日光蜂对苹果绵蚜的自然控制作用及其保护和利用

日光蜂是苹果绵蚜的一种重要寄生性天敌,为了更好地发挥其对苹果绵蚜的控制作用,在山东省莱阳市田间调查研究了日光蜂对苹果绵蚜的自然控制作用,并测定了不同保护措施下日光蜂的越冬羽化率.结果显示,苹果绵蚜在5月底至7月底和9月中旬至10月中旬有2个发生高峰;在整个生长季节日光蜂对苹果绵蚜均有一定的控制作用,7月上旬至9月上旬温度较高时,日光蜂的田问种群数量较多,对苹果绵蚜的田间自然寄生作用达到高峰,寄生率在50%～90%,4-5月是日光蜂对苹果绵蚜的控制空缺时期.在使用化学农药的果园,目光蜂的数量和寄生率均降低.田间缚草或采集日光蜂黑蛹放置于室内或室外阳面,越冬存活率均显著高于放置在室外阴面和田间未缚草的日光蜂黑蛹,表明3种越冬保护措施可以有效地增加目光蜂越冬虫源基数.     

六种农药对菜粉蝶绒茧蜂的毒性测定

用六种农药对菜粉蝶绒茧蜂Apanteles glomeratus(L.)作毒性测定,以期在菜粉蝶Artogeia rapae(L.)综合防治中做到合理用药,使药剂防治与保护天敌协调配合。 将绒茧蜂的茧,茧内虫态为老熟幼虫和蛹时,分别浸在不同的农药内5分钟,干后放在指形管内,观察成虫羽化率,重复3次(表1)。另一部分蜂茧羽化出成虫后,将蜂子放在15×3.5厘米的40目尼龙纱筒内,筒的一端封闭,对准光源,蜂子就趋向光源,用喉头喷雾     

食蚜瘿蚊最佳冷藏条件的研究

在对食蚜瘿蚊各虫态发育历期、发育起点温度以及有效积温研究的基础上,进行不同低温对食蚜瘿蚊成虫羽化率影响的试验,筛选出蛹的最适冷藏温度。结果表明:食蚜瘿蚊蛹的发育起点为(7.13±1.51)℃,有效积温为(156.30±22.21)日度;确定蛹的最佳冷藏温度为4-5℃,冷藏60 d后平均羽化率达70.8%。     

沃尔巴克氏体对丽蚜小蜂产卵量及成虫前死亡率的影响

通过抗生素处理去除丽蚜小蜂体内共生的沃尔巴克氏体,研究了沃尔巴克氏体对丽蚜小蜂产卵量、发育历期和成虫前(卵-成虫)死亡率的影响.结果发现:感染和去除沃尔巴克氏体的丽蚜小蜂产卵量(t=0.331,df=37,P=0.743)和发育历期(卵-蛹t=0.527,df=44,P=0.601;蛹-羽化t=0.640,af=42,P=0.526)不存在差异;而感染沃尔巴克氏体的丽蚜小蜂成虫前死亡率显著高于去除沃尔巴克氏体后的丽蚜小蜂(X2=17.934＞X0.05,1=3.84).表明沃尔巴克氏体感染不影响丽蚜小蜂的产卵量和发育速度,感染和未感染沃尔巴克氏体的丽蚜小蜂生殖力的差别主要是由成虫前死亡率不同引起的.     

低温贮藏对丽蚜小蜂生长发育和扩散的影响

丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa作为烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum的重要寄生性天敌,目前已实现了规模化繁育,广泛应用于设施蔬菜粉虱类害虫的防控。该寄生蜂在大面积释放前往往要进行数量储备,因此低温贮藏是实现其规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文在明确丽蚜小蜂蛹期最适贮藏发育阶段的基础上,研究了不同低温贮藏方式对丽蚜小蜂生长发育和适合度的影响,并在温室条件下明确了低温贮藏对其扩散和寄生的影响。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂的蛹在4℃和8℃下低温贮藏仍可继续发育,解剖低温贮藏后未羽化的丽蚜小蜂发现其死亡主要发生在蛹的发育初期和后期,蛹的发育中期死亡比例最低;贮藏前经历适度的低温诱导（12℃/7 d）可以显著提高丽蚜小蜂的羽化率、寄生量和成虫寿命（P<0.05）;温室条件下未经低温贮藏的丽蚜小蜂主要在1～4 m范围内扩散,而低温贮藏后羽化的丽蚜小蜂主要在1～2 m范围内扩散;适度的低温诱导（12℃/7 d）同样可以明显提高丽蚜小蜂在温室条件下的寄生率（P<0.05）。研究结果对于更好地发挥丽蚜小蜂在生物防治中的控害作用具有重要的应用意义。     

