杜鹃灌丛草地土壤容重与水分特征对不同休牧模式的响应

以土壤容重与土壤水分特征为主要指标,研究了祁连山高寒杜鹃灌丛草地对全生长季休牧(分枯草期重牧与枯草期轻牧)和传统夏季休牧(重牧)的响应。结果表明,随着土层深入,休牧杜鹃灌丛草地土壤呈容重增大、含水率减小、有机质含量降低的基本变化态势;休牧杜鹃灌丛土壤异质化明显,灌丛冠幅下土壤容重小于灌间土壤,土壤水分大于灌间;6月的土壤容重较8和10月的小,而土壤含水率高;高寒杜鹃灌丛草地土壤含水率与土壤容重间呈极显著的负相关关系,与土壤有机质间呈正相关关系;与传统夏季休牧相比,全生长季休牧的杜鹃灌丛草地灌间畜蹄践踏小径的宽度、深度和面积显著减少,土壤紧实度降低,土壤含水率升高,有效改善了土壤功能;枯草期的高强度放牧降低了全生长季休牧对杜鹃灌丛草地土壤状况的有效恢复;研究证实合理的休牧时期确定与利用强度控制是实现退化高寒杜鹃灌丛草地土壤功能修复的关键。     

禁牧与放牧管理下灌丛草地植被变化

以赤峰市阿鲁科尔沁旗灌丛草地类型区作为草地实施放牧和全年禁牧管理后的观测区。以2003年的观察数据为基础，通过不同月份梯度实施禁牧与全年放牧状态下，草地植被的高度、盖度、多度和重量的变化对比，辅以气象、土壤因子进行分析，意在找出草地合理的放牧强度，草地适宜的休养生息时间，使草原畜牧业的发展更加科学化。结果表明，灌丛草地在实施禁牧措施后草地植被状况有好转。草地初级生产力平均提高104g／m^2。灌木初级生产力平均提高115．8kg／hm^2。植被盖度平均提高20％，植被高度平均提高17cm，植被的群落演替过程也有明显的变化。     

祁连山高寒灌丛草地杜鹃属植物的水分动态及生态适应

为了解高寒常绿植物水分状况及不同季节的动态变化规律,研究祁连山高寒灌丛草地4种杜鹃(Rhododendron L.)属植物叶片和顶生枝条含水量年际动态,探讨水分动态与土壤因子的关系,及其与代谢生长间的关系。结果表明:4种杜鹃属植物年组织含水量呈周期性动态变化;在越冬休眠期,枝叶含水量极低;在生长季枝叶水分含量高,叶片蒸腾作用强,新枝生长长度大,占全年的99%以上;土壤温度对枝叶含水量动态变化具有重要影响,但土壤含水量对枝叶含水量的影响不大;叶片不同程度的反卷与叶片组织含水量的变化一致;组织水分动态变化是杜鹃对高寒地区严酷环境的适应结果,在不同种间存在着一定差异。     

春季休牧对草地植被的影响

为及时掌握呼伦贝尔牧业四旗天然草地春季休牧效果,2005年8月,对春季休牧区和其相应连续放牧区草地进行植物地上生物量、高度、盖度植被组成等方面的监测调查.结果表明:休牧2、3年后草地在生物量、盖度、高度等方面上高于连续放牧的草地;分别有87.5%、93%和86%的监测点显示春季休牧对植被盖度、高度、地上生物量有正面效应.随着休牧年限增加,植被优势种呈现一定的变化,逐渐以贝加尔针茅、羊草、糙隐子草为主,藜科、菊科植物及杂类草减少,围栏休牧区植被呈现良性恢复趋势.     

放牧利用白羊草灌丛草地的植被特征

在对放牧利用下的白羊草灌丛草地频度、盖度、密度、高度、生物量等数量特征调查基础上,运用系统聚类分析方法,可划分为轻牧、适牧、中牧、重牧和极牧五个阶段.在不同的利用阶段,白羊草种群都是优势种,而其他植物种则呈现不同的趋势.     

科尔沁草地植被特征

科尔沁草地有维管束植物１６４２种，隶属１２４科，５４属，其中菊科，禾本科，豆科，蔷薇科合计１５６属，５９１种，分别占全地区总属数，总种数的２８．８４％和３５．９９％，全部植物属于１５个区系成分，以达乌尔－蒙古成分起主导作用。多年生草本植物（１００９种）是构成科尔沁草地植被的主体，中生植物（１１４１种）居优势地位，沙生植物和盐生植物的广泛分布也是本地区植被的重要特征，草原植被水平分布规律基本上呈西北     

禁牧对巴林右旗天然草地生产力及植被组成的影响

在内蒙古自治区巴林右旗不同草地类型测定了未禁牧、禁牧当年以及禁牧4年后草地生产力和植被群落构成的变化,结果表明：禁牧能够明显提高天然草地的草地生产力;对天然草地的植被组成有明显的改善作用。     

东祁连山杜鹃灌丛草地灌木受损恢复生长的研究

对受到砍伐和滑坡影响的东祁连山杜鹃灌丛草地灌木植物的恢复生长研究表明,砍伐后,灌木恢复到原群落的程度依次为金露梅＞鬼箭锦鸡儿＞柳＞头花杜鹃＞千里香杜鹃＞烈香杜鹃,滑坡条件下各灌木的恢复程度与砍伐样地相似,说明金露梅、鬼箭锦鸡儿和柳能够快速适应新的生境条件,充分利用新生境条件下的各种资源进行恢复生长,在群落恢复演替的前期生长速度较快,而杜鹃属植物不能较好地适应新的生境条件,再生恢复速度相对迟缓。     

禁牧休牧是阿拉善荒漠草地生态环境治理的根本途径

阿拉善荒漠草地地处我国西北内陆，亚洲荒漠区最东部，总面积27万km^2，天然草地面积17534700hm^2。针对阿拉善草地生态环境的现状，在深刻总结历史经验教训基础上，通过长期大量的科学试验得出：在阿拉善荒漠草地特定的自然、地理、气候和水资源的制约下，实施禁牧、休牧是恢复和保护这一地区草地生态平衡的唯一途径。将阿拉善地区植被覆盖度在5％、年降水量在80mm以下的天然草地；贺兰山、龙首山；梭梭林分布区；飞播区；三大沙漠内分布的湖泊区及其沙漠周边直径10km地带一律进行禁牧。阿左旗的中、南部；沿贺兰山、雅布赖山、龙首山冲积平原；额济纳河沿岸等一律进行休牧或季节性轮牧，第一次休牧时间不得少于5年。     

砍伐与滑坡对东祁连山杜鹃灌丛草地土壤肥力的影响

分布于东祁连山高山地带的杜鹃灌丛下的土壤中,有效氮与有机质含量呈正相关关系(r=0.8794,P<0.01),全氮和全磷在年内变幅较小。砍伐后第1年内有机质、全氮含量变幅很小,分别由砍伐前的24.43%和1.00%降为24.39%和0.97%;全磷含量未见变化;有效氮含量和pH值则分别由543.4×10-6和7.34上升为597.8×10-6和7.43。在植被完全遭到破坏的自然滑坡地段,土壤有机质、有效氮、全氮和全磷含量与其对照相比,有不同程度的下降,分别由16.56%、415.4×10-6、0.97%和0.052%下降为9.20%、204.0×10-6、0.46%和0.038%;土壤pH值则由7.61上升为7.79。研究表明,干扰对土壤因子有较大影响,尤以滑坡最为严重。     

宁夏滩羊放牧系统草群数量特征对不同放牧强度的响应

2003年5～10月在宁夏盐池荒漠草地类型进行滩羊放牧强度试验,结果表明:(1)不同季节草群植物密度对不同放牧强度的响应程度不同,且以放牧季初期、末期最为强烈,雨水较多的夏季较弱.(2)放牧强度与草群盖度间呈极显著负相关,且随放牧强度增大,草群盖度的"谷值"、"峰值"出现时间有提前趋势;(3)整个放牧季,草地植物盖度呈现先下降后上升再下降趋势;不同放牧强度下草群盖度与时间的回归方程可统一表示为:Y=a-b1X+b2X2-b3X3;放牧扰动使草群结构简单化,草群盖度动态拟合更容易;(4)在整个放牧季,草地牧草现存量变化呈单峰曲线变化趋势,且草地牧草现存量与放牧强度之间存在显著负相关;(5)宁夏盐池荒漠草地类型滩羊适宜放牧强度为0.450只/hm2.     

