Tolerance to sheep red cells: breakage with thymocytes and horse red cells

Mice rendered tolerant to sheep red cells and then given normal thymocytes, made no antibody when immunized with these cells. When immunized with horse red blood cells, however, they made significant amounts of noncross-reacting antibody to sheep red blood cells. This suggests that antibody-making precursor cells (B cells) which are nontolerant but nonactivatable by specific antigen, may exist in tolerant hosts.     

A requirement for two cell types for antibody formation in vitro

A suspension of mouse spleen cells can be separated into two populations on the basis of their ability or inability to adhere to plastic dishes. It was found that both adherent and nonadherent cells were necessary for the induction of antibody formation to sheep red blood cells in vitro. Exposure of adherent cells to antigen for brief periods of time was sufficient to initiate a maximal in vitro response.     

Antigen competition: a paradox

Immunization of mice with pig erythrocytes caused impairment of the antibody response to subsequent immunization with sheep erythrocytes, a phenomenon called "antigen competition." Paradoxically, spleen cells from mice previously injected with pig erythrocytes produced an increased response when immunized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes. Augmentation of the in vitro response is due to an increase in one of the interacting cell types. "Antigen competition" is not due to competition for cells. Cell transfer experiments provided evidence that "antigen competition" observed in animals is the result of a humoral factor, presumably antibody, present in the animal but eliminated during preparation of cells for culture.     

Focal antibody production by transferred spleen cells in irradiated mice

Lethally irradiated mice were injected with small numbers of normal spleen cells and then immunized with sheep erythrocytes. Antibody activity was found in their spleens in localized areas whose number corresponded to the number of spleen cells injected. When sheep and pig erythrocytes were injected together, antibody against each was found in separate areas. Each area may consist of the progeny of a single precursor cell, restricted to forming a single antibody.     

Humoral immunosuppressive substance in mice bearing plasmacytomas

The mechanism by which plasmacytomas (PC) depress the primary immune response to sheep red cells was investigated by determining the ability of normal spleen cells to produce antibody when enclosed in Millipore chambers and implanted in PC-bearing mice. Chamber-enclosed normal spleen cells implanted in PC-bearing mice responded poorly to the sheep red cells when compared to similar cells enclosed in chambers and implanted in normal mice or in mice with other lymphoid and nonlymphoid tumors. The data suggest that PC-induced immune suppression is mediated by a humoral factor.     

Immune response restoration with macrophage culture supernatants

Depression of the in vitro immune response of mouse spleen cell suspensions to sheep erythrocytes by removal of macrophages can be reversed by the addition of supernatants from peritoneal macrophage cultures. Supernatant activity can be absorbed by the red cell antigen, and supernatant-treated red cells are stimulatory in the absence of macrophages or supernatant.     

绵羊肺炎支原体间接血凝诊断方法的建立

用绵羊肺炎支原体抗原致敏经戊二醛处理的绵羊红细胞,制备成间接血凝试验抗原,通过IHA来检测绵羊支原体性肺炎血清抗体.致敏绵羊红细胞的最佳抗原浓度为100μg/mL,血清效价≥1∶8即为阳性,效价≤1∶4者判为阴性.该方法具有很好的敏感性、特异性和可重复性,而且操作简单,适合大范围推广应用.     

Antibody formation: stimulation by polyadenylic and polycytidylic acids

Complexes of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids, or of polycytidylic acid and methylated bovine serum albumin, enhance the early rate of increase in numbers of antibody-forming spleen cells in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells or other particulate antigens. Polyadenylic and polycytidylic acids, respectively, appear to be the source of the critical stimulators which, as demonstrated by others in bacteria, may act by influencing nucleotide kinase activity. The stimulated antibody response, but not the normal response, is antagonized by kinetin riboside and by an adenosine derivative occurring in sRNA.     

Apparent production of 2 types of antibdoies by a single cell

Immunization of mice with bacterial, sheep red cells coated with antigen resulted in apparent production of antibody-forming plaques with specificities for both hemolysis and bactericidal activity. The secondary response for production of these bifunctional types of plaques could be induced by red blood cells or bacteria alone. A significant mutual suppression of immune response between the two immunizing agents was observed.     