苦艾蚜茧蜂生物学特性

苦艾蚜茧蜂Aphidius absinthi MARSHALL是菊花主要害虫——菊小长管蚜Macrosi-phoniella sanborni(Gillette)的主要寄生性天敌,在上海菊花田较为常见。(上海昆虫所施达三鉴)定学名。) 苦艾蚜茧蜂于11月在菊花枯茎或嫩叶上,以蛹在菊小长管蚜尸体内越冬,至翌年4月羽化为成虫,产卵于菊蚜体内。在20℃温度下,完成一代需要12天左右,一年可繁殖20代左右。成蜂雌雄性比为0.93:1。     

柑桔大实蝇成虫羽化期和越冬蛹死亡率的观察

作者在清江河谷地区经 5年的埋蛹观察 ,柑桔大实蝇成虫羽化期在 5月中、下旬。平均羽化率为 57 5% ,羽化期较短 ,年度间变动小。羽化期中 ,雄成虫先于雌成虫羽化出土 ,且占总羽化数的 52 1 % ,越冬蛹死亡率为 4 0 1 % ,滞育率为 2 4 %。     

不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化率、寄生率和重寄生的影响

为明确不同温度、烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度对僵蚜羽化的影响,分别设置5个温度和5个烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度,在云南省弥渡县红花大金元特色烟叶研发基地进行试验.结果表明,在烟蚜茧蜂寄生密度相近时,20℃条件下僵蚜的羽化率最高,羽化率达84.50％;烟蚜茧蜂的死亡率随温度升高而逐渐提高,且重寄生蜂在10～15℃条件下基本不羽化;而在25～3...     

低温贮存、僵蚜粘贴部位及田间条件下苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂羽化率研究

本文研究了不同温度下贮存、苹果绵蚜粘贴方式对苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂羽化率的影响,调查了苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂在苹果园的自然寄生率、羽化率。结果表明,10℃贮存1 d、15℃贮存1~2 d、20℃贮存1~15 d对苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂羽化率无影响;苹果绵蚜僵蚜腹面粘贴时,苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂羽化率(64.71%)显著高于侧面粘贴和背面粘贴的效果(分别为53.13%和55.94%);7月上旬至9月中旬苹果园中苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂自然寄生率较高(35.46%~53.00%),7月上旬至8月中旬苹果棉蚜蚜小蜂自然羽化率较高(24.62%~37.36%)。     

γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

为了探索刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim的检疫处理方法,研究了γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,经0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4kGyγ-射线辐照处理20min后,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均显著降低。成虫活动减弱、寿命缩短,交配次数、怀卵量和产卵量随处理剂量增高而降低,γ-射线辐照处理虫瘿后,刺桐姬小蜂羽化出蜂数和出蜂率随处理剂量增加而显著减少。雌雄成虫对γ-射线的抵抗力不同,在相同剂量辐照处理下,雄虫的死亡率显著高于雌虫。处理剂量越高,性比就越高。     

Characteristics of the spread of apple proliferation by its vector Cacopsylla picta

The distribution and natural phytoplasma infection of Cacopsylla picta were investigated during a long-term field survey between 2002 and 2009 in commercial and abandoned apple proliferation-infected orchards throughout Germany, northern Switzerland, and eastern France. Comparable population dynamics were described for the different sites whereas considerable variations in the absolute population densities were observed among the years. Individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing revealed, for each year, a rather stable natural infection rate with ?Candidatus Phytoplasma mali? of ?10% for overwintered adults of C. picta. Both genders were equally highly infected although more females were caught. The overall male/female ratio was 1:1.5. No direct correlation was found between the infection status of the orchard and the infection rate of overwintered C. picta. No influence of agricultural practices was seen. However, a relationship between the incidence of the disease and the vector population density became evident on a regional scale. Successful transmission of ?Ca. P. mali? occurred each year with overwintered individuals as well as with new adults. The transmission efficiency varied among the years within 8 to 45% for overwintered adults and 2 to 20% for individuals of the new generation. The load of single C. picta with ?Ca. P. mali? was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. High phytoplasma titers were measured in overwintered adults already at their first appearance in the orchards after remigration from their overwintering hosts. Thus, the data indicate the transmission of the disease on a regional scale by remigrant adults of C. picta and at a local scale within the same season by emigrant adults which developed on infected plants.     