荒漠草原区不同放牧方式对植被群落特征的影响

对荒漠草原区不同放牧方式下的植被群落特征进行研究。研究结果表明,石生针茅的高度和密度在全天放牧区最高,盖度在对照区最高;无芒隐子草高度在对照区最高,盖度和密度在夜间放牧区最高;赖草的高度和密度在白天放牧区较高,盖度在对照区最高;夜间放牧区的地上生物量在7、8、9月均较低。     

不同放牧密度对草原植被特征的影响分析

呼伦贝尔天然草原在不同放牧半径条件下的草原植被演替特征，包括植被组成、群落主要植物的优势度、植被演替度、植被高度、盖度以及生产力与放牧强度的变化关系等。结果分析表明：呼伦贝尔草原放牧密度的差异将导致植被组成中的减少种、增加种与侵入种比例呈有规律改变，特别是随放牧密度的增大，侵入种比例急剧开始升高；同时草原植被中优势种比例下降，而且植被演替度减小，植被生产力下降。应用植被生态学的定量分析方法，对不同     

Grazing Method Effect on Topographical Vegetation Characteristics and Livestock Performance in the Nebraska Sandhills

A study was conducted on upland range in the Nebraska Sandhills to determine differences in plant species frequency of occurrence and standing crop at various topographic positions on pastures grazed with short-duration grazing (SDG) and deferred-rotation grazing (DRG). Pastures within each grazing treatment were grazed at comparable stocking rates (SDG = 1.84 animal unit months (AUM) · ha^?1; DRG = 1.94 AUM · ha^?1) by cow–calf pairs from 1999 to 2005 and cow–calf pairs and spayed heifers from 2006 to 2008. Plant frequency of occurrence data were collected from permanently marked transects prior to, midway through, and at the conclusion of the study (1998, 2003, and 2008, respectively) and standing crop data were collected annually from 2001 to 2008 at four topographic positions (dune top, interdune, north slope, and south slope). Livestock performance data were collected during the last 3 yr of the study (2006 to 2008). Positive change in frequency of occurrence of prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia [Hook.] Scribn.) was 42% greater on DRG pastures than SDG after 10 yr. Total live standing crop did not differ between DRG and SDG except in 2001 when standing crop was 23% greater on DRG pastures. Standing crop of forbs and sedge was variable between grazing methods on interdune topographic positions depending on year. Average daily gain of spayed heifers (0.84 ±  kg · d^?1 SE) did not differ between SDG and DRG. Overall, SDG was not superior to a less intensively managed grazing method (i.e., DRG) in terms of vegetation characteristics and livestock performance.     

放牧对温性荒漠草原植物群落特征与牧草营养品质的影响

为研究放牧对温性荒漠草原植物群落特征和牧草营养品质的影响,本文研究了放牧和围封对温性荒漠草原植物群落特征、牧草营养品质的影响及其相互关系。结果表明：放牧显著降低了植物群落的高度、盖度和生物量,显著增加了物种丰富度指数（P<0.01）;放牧显著增加牧草粗蛋白（Crude protein,CP）、粗脂肪（Crude fat,CF）、消化率（Dry matter digestibility,DMD）和代谢能（Metabolic energy,ME）,显著降低了牧草的中性洗涤纤维（Neutral detergent fibers,NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（Acid detergent fibers,ADF）（P<0.01）;群落多样性指数与牧草CP,CF,DMD和ME呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与牧草NDF和ADF呈显著负相关（P<0.01）;牧草CP,CF,DMD和ME与NDF和ADF呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。总之,放牧处理显著增加了物种丰富度指数和牧草营养品质。建议对围封温性荒漠草原进行适度放牧,以充分利用草地资源,保护草地物种多样性。     

退化高寒草甸暖季休牧恢复过程中植被和土壤特性

为探讨暖季休牧恢复过程中退化高寒草甸植被和土壤恢复特性,本研究对泽库县退化高山嵩草草甸暖季休牧样地不同恢复阶段植被和土壤特性进行调查,结果显示植被高度、地上生物量、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量等生态功能属性随自然恢复时间的延长不断得到改善(P<0.05),在恢复末期(9—10年)恢复最好;植被盖度、地下生物量、多样性、土...     

封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落特征和土壤特性的影响

为探究封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤特性的影响,本研究以封育13年和连续放牧高寒草甸为研究对象,采用野外群落调查和室内土壤分析相结合的方法,探究封育和放牧对植被群落状况和土壤特性的影响。结果表明：封育显著提高了群落的盖度和地上生物量（P<0.01）;封育显著提高了0~30 cm土壤总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、速效氮（Available nitrogen,AN）、速效磷（Available phosphorus,AP）和速效钾（Available potassium,AK）（P<0.01）;封育显著降低了群落密度、物种丰富度指数、香农-维纳多样性指数和均匀度指数（P<0.01）。总之,封育虽增加了高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤养分,但在一定程度上导致草地植物群落多样性的下降,研究建议针对封育13年的高寒草甸进行适当的放牧以增加群落物种多样性和丰富度。     

