北方冬小麦不同生育期干旱风险评估

基于北方6省市和61个市县1981—2012年冬小麦产量和逐日气象资料,有效分离冬小麦减产率,通过典型干旱年份冬小麦减产率与水分亏缺距平指数、降水距平百分率的相关分析筛选致灾因子;基于减产率分级,利用冬小麦不同生育期减产率与致灾因子数学模型构建干旱等级指标;综合冬小麦干旱等级的强度及其风险概率,进行冬小麦生育期干旱风险评估。结果表明:冬小麦减产率与水分亏缺距平指数的相关系数达0.355~0.656,明显大于降水距平百分率,在各生育阶段内均通过0.05的显著性检验,确定为干旱致灾因子;在冬小麦不同生育期内,通过冬小麦减产率-致灾因子线性模型得到的轻、中、重、特重干旱等级指标,以0.297、0.351、0.214、0.159、0.316、0.547、0.149分别为苗期、越冬期、返青期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期和全生育期发生干旱的临界值;不同生育期冬小麦干旱风险分布形式存在一定地区差异,这与地区降水量对冬小麦需水的满足情况相符,其中,河北南部和山东西北部在各生育期均属于冬小麦干旱的高危险性地区。     

河北省冬小麦生产干旱风险分析

利用河北省冬麦区49个气象站1980-2010年的气象资料及其相应的冬小麦产量资料,选取三种干旱指数,根据自然灾害风险分析的基本原理,计算了气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损三种风险度,并进行了相应的风险区划,根据区划结果提出了不同风险区的减灾对策.结果表明:(1)冬麦区气候干旱风险以中风险或较高风险区域为主,作物干旱风险则以较高风险区为主,产量灾损低风险区域较大.(2)气候干旱、作物干旱、产量灾损各等级风险区分布无明显相关关系,产量灾损风险与各地的灌溉条件关系密切.(3)产量灾损各风险区应采取不同的减灾对策,高风险区应以防旱为主,采取一系列保墒措施,提高自然水分利用率;较高风险区应以抗旱防旱为主,加强农田水利基本建设,改善灌溉条件;中低风险区应以发展优化灌溉制度为主,实现节水高产.     

基于产量灾损的冬小麦干热风综合风险区划

利用河南省118个县气象站逐日气象资料、作物耕地面积和灌溉面积等资料,30个农业气象观测站产量、产量结构及作物发育期资料,通过分解气象产量和假设千粒重期望值的方法,提取出了灌浆期气象产量,考虑减产风险概率、千粒重变异系数等指标,构建了干热风产量灾损风险指数。将产量灾损风险与灾害气候风险区划结果相结合,制定了干热风灾害综合风险区划。结果表明：提取的灌浆期气象产量呈正态分布,各代表站干热风发生年份的平均减产率为7.4%;干热风产量灾损的低风险区占全区域的43.3%,中度风险区占36.7%,高风险区占20%。襄城、方城、西平和驻马店等地干热风灾害综合风险指数均在0.5以上,是产量灾损高风险与气候高风险的重叠区,低风险区位于伊川、南阳、郑州、太康和淮河以南大部。     

雨养农业区马铃薯产量的风险评估

以雨养农业区乌兰察布盟地区为例,以历年减产率指标、减产率变异系数、减产率概率指标和综合风险指数指标等为评估标准,结合小网格资源推算的方法,分析了乌兰察布盟地区马铃薯单产的风险分布规律。根据气候相似性原理,利用最优动态聚类的方法,给出马铃薯种植的风险区划。同时对影响马铃薯产量波动的风险成因进行分析,认为气象灾害的频繁发生是引起该地区马铃薯产量波动的主要因子之一。     

河北省冬小麦春季霜冻害发生规律及风险分析

根据河北省1971-2010年冬小麦春季霜冻害灾情资料、逐日气象资料,建立了以气温稳定通过12℃为临界期的冬小麦霜冻害判别指标;分析了霜冻害时空变化特征;根据灾害风险分析原理,建立了霜冻害风险指数,进行了相应的风险区划,并初步探讨了霜冻害对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:河北省霜冻害以轻度为主,90年代以后发生霜冻害的站点数年际间变化幅度较90年代以前明显增大,站点数量明显增多;霜冻害总站点数存在明显的4a、7a和11a周期,90年代中期以后7a周期消失,11a周期逐渐缩短为8a周期;霜冻害高发区分布在邯郸、邢台、保定西北部以及沧州和衡水两市的部分地区,低发区分布在唐山、秦皇岛地区;霜冻害风险以中度和低度为主,中度风险区分布在邯郸西部、邢台大部、沧州南部、保定西北部,其它麦区大部为低风险区。霜冻害影响冬小麦产量的形成,发生强度与冬小麦气象产量呈负相关(r=-0.346)、与减产率呈正相关(r=0.342)。     