The insect vector Cacopsylla picta vertically transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ to its progeny

The phloem‐sucking psyllid Cacopsylla picta plays an important role in transmitting the bacterium ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’, the agent associated with apple proliferation disease. The psyllid can ingest ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ from infected apple trees and spread the bacterium by subsequently feeding on uninfected trees. Until now, this has been the most important method of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infected C. picta are able to transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ directly to their progeny. This method of transmission would allow the bacteria to bypass a time‐consuming reproductive cycle in the host plant. Furthermore, this would cause a high number of infected F₁ individuals in the vector population. To address this question, eggs, nymphs and adults derived from infected overwintering adults of C. picta were reared on non‐infected apple saplings and subsequently tested for the presence of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’. In this study it was shown for the first time that infected C. picta individuals transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ to their eggs, nymphs and F₁ adults, thus providing the basis for a more detailed understanding of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma mali’ transmission by C. picta.     

苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省潜在危害性风险分析和管理对策

苹果小吉丁虫是果树危险性蛀干害虫之一,已给国内部分地区的栽植苹果以及新疆的野苹果造成了巨大的损失。目前陕西部分地区已发现苹果小吉丁虫危害,为明确苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的主要苹果产区的风险程度,以制定科学合理的管理对策。参考国际上有害生物风险分析程序和分析方法,结合苹果小吉丁虫寄主在陕西省的分布情况,对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性进行了综合评估。苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的风险性R值为2.42,该吉丁虫在陕西省属于高度危险性有害生物。针对苹果小吉丁虫在陕西省的高度危险性,提出了加强检疫、监测预防和风险管理等的管理对策。     

An index for selective toxicity of miticides to phytophagous mites and their predators based on orchard trials

Data from nine trials conducted from 1990 to 1998 in apple orchards in Nova Scotia and Quebec, Canada, were used to estimate the predator-prey selectivity of miticides and their potential compatibility with biological control of mites. The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was the dominant and more harmful phytophagous species, followed by the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa). Two predacious mites, the phytoseiid, Typhlodromus pyri Sheuten, and the stigmaeid, Zetzellia mali (Ewing), were often found in the orchards. We used one minus the ratio of mite-days in treated plots to those in the control plots as an index of population suppression and toxicity of the miticides. Miticides were then categorized into classes similar to those employed by the International Organization for Biological Control to rate pesticide toxicity to natural enemies of insect and mite pests. Selectivity of miticides was mostly based on toxicity to P ulmi, the major pest, versus toxicity to T pyri, the major predator, with some consideration of the two lesser species, A schlechtendali and Z mali. In most cases, our findings were in accord with other studies. Abamectin and clofentezine had favourable selectivity (more toxic to the two phytophagous mites than to T pyri). The higher recommended rate of pyridaben (450 g ha(-1)) and two rates of spirodiclofen (180 and 240 g ha(-1)) were neutral (equally toxic to pests and predators). The lower rate of pyridaben (216 g ha(-1)), dicofol, formetanate hydrochloride and propargite were unfavourably selective (more toxic to T pyri). A higher than recommended rate of pyridaben (2160 g ha(-1)) applied before bloom was disruptive--P ulmi-days after treatment were actually greater than with the untreated control. P ulmi resistance to dicofol and propargite were probable complicating factors in some of the orchard trials.     

河北省苹果主要病虫害发生现状调查

在2007-2009年对河北省唐山、保定、邢台、石家庄、沧州、衡水、秦皇岛、张家口、廊坊、承德共10个地市200余个苹果园进行了问卷调查、实地重点考察和现场访谈,调查内容包括品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病虫害发生情况。结果表明:河北省苹果以‘富士’品种为主,占调查果园面积的58%,其次为‘元帅’;从树龄结构上看,树龄超过15年的果园占69%,说明河北省苹果园老化现象比较严重。苹果上常发生的病虫害有枝干轮纹病、腐烂病、斑点落叶病、褐斑病、锈病、苹果黄蚜、山楂叶螨、金纹细蛾、苹果绵蚜、桑天牛、枣尺蠖和黑蚱蝉共12种。其中枝干轮纹病、腐烂病和山楂叶螨是全省苹果产区发生普遍且较严重的病虫害。唐山市枝干轮纹病病株率高达92%,张家口市腐烂病病株率为72.67%,苹果黄蚜、锈病、褐斑病和金纹细蛾在不同地区发生程度不同。苹果绵蚜在河北省已普遍发生。品种以及地形对病虫害发生的影响也存在不同程度差异。本文根据对河北省苹果病虫害发生状况的调查结果,提出了通过加强栽培管理、病虫害预测预报、选用抗性品种与砧木以及化学防治为手段的病虫害防治对策。     

黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定

马铃薯晚疫病(late blight)是由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,明确晚疫病菌的交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性状况对制定马铃薯晚疫病防治策略具有重要意义。本研究对2011—2013年采自黑龙江省黑河、齐齐哈尔、绥化等马铃薯主产区的晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定,采用对峙培养法对153株晚疫病菌进行交配型检测,结果表明,A1交配型79株,占51.63%,A2交配型74株,占48.37%;采用菌落直径法对143株晚疫病菌进行甲霜灵敏感性测定,结果表明,83.92%表现高抗,8.39%表现中抗,7.69%表现敏感。     

中国苹果病害发生与分布现状调查

本研究于2010-2012年在我国18个省(市、自治区)的1 100个苹果园采用隔行踏查法进行了实地调查。调查内容包括果园面积、品种名称、树龄结构以及各种病害发生情况。调查结果表明,3年间在我国苹果主产区共发现病害50种,其中包括新发现的2种病害:丝核菌叶枯病和炭疽菌叶枯病。通过分析确定了各种病害的严重度,明确了腐烂病、轮纹病、褐斑病和斑点落叶病4种主要病害及苹果锈病等8种中度发生病害的发生程度及区域分布,为各苹果主产省开展病害防控提供了理论依据。     

Japanese pear black spot and apple alternaria blotch

The pathogenicity and taxonomy of 15 isolates of Alternaria spp. from pear and apple were compared. Only isolates from Asian pear ( Pyrus pyrifolia ) from Italy and Korea were virulent on leaves and young fruits of the susceptible Asian pear cv. Nijisseiki. Their conidial morphology was typical of A. gaisen (= A. kikuchiana ). Only isolates of A. mali from USA were virulent on susceptible American apple cvs Indo and Red Gold. No virulence was demonstrated in any isolate/host combination among isolates from stem infections of Asian and European pear ( Pyrus communis ), leaf spots of European apple, and ripe fruit rots of Chinese pear ( Pyrus ussuriensis ), European pear and apple. These non-virulent isolates could be readily distinguished from A. gaisen and A. mali by their pattern of branching of conidial chains, the branching associated with A. alternata sensu stricto being most common among non-virulent isolates. This limited survey implies that A. gaisen is only virulent to Asian pear and the toxigenic form of A. mali to certain American apple cultivars; also that A. gaisen is not established outside eastern Asia or the toxigenic form of A. mali outside eastern Asia and parts of USA.     

Baseline toxicity of several pesticides to Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) is a univoltine indigenous predacious mirid. It has been reported in several orchards where IPM programmes are used. It is a generalist, and feeds on phytophagous mites in addition to other arthropods. In Quebec, a foliar application of imidacloprid, deltamethrin or lambda‐cyhalothrin is used at least once per season to manage arthropod pests such as leafhoppers and leaf‐eating caterpillars. Meanwhile, several applications of metiram, flusilazole, myclobutanil and mancozeb are made to control apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter]. In laboratory trials, comparison of lethal concentrations of the three insecticides against H vitripennis nymphs and adults showed no significant difference. However, when lethal concentrations were compared between two growth stages for each insecticide, a significant difference was noted between adults and nymphs treated with lambda‐cyhalothrin, adults being more susceptible than nymphs. No such difference could be detected for imidacloprid or deltamethrin. When LC₅₀ values were compared with the manufacturer's label rates, deltamethrin and imidacloprid were toxic to the nymphs and adults, and lambda‐cyhalothrin was slightly toxic to the nymphs and moderately toxic to the adults. Among the fungicides evaluated in the laboratory, myclobutanil showed moderate toxicity to adults at the manufacturer's label rate. The remaining fungicides had no toxic effects to adults or nymphs, even at four times the manufacturer's label rate. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry