Temperature measurements in carbonatite lava lakes and flows from oldoinyo lengai, Tanzania

The petrogenesis of carbonatites has important implications for mantle processes and for the magmatic evolution of mantle melts rich in carbon dioxide. Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania, is the only active carbonatite volcano on Earth. Its highly alkalic, sodium-rich lava, although different in composition from the more common calcium-rich carbonatites, provides the opportunity for observations of the physical characteristics of carbonatite melts. Temperature measurements on active carbonatitic lava flows and from carbonatitic lava lakes were carried out during a period of effusive activity in June 1988. Temperatures ranged from 491 degrees to 519 degrees C. The highest temperature, measured from a carbonatitic lava lake, was 544 degrees C. These temperatures are several hundred degrees lower than measurements from any silicate lava. At the observed temperatures, the carbonatite melt had lower viscosities than the most fluid basaltic lavas. The unusually low magmatic temperatures were confirmed with 1-atmosphere melting experiments on natural samples.     

Pacific geomagnetic secular variation

We have considered several different types of records of long-period geomagnetic secular variation: direct measurements made in geomagnetic observatories; paleomagnetic measurements on Hawaiian lava flows with accurately known ages in the interval 0 to 200 years; paleomagentic measurements on Hawaiian lava flows with loosely determined ages within the interval 200 to 10,000 years ago; and worldwide paleomagnetic measurements of the average geomagnetic angular dispersion recorded in lava flows that formed during the past 0.7 million years. All these magnetic records indicate that, during this time, the nondipole component of the earth's field was lower in the central Pacific than elsewhere, as it is today. This, in turn, indicates that there is some type of inhomogeneity in the lower mantle which is coupled to the earth's core in such a way as to suppress the generation of the nondipole field beneath the central Pacific. With the present incomplete state of knowledge about the processes that give rise to the earth's field, it is uncertain whether undulations in the core-mantle interface or lateral variations in the composition and physical state of the lower mantle are ultimately responsible for the pattern of secular variation seen at the earth's surface.     

三江平原大豆田湍流热通量研究

【目的】明确大豆田地表湍流热通量变化特征及其规律,为阐明大豆田地表能量平衡奠定基础。【方法】以三江平原大豆田为研究对象,基于涡度相关数据分析大豆生长季地表湍流热通量的日变化、季节变化、地表水分平衡和地表能量分配特征及其主控因子。【结果】大豆田地表潜热和感热通量日变化均表现为明显的单峰特征。潜热通量季节变化特征明显,一般于6月下旬至7月上旬达到最大值,其与净辐射呈显著线性正相关关系,但当降水量较少时也与降水量呈显著线性正相关关系。 大豆田地表感热通量整体呈下降趋势,亦与净辐射呈显著线性正相关关系,但感热通量Hs和Hs/Rn均与降水量呈显著负相关关系。大豆生长季内降水总量明显大于蒸散总量,但降水分布不均也会使得短期内出现水分收支亏缺。2005-2007年,大豆田波文比季节变化特征不完全相同,波文比与降水量和叶面积指数均呈显著负相关关系。【结论】三江平原大豆田潜热和感热通量单峰日变化特征显著,生长季内大豆地表水分盈余。净辐射、降水量和植被发育是影响大豆田潜热和感热通量以及能量分配的主要因子。     

Accelerated uplift and magmatic intrusion of the Yellowstone caldera, 2004 to 2006

The Yellowstone caldera began a rapid episode of ground uplift in mid-2004, revealed by Global Positioning System and interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements, at rates up to 7 centimeters per year, which is over three times faster than previously observed inflation rates. Source modeling of the deformation data suggests an expanding volcanic sill of approximately 1200 square kilometers at a 10-kilometer depth beneath the caldera, coincident with the top of a seismically imaged crustal magma chamber. The modeled rate of source volume increase is 0.1 cubic kilometer per year, similar to the amount of magma intrusion required to supply the observed high heat flow of the caldera. This evidence suggests magma recharge as the main mechanism for the accelerated uplift, although pressurization of magmatic fluids cannot be ruled out.     

