒耕作地容易形成单一优势群落,对辣椒种质资源具有较大的危害潜力,影响生物多样性.