四川水稻不同生育阶段的干旱风险评估

水稻是四川最主要的粮食作物,而干旱是制约水稻生产的主要因素,四川省春旱、夏旱和伏旱灾害频发,常导致水稻减产。本研究基于气象资料、水稻灾情史料和生育期资料,选取湿润指数距平率作为水稻干旱指标,构建了四川水稻干旱等级,并利用灾情样本进行了验证。在此基础上,分析了1961-2015年四川水稻不同种植区不同生育阶段的干旱时空变化特征及风险分布状况。结果表明:从时间变化看,近55年来,水稻移栽～孕穗期干旱总站数平均每10年增多0.56个,其中轻旱和重旱平均每10年分别增多0.20个和0.41个,而中旱基本不变;孕穗～开花期干旱总站数平均每10年减少0.49个,其中中旱和重旱平均每10年均减少0.22个,而轻旱基本不变;开花～成熟期干旱总站数平均每10年增多0.54个,其中轻旱和重旱平均每10年分别增多0.23个和0.55个,而中旱基本不变。干旱频率的分布特征为:移栽～孕穗期的干旱频率呈现中部高、西南部和东北部低的特征,高发区主要分布在北部的绵阳-南部的宜宾一线(36%～58.2%);孕穗～开花期的干旱频率由西向东递增,高发区主要分布在盆地北部和东北部(36%～61.9%);开花～成熟期的干旱频率呈由西向东递增的趋势,高发区主要分布在盆地东北部和盆南的局部地区(30%～47.3%)。水稻干旱风险分布为:移栽～孕穗期较高风险区和高风险区主要集中在德阳、资阳和宜宾等地;孕穗～开花期较高风险区和高风险区主要在盆地中部和东北部;开花～成熟期较高风险区和高风险区主要在盆地东北部和盆南的局部地区。     

典型脆弱区干旱灾害风险评估关键技术研究

基于对黄土塬区旱灾风险成因的深入分析，选取“灾害胁迫—社会脆弱性—暴露”的自然灾害风险评价体系及相应的遥感数据和社会经济数据作为干旱灾害风险数据源，通过层次分析法构建旱灾风险评估模型，并运用GIS技术分别对3项指标因子进行空间叠加分析，最后利用自然断点法对庆阳地区旱灾风险进行等级划分与评估。计算结果表明：(1)整体而言，庆阳地区干旱灾害风险有显著的空间差异，呈“北高南低、西高东低”的特点，这主要是由于降雨时空分布不均造成的。(2)庆阳地区高、次高、中、次低、低风险等级面积分别占研究区总面积的11.30%、24.90%、30.96%、18.54%、14.3%。(3)高风险区主要集中在环县北部以及庆阳市中心地区；次高风险区主要分布在环县中部、华池县北部以及镇原县北部地区；中风险区主要分布在镇原县南部、庆城县南部、华池县南部、正宁县西部以及宁县南部地区；次低风险区主要分布在宁县东部以及合水县南部；低风险区主要集中在庆阳市东部，即华池县东南部、合水县东部、宁县东部以及正宁县大部分地区。     

甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估及其区划

为提高西北旱作冬小麦干旱风险管理水平,选用甘肃省41个气象站1971—2016年逐日常规气象观测资料及甘肃省冬小麦农业生产相关资料,基于自然灾害风险理论,从危险性、暴露性、脆弱性、防灾能力4个因子出发,建立了甘肃省冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估模型,并用Arc GIS对甘肃省冬小麦进行干旱风险区划。结果表明:甘肃省冬小麦全生育期干旱高危险区和次高危险区主要位于陇中北部、陇东北部和陇南南部;高暴露区和次高暴露区集中在陇东和陇南地区;高脆弱区和次高脆弱区主要位于陇东大部;次低防灾能力区和低防灾能力区位于陇东大部和陇南北部。甘肃省冬小麦高风险区分布于庆阳市北部和陇南市南部,次高风险区和中度风险区主要位于陇东大部、陇中北部和天水市北部,省内其余冬小麦区属于次低和低风险区。该研究成果将为甘肃冬小麦防灾减灾及可持续发展提供一定理论依据。     

内蒙古草原干旱灾害综合风险评估

区域气候变化对内蒙古草原影响凸显,干旱已经成为威胁内蒙古草原生态系统的首要自然灾害。基于自然灾害风险理论,利用内蒙古草原牧区54个牧业旗县的气象、土壤水分、植被、遥感、社会经济和地理信息数据,从旱灾致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力4个方面选取影响干旱的8个关键性指标,采用层次分析法、加权综合评价法和专家打分法,确定风险指标权重,构建旱灾风险评估模型,借助GIS空间分析功能,对内蒙古草原旱灾风险进行综合评估。研究结果表明:综合旱灾风险指数空间分布呈"南高北低、东高西低"特点,具有较明显的地带性分布规律。内蒙古草原高、中、低旱灾风险等级面积分别占研究区总面积的21.3%、37.4%、41.3%。高风险区主要分布在呼伦贝尔市中部偏西地区、兴安盟西南部、通辽市大部、赤峰市中部、锡林郭勒盟南部、乌兰察布市中部、呼和浩特市北部、包头市中部偏南和鄂尔多斯市南部;低风险区主要分布在呼伦贝尔市西部、通辽市东部、锡林郭勒盟西北部、乌兰察布市北部、鄂尔多斯市中部和东部及巴彦浩特市东部。构建的评估模型总体反映了内蒙古草原旱灾综合风险水平,可为内蒙古草原灾害风险管理、应对气候变化、抗旱减灾行动提供依据。     

辽宁省主要粮食作物产量灾损风险评估

从产量灾损风险的角度,利用1971～2008年辽宁省主要粮食作物玉米和水稻的产量资料,构建了辽宁省粮食产量灾损风险评估模型,从历年平均减产率、灾年减产率变异系数、产量灾损风险指数等角度综合评估了辽宁省粮食产量的灾损风险.结果表明:辽宁大部都是玉米生产的低风险区,高风险区主要分布在朝阳和锦州地区,大连、鞍山和葫芦岛为中风...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.