膜下滴灌棉田潜热和感热通量分配特征分析

膜下滴灌棉田获得的辐射热量比常规灌溉棉田稍高,以潜热通量的方式消耗的热量花蕾期约占净辐射的61.0%、吐絮期为42.3%,沙漠下垫面条件下产生的干而热的空气块在天气系统运动作用下,经过棉田使潜热通量增加,但膜下滴灌棉田比常规灌溉棉田花蕾期低7%左右,且后期差距加大,使得膜下滴灌棉田的感热通量、波恩比比常规灌溉棉田分别高4.8%～6.4%、0.1～0.2,其小气候条件优于常规棉田.     

Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation in the cascade range, north-central Oregon

In north-central Oregon a large area of near-zero near-surface conductive heat flow occurs in young volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range. Recent advective heat flux measurements and a heat-budget analysis suggest that ground-water circulation sweeps sufficient heat out of areas where rocks younger than 6 Ma (million years ago) are exposed to account for the anomalously high advective and conductive heat discharge measured in older rocks at lower elevations. Earlier workers have proposed that an extensive midcrustal magmatic heat source is responsible for this anomalously high heat flow. Instead, high heat flow in the older rocks may be a relatively shallow phenomenon caused by regional ground-water flow. Any deeper anomaly may be relatively narrow, spatially variable, and essentially confined to the Quaternary (less than 2 Ma) arc. Magmatic intrusion at a rate of 9 to 33 cubic kilometers per kilometer of arc length per million years can account for the total heat flow anomaly. Deep drilling in the areas of high heat flow in the older rocks could indicate which model is more appropriate for the near-surface heat flow data.     

Volcanic hotspots on io: stability and longitudinal distribution

We report the first results of a program to determine the longitudinal distribution of volcanic activity on Jupiter's satellite Io. Infrared measurements at 8.7, 10, and 20 micrometers have been taken at a variety of orbital longitudes: strong variation in the 8.7- and 10-micrometer flux with longitude demonstrates that infrared emission arising from volcanic hotspots on Io is strongly concentrated in a few locations. Analysis of these data suggests that the active volcanic regions observed by the Voyager experimenters are still active, particularly the region around the feature known as Loki. Another source of flux, although of somewhat smaller magnitude, is indicated on the opposite hemisphere. If these sources are the only major volcanic centers on Io, then current global heat flow estimates must be revised downward. However, heat flow from as yet unobserved longitudes, hotspots at high latitudes, and conducted heat flow must still be measured.     

Earth tides, global heat flow, and tectonics

The power of a heat engine ignited by tidal energy can account for geologically reasonable rates of average magma production and sea floor spreading. These rates control similarity of heat flux over continents and oceans because of an inverse relationship between respective depth intervals for mass transfer and consequent distributions of radiogenic heat production.     

Eruption prediction aided by electronic tiltmeter data at mount st. Helens

Telemetry from electronic tiltmeters in the crater at Mount St. Helens contributed to accurate predictions of all six effusive eruptions from June 1981 to August 1982. Tilting of the crater floor began several weeks before each eruption, accelerated sharply for several days, and then abruptly changed direction a few minutes to days before extrusion began. Each episode of uplift was caused by the intrusion of magma into the lava dome from a shallow source, causing the dome to inflate and eventually rupture. Release of magma pressure and increased surface loading by magma added to the dome combined to cause subsidence just prior to extrusion.     

Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day-and Nightside Venus Ionosphere

Pioneer Venus in situ measurements made with the retarding potential analyzer reveal strong variations in the nightside ionospheric plasma density from location to location in some orbits and from orbit to orbit. The ionopause is evident at night as a relatively abrupt decrease in the thermal plasma concentration from a few hundred to ten or fewer ions per cubic centimeter. The nightside ion and electron temperatures above an altitude of 250 kilometers, within the ionosphere and away from the terminator, are comparable in magnitude and have a value at the ionopause of approximately 8000 K. The electron temperature increases from a few tens of thousands of degrees Kelvin just outside the ionopause to several hundreds of thoussands of degrees Kelvin further into the shocked solar wind. The coldest ion temperatures measured at an altitude of about 145 kilometers are 140 to 150 K and are still evidently above the neutral temperature. Preliminary day-and nightside model ion and electron temperature height profiles are compared with measured profiles. To raise the model ion temperature to the measured ion temperature on both day-and nightsides, it was necessary to include an ion energy source of the order of 4 x 10(-3) erg per square centimeter per second, presumably Joule heating. The heat flux through the electron gas from the solar wind into the neutral atmosphere averaged over day and night may be as large as 0.05 erg per square centimeter per second. Integrated over the planet surface, this heat flux represents one-tenth of the solar wind energy expended in drag on the sunward ionopause hemisphere.     