Establishment of the Method of Immunohistochemistry Assay for the Detection of Scrapie in Chinese Short-Tailed Han Sheep by Monoclonal Antibody

The method of immunohistochemistry assay for the detection of scrapie in Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep was established using monoclonal antibody. Genomic DNA was isolated from Chinese Short-tailed Hart sheep blood. Using the polymerase chain reaction technique, PrP27-30 gene sequence was amplified from Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep genomic DNA. By recombinant DNA technology, the recombinant protein of Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep PrP27-30 was obtained. Then, using standard methodology of myeloma cell fusion, a panel of monoclonal antibodies was generated. With mAbs, scrapie in Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep was detected by immunohistochemistry assay. The recombinant protein of Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep PrP27-30 was obtained and a panel of six hybridoma cell lines secreting specific antibodies to Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep PrP27-30 related to scrapie was obtained with one fusion between myeloma Sp2/0 and spleen ceils from mice immunized with the purified recombinant protein. Four hybridoma cell lines can be used in immunohistochemistry assay for the detection of scrapie in Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep. So that the special monoclonal antibody developed in author＇s institute can be used to detect PrP^sc of scrapie in Chinese Short-tailed Han sheep by immunohistochemistry in China.     

Autologous red cell agglutination assay for HIV-1 antibodies: simplified test with whole blood

An antibody detection procedure based on agglutination of autologous red cells has been developed for samples of whole blood. A nonagglutinating monoclonal antibody to human red blood cells conjugated to a synthetic peptide antigen (in this case residues 579 to 601 of the HIV-1 envelope precursor, Arg-Ile-Leu-Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gln-Gln-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Trp- Gly-Cys - Ser-Gly-Lys) permitted the detection of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 10 microliters of whole blood within 2 minutes. Agglutination was specifically inhibited by addition of synthetic peptide antigen but not by unrelated peptides. The frequency of false positive results was 0.1% with HIV-1 seronegative blood donors (n = 874). The false negative results were approximately 1% (n = 81). The autologous red cell agglutination test is potentially suitable for simple, rapid, qualitative screening for antibodies to a variety of antigens of medical and veterinary diagnostic significance.     

X-ray resistant cell required for the induction of in vitro antibody formation

Mouse spleen cells were separated into two populations on the basis of adherence to plastic. The recombination of these two populations was required for the in vitro antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. By separating the two populations from x-irradiated mice and combining each with the other population prepared from normal mice, it was demonstrated that the immunologic function of the nonadherent population only was highly sensitive to x-ray injury. In contrast, x-irradiation in doses as high as 1000 roentgens had no measurable effect on the immune function of adherent cells, that is, the population which first interacts with antigen and is composed principally of large phagocytic cells.     

副猪嗜血杆菌间接血凝诊断液的制备

【目的】建立一种便于检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的方法。【方法】将分离纯化的副猪嗜血杆菌5型超声裂解后,致敏双醛处理的健康绵羊红细胞,制成副猪嗜血杆菌5型间接血凝诊断液,检测该诊断液的活力及特异性。【结果】该诊断液特异性强,仅与副猪嗜血杆菌5型阳性血清发生凝集反应。活力也比较高,达到1:512以上,可以用其进行副猪嗜血杆菌疫苗免疫后抗体检测。【结论】该间接血凝诊断液成功制备为广大兽医化验人员提供一种简单、快速、经济的检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的方法,为副猪嗜血杆菌病的诊断和防治提供一种有效的手段     

Restoration of antibody-forming capacity in cultures of nonadherent spleen cells by mercaptoethanol

Populations of mouse spleen cells, without those cells that adhere to glass or plastic, exhibit little or no capacity for formation of antibody to sheep erythrocytes in the Mishell-Dutton culture system. When 5 x 10(-5)M mercaptoethanol is added to the culture medium, the antibody-forming capacity of these nonadherent spleen cells is restored to that of unfractionated spleen cells.     