放牧强度对黄土丘陵区草地植物群落特征的影响

退耕还林(草)工程实施后,黄土丘陵区形成大面积草地,该草地的可持续管理备受关注。适度放牧可能有利于草地植物群落的自然更新及可持续发展,同时可增加经济收入,但该区鲜见相关报道。为此,本文以该区20年以上退耕草地为研究对象,通过野外调查,研究了不同放牧强度(以单位面积羊粪球数量表征)对草地植物群落特征的影响。结果表明：轻度放牧(粪球密度为0～10个·m^-2)可促进退耕草地植物群落发育,群落平均高度、盖度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数较封禁草地分别增加了39.8%,5.0%,26.0%,14.8%和32.8%。放牧超过一定强度(粪球密度大于10个·m^-2)将导致退耕草地植物群落退化,群落平均高度、盖度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数较封禁草地分别降低了48.0%,24.2%,63.1%,14.3%和27.0%。在一定放牧强度(15～20个·m^-2)下植物群落中直立、丛生生活型物种优势度降低,莲座和匍匐生活型物种优势度增加,耐牧性增强。本研究可为黄土丘陵区大面积退...     

Cattle Grazing and Vegetation Succession on Burned Sagebrush Steppe

There is limited information about the effects of cattle grazing to longer-term plant community composition and herbage production following fire in sagebrush steppe. This study evaluated vegetation response to cattle grazing over 7 yr (2007–2013) on burned Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis [Beetle & Young] Welsh) steppe in eastern Oregon. Treatments, replicated four times and applied in a randomized complete block design, included no grazing on burned (nonuse) and unburned (control) sagebrush steppe; and cattle grazing at low (low), moderate (moderate), and high (high) stocking on burned sagebrush steppe. Vegetation dynamics were evaluated by quantifying herbaceous (canopy and basal cover, density, production, reproductive shoot weight) and shrub (canopy cover, density) response variables. Aside from basal cover, herbaceous canopy cover, production, and reproduction were not different among low, moderate, and nonuse treatments. Perennial bunchgrass basal cover was about 25% lower in the low and moderate treatments than the nonuse. Production, reproductive stem weight, and perennial grass basal cover were greater in the low, moderate, and nonuse treatments than the control. The high treatment had lower perennial bunchgrass cover (canopy and basal) and production than other grazed and nonuse treatments. Bunchgrass density remained unchanged in the high treatment, not differing from other treatments, and reproductive effort was comparable to the other treatments, indicating these areas are potentially recoverable by reducing stocking. Cover and production of Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass) did not differ among the grazed and nonuse treatments, though all were greater than the control. Cover and density of A.t. spp. wyomingensis did not differ among the burned grazed and nonuse treatments and were less than the control. We concluded that light to moderate stocking rates are compatible to sustainable grazing of burned sagebrush steppe rangelands.     

Paddock Size Mediates the Heterogeneity of Grazing Impacts on Vegetation

Domestic herbivores’ effect on vegetation is spatially heterogeneous, being one of the major causes of forage resources degradation. It has been proposed that paddock size controls grazing impact’s heterogeneity because as size decreases, herbivores’ utilization is spatially more even. However, this has not been critically evaluated in commercial-scale paddocks isolating paddock size effects from other factors influencing the interaction between herbivores and vegetation. Here we assessed how paddock size mediates the heterogeneity of continuous sheep grazing effects on vegetation, at constant stocking rate in Patagonian steppes. We selected three small (ca. 110 ha) and three large (ca. 1 100 ha) paddocks dominated by the same plant community. All paddocks contained a single watering point and presented similar shape. Total and specific plant cover, vegetation patchiness, population size distribution of dominant grass species, plant morphology, and sheep feces density were estimated at increasing distances from watering points. Relationships between vegetation variables and distance from the watering point were in most cases asymptotic exponential, although responses generally differed between small and large paddocks. In small paddocks, vegetation variables mostly reached a plateau at a short distance from the watering point (~ 200 m). Instead, in large paddocks, the changes in vegetation variables were larger and more gradual, and reached a plateau at much greater distances (~ 2 000 m). Vegetation heterogeneity throughout the paddock was lower in small than large paddocks. Our findings suggest that paddock size mediates the spatial pattern of grazing effects on vegetation. Reducing paddock size decreases grazing impacts spatial heterogeneity, which makes plant-animal interactions more predictable and might improve forage utilization efficiency.