黑土区耕作措施对春季耕层温度的影响

本文通过长期定位试验,分析了免耕、少耕和旋松三种耕作措施下耕层黑土土壤容积热容量、土壤热通量、净辐射的变化,进而阐明了耕作措施对耕层土壤温度日变化的影响.研究表明:各处理)0cm和5cm处土壤温度变化与净辐射通量变化存在极显著相关关系.5cm处土壤热通量日变化各处理均表现为"S"型波动曲线,日变化相对较大,10cm处相对较小.免耕秸秆覆盖日净辐射平均值为0.58MJ/m2,比少耕和旋松小0.04MJ/m2,受净辐射、容积热容量和5cm处热通量影响,0 cm和5cm处土壤温度日变化较大,且有波动现象;受深层较低地温、容积热容量和10cm处热通量影响,10cm和15cm处土壤温度变化较小,且较平稳.所有耕作措施土壤温度随深度的增加出现滞后现象.免耕秸秆覆盖措施各耕层相对于其他处理地温均较低,影响春季地温的升高.     

Infrared and thermal properties of lunar rock

The infrared absorption properties of lunar rock throughout the range 2 to 2000 micrometers were investigated and, in addition, direct measurements of specific heat and thermal conductivity of rock samples were made. The results suggest that pure radiation is an important, if not dominant, process in heat flow in the lunar surface layer. A new method for determining the mean conductivity of this layer gives somewhat lower values than earlier earth-based measurements. There is also evidence to suggest that, at depths of about 10 meters, the rock is still of a porous and fragmental nature.     

利用简化型多针热脉冲技术原位测定地表热通量

为简化多针热脉冲技术获取地表热通量的测定方法,本研究基于热脉冲技术的方法原理以及传感器的设计准则,提出一种简化型多针热脉冲传感器,并对其田间实地测定结果进行评估。首先利用简化型传感器测定获取了0~50 mm土层热储量和50 mm深度处土壤热通量数据,估算得到地表热通量的动态变化;后与传统组合法(de Vries模型+自校正热通量板法)获取的地表热通量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:简化型多针热脉冲传感器与传统组合法得到的地表热通量日变化趋势一致,对2种方法的测定值进行回归分析所得直线的斜率为1.09,决定系数为0.98;在测定时期内,简化型多针热脉冲技术获取田间地表热通量的平均绝对偏差为12.33 W/m²。因此,本研究中提出的简化型多针热脉冲技术可以用于准确监测田间地表热通量动态,可为农田水热过程和通量研究提供有效的监测手段。     

Empirical models of the electron temperature and density in the nightside venus ionosphere

Empirical models of the electron temperature and electron density of the late afternoon and nightside Venus ionosphere have been derived from Pioneer Venus measurements acquired between 10 December 1978 and 23 March 1979. The models describe the average ionosphere conditions near 18 degrees N latitude between 150 and 700 kilometers altitude for solar zenith angles of 80 degrees to 180 degrees . The average index of solar flux was 200. A major feature of the density model is the factor of 10 decrease beyond 90 degrees followed by a very gradual decrease between 120 degrees and 180 degrees . The density at 150 degrees is about five times greater than observed by Venera 9 and 10 at solar minimum (solar flux approximately 80), a difference that is probably related to the effects of increased solar activity on the processes that maintain the nightside ionosphere. The nightside electron density profile from the model (above 150 kilometers) can be reproduced theoretically either by transport of 0(+) ions from the dayside or by precipitation of low-energy electrons. The ion transport process would require a horizontal flow velocity of about 300 meters per second, a value that is consistent with other Pioneer Venus observations. Although currently available energetic electron data do not yet permit the role of precipitation to be evaluated quantitatively, this process is clearly involved to some extent in the formation of the nightside ionosphere. Perhaps the most surprising feature of the temperature model is that the electron temperature remains high throughout the nightside ionosphere. These high nocturnal temperatures and the existence of a well-defined nightside ionopause suggest that energetic processes occur across the top of the entire nightside ionosphere, maintaining elevated temperatures. A heat flux of 2 x 10(10) electron volts per square centimeter per second, introduced at the ionopause, is consistent with the average electron temperature profile on the nightside at a solar zenith angle of 140 degrees .     