一种小鸡体液免疫应答能力指示系统的建立

本研究用兔、山羊、绵羊、黄牛、猪、鹅、鸭的红细胞(RBC)作为抗原,分别免疫小鸡,并用直接微量血球凝集(HA)试验测定鸡所产生的体液免疫应答。选用能刺激产生较高抗体水平的鹅红细胞(GRBC)作为指示系统,在7、14天龄分别接种试验鸡,检测(1)传染性囊病(IBD)病毒及疫苗,(2)马立克氏病(MD)病毒;(3)火鸡疱疹病毒(HVT)疫苗等接种1天龄小鸡后,对鸡体液免疫应答能力的影响。 结果表明,IBD—PBG_(98)毒株无免疫抑制作用;IBD—野毒株引起严重的免疫抑制效应;HVT疫苗和MD病毒对7天龄接种了GRBC的小鸡抗体产生有明显影响。同时对鸡的法氏囊进行组织学检查,取得相应的结果。然而,IBD中和抗体滴度并没有显出这种与法氏囊组织破坏呈正相关的关系。 试验证明本指示系统简便有效,易于推广应用。     

Murine lymphoma-induced immunosuppression: requirement for direct tumour cell contact

The FBL-3 lymphoma cell line caused impaired antibody formation in vivo when injected into mice intraperitoneally, and in vitro when added to normal syngeneic spleen cells immunized in vitro with sheep erythrocytes. Immunosuppression occurred only when intact viable tumor cells were cocultivated with the normal spleen cells. As few as 10(5) FBL-3 cells, when added to 5 X 10(6) normal cells, impaired antibody formation. However, cell-free extracts of filtrates from even much larger numbers of tumor cells did not affect antibody formation, either in vitro or in vivo. Heating the tumor cells at 56 degrees C or irradiation with as little as 1000 rads completely abolished immunosuppressive activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Separation of viable tumor cells from target antibody-forming cells by cell-impermeable membranes prevented immunosuppression, showing that direct cell-to-cell contact is required for immunosuppression.     

唇?成鱼脾和肾的解剖学与组织学特征

采用解剖、石蜡切片及HE染色技术研究了唇?脾脏、头肾及中肾的解剖学与组织学特征。结果显示,唇?脾脏单个,暗红色,呈扁平椭圆形,脾实质被起自被膜的结缔组织隔膜分隔成许多小叶,小叶内红髓与白髓界限不明显,含红细胞、淋巴细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞等,血管丰富。肾脏可明显的分为头肾和中肾。头肾位于体腔前端的心腹隔膜上方,分左右两叶,对称分布。头肾实质部分无肾单位,主要由淋巴组织构成,分红细胞聚集区和白细胞聚集区,内含丰富的红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞及一定数量的黑色素巨噬细胞,在细胞组成上与脾脏有类似特征。中肾位于鱼体的胸腹段,紧贴体腔背部脊椎两侧,实质部分主要由肾单位、集合管及淋巴组织等构成;淋巴组织在细胞组成上与头肾有相似之处,含红细胞、淋巴细胞、粒细胞及黑色素巨噬细胞。研究结果表明,唇?脾脏、头肾是机体重要的免疫和造血器官,中肾除了泌尿功能外,在免疫及造血中也发挥重要作用。     

Immune response in vitro: independence of "activated" lymphoid cells

Antibody formation against sheep erythrocytes by mouse spleen cells in vitro requires interactions among antigen-treated macrophages and lymphoid cells in cell culsters for only a finite time. During this critical period of interaction, lymphoid cells become "activated" and thereafter can develop into antibody-producing cells independently of native antigen, macrophages, and cell clusters.     

Association between potassium concentration and serological type of sheep red blood cells

When red blood cells from 115 sheep were classified for the presence or absence of antigenic factor M and for high (as opposed to low) potassium concentration levels, the cells of the 22 M-negative sheep were low in potassium.     

副猪嗜血杆菌间接血凝诊断液的研究

将分离纯化的副猪嗜血杆菌5型超声裂解后,和致敏双醛处理的健康绵羊红细胞,制成副猪嗜血杆菌5型间接血凝诊断液,用于检测血清中的抗副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的效价。实验表明该法操作简便,特异性强,不与其他传染病阳性血清发生交叉凝集。