运行条件对膜污染影响及数学建模

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)对高浓度中药废水两相厌氧消化系统出水进行处理,研究了不同温度和压力条件下污泥浓度(MLSS)对MBR中膜通量衰减的影响,并在此基础上建立了不同操作条件下的膜通量随MLSS变化的数学模型。实验结果表明:MBR中膜通量不仅仅与MLSS有关,还与MBR中其他条件有关。在不同运行条件下,随着温度和操作压力的变化,膜通量随污泥浓度的增加而递减,且膜通量在一定MLSS条件下与温度和操作压力存在着正相关性。为描述这种变化趋势,进行相关性分析并建立了在3个不同温度和操作压力的条件下,膜通量和MLSS的数学模拟关系。通过建立的模型发现膜通量无论是在不同温度、还是在不同压力的条件下均与MLSS呈负相关,呈现相同的规律性即MLSS越高,膜通量越低。同时也证明温度和操作压力的增加有利于膜通量的增加。     

The nature of the interior of uranus based on studies of planetary ices at high dynamic pressure

Data from the Voyager II spacecraft showed that Uranus has a large magnetic field with geometry similar to an offset tilted dipole. To interpret the origin of the magnetic field, measurements were made of electrical conductivity and equation-of-state data of the planetary "ices" ammonia, methane, and "synthetic Uranus" at shock pressures and temperatures up to 75 gigapascals and 5000 K. These pressures and temperatures correspond to conditions at the depths at which the surface magnetic field is generated. Above 40 gigapascals the conductivities of synthetic Uranus, water, and ammonia plateau at about 20(ohm-cm)(-1), providing an upper limit for the electrical conductivity used in kinematic or dynamo calculations. The nature of materials at the extreme conditions in the interior is discussed.     

Cristobalite in volcanic ash of the soufriere hills volcano, montserrat, british west indies

Crystalline silica (mostly cristobalite) was produced by vapor-phase crystallization and devitrification in the andesite lava dome of the Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. The sub-10-micrometer fraction of ash generated by pyroclastic flows formed by lava dome collapse contains 10 to 24 weight percent crystalline silica, an enrichment of 2 to 5 relative to the magma caused by selective crushing of the groundmass. The sub-10-micrometer fraction of ash generated by explosive eruptions has much lower contents (3 to 6 percent) of crystalline silica. High levels of cristobalite in respirable ash raise concerns about adverse health effects of long-term human exposure to ash from lava dome eruptions.     

Hydrothermal plume measurements: a regional perspective

An extensive deep-tow survey around an active submarine vent field was conducted to map the three-dimensional distribution of hydrothermal emissions and calculate the hydrothermal discharge of heat and manganese. Emissions from the 10-kilometer-long vent field formed a nearly isopycnal plume about 250 meters thick and elongated in the direction of the local net current. Net export of hydrothermal discharge from both point and diffuse sources was estimated from the advective transport of the plume; the heat flux was 5.8 +/- 2.9 x 10(8) watts and the dissolved manganese flux was 0.2 +/- 0.1 moles per second. Flux measurements of this type could be expanded to encompass entire ridge segments, allowing comparison with theoretical thermal and chemical process models on a common spatial scale.     

Magma supply rate at kilauea volcano, 1952-1971

The three longest Kilauea eruptions since 1952 produced lava at an overall constant rate of about 9 x 10(6) cubic meters per month (vesicle-free). This is considered to represent the rate of magma supply from a deep source, probably the mantle, because little or no summit deformation indicating high-level storage accompanied any of the three eruptions.     

Deformation monitoring at mount st. Helens in 1981 and 1982

For several weeks before each eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1981 and 1982, viscous magma rising in the feeder conduit inflated the lava dome and shoved the crater floor laterally against the immobile crater walls, producing ground cracks and thrust faults. The rates of deformation accelerated before eruptions, and thus it was possible to predict eruptions 3 to 19 days in advance. Lack of deformation outside the crater showed that intrusion of magma during 1981 and 1982 was not voluminous.