甜菜新品种甜研206的选育

甜研206(原代号95802)是以7个二倍体多粒型有粉系按5：5：4：2：2：2：1比例配制的多系杂交组合，该品种1999—2001年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验，平均根产量分别为37622．2kg/hm^2和39430．2kg/hm^2，分别比统一对照品种甜研303提高13．7％和10．9％，平均含糖率为17．30％和17．47％，比统一对照品种甜研303提高0．57度和0．52度，平均产核量为6527．0kg/hm2和6897．6kg／hm^2，比统一对照品种甜研303提高17．4％和14．4％。抗褐斑病性强，平均褐斑病病情为0．62级，比对照品种低0．75级，较耐根腐病和丛根病。适宜在黑龙江省的哈尔滨市郊、讷河、依安、拜泉、友谊、宁安等地区种植。     

甜菜品种ADV0413引种鉴定

ADV0413是黑龙江省九三科研所从荷兰安地公司引进的三倍体多粒杂交种,2004-2006年参加黑龙江省甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验,平均根产量分别为45521.6kg／hm^2和52710.8kg／hm^2,比对照品种甜研303增产27.3％和24.4％;平均含糖率均为15.6％,比对照品种甜研303低1.11度和0.57度;平均产糖量分别为7109.2kg／hm^2和8027.9kg／hm^2,比对照甜研303提高18.0％和18.2％。ADV0413抗褐斑病、根腐病,苗期立枯病发病率低,适应性强。适宜在黑龙江省的黑河、嫩江、哈尔滨、佳木斯、牡丹江等地区种植。     

甜菜新品种中甜205的选育

中甜205(原代号9017)是以2个二倍体多粒型有粉系按2：1比例配制的杂交组合，该品种1997-2000年参加全国甜菜品种区域试验和生产试验，平均根产量分别为39365kg／hm^2和51782kg／hm^2，分剐比当地对照品种提高6．8％和12．2％；平均含糖率为15．7％和16．5％，比当地对照品种提高1.2度和0．3度；平均产糖量为6227．9kg／hm^2和8371．2kg／hm^2，比当地对照品种提高17．6％和14．3％。抗褐斑病性强，平均褐斑病病情为1．0级，在病区一般比当地对照品种低1．5级左右；较耐根腐病。适宜在黑龙江的哈尔滨、嫩江、佳木斯地区，吉林西部，内蒙古的中部，山西大同地区，新疆的石河子、和静等地区种植。     

抗病优质高产水稻新品种绥粳8号选育及栽培技术

绥粳8号是黑龙江省农科院绥化农科所利用系谱法经过多年选择培育而成的水稻新品种,2007年2月经黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员审定通过。具有抗病、优质、高产等特点,预备试验平均产量8214．7kg／hm^2,比对照垦稻10号平均增产11．5％,区域试验平均产量8016．1kg／hm^2,平均比对照增产12．4％,生产试验平均产量8160．2kg／hm^2,平均比对照龙稻3号增产12．0％。     

早熟优质抗病品种龙粳15号的选育及其栽培技术

龙粳15号是黑龙江省农科院水稻研究所采用有性杂交和系统育种技术路线培育而成的水稻品种,2006年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定,具有早熟、优质、抗病等特点。预备试验平均产量7441．8kg／hm^2,比对照品种合江19号增产26．4％;3年区域试验平均产量7653．4kg／hm^2,比对照合江19号增产6．0％;生产试验平均产量8075．5kg/hm^2,比对照合江19号增产10．9％。     

大豆新品种垦农18号的选育及栽培要点

“垦农18号”大豆为中早熟品种，茎秆强壮，抗倒伏能力强，百粒重18—20g，蛋白质含量35．32％，脂肪含量23．17%，为高油优质大豆。异地鉴定试验，平均产量3116．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．5％。全省区域试验，平均产量2425．3kg/hm^2，比对照增产9.9％。全省生产试验，平均产量2528．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产12．0％。该品种适宜在黑龙江省第三、第四积温带种植。     

水稻新品种绥粳10号特征特性及栽培技术

绥粳10号是黑龙江省农科院绥化分院利用系谱法经过多年选择培育而成的水稻新品种,具有优质、高产、抗病等特点。多点异地鉴定试验平均单产8461．0kg／hm^2,比对照东农416增产10．7％;预备试验平均单产8233．6kg／hm^2,比对照东农416增产11．7％;区域试验平均单产8130．1kg／hm^2,比对照东农416增产11．9％;生产试验平均单产8341．1kg／hm^2,比对照东农416平均增产10．4％。     

黑亚16号亚麻新品种的选育

黑亚16号是以高纤、抗病、抗倒、早熟的俄罗斯亚麻品种俄-5为供体，以我所育成的优质、高纤、抗旱品种黑亚7号为受体进行DNA导入，于2000年D4代决选出了亚麻新品系D96021-1。经两年鉴定试验和两年区域试验均表现出高纤、优质、抗病、抗倒等优点。2005年生产试验原茎产量5842．3kg／hm^2，比对照增产11．8％；长麻产量986．6kg／hm^2，比对照增产18．1％；全麻1469．7kg／hm^2、比对照增产18．6％；种子产量405．9kg／hm^2，比对照增产15．8％；长麻率20．6％，比对照高0．9个百分点；全麻率30．8％，比对照高1．3个百分点。     

甜菜品种瑞福(RIVAL)引种鉴定

1999年包头华资实业股份有限公司引进由荷兰安地公司选育的单粒二倍体甜菜品种瑞福(RIVAL)，在2000年和2002年的内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验(抗丛组)中，平均根产量分别比对照甜研303增产156．8％和271．5％；平均舍糖率分别比对照低0．53度和提高0．16度；平均产糖量分别比对照增加145．2％和280．0％。在2001年的丛根病区生产试验中，根产量、舍糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高347．2kg／hm^2、5．03度和405．6％，病情指数为18。各项指标达到了耐病型品种标准。2004年通过了内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

纤维亚麻新品种黑亚18号选育报告

黑亚18号是以纤维亚麻品种黑亚10号为母本,法国亚麻品种Argos（高斯）为父本进行杂交选育而成。生产试验结果表明：原茎、长麻、全麻、种子产量分别达到5679．3kg／hm^2,954．6kg／hm^2、1341．4kg／hm^2和634．1kg／hm^2,分别比对照增产6．4％、21．5％、13．6％和11．8％。长麻率21．3％,比对照高2．7个百分点;全麻率30．O％,比对照高2．1个百分点。该品种做为优质、高产抗逆性强亚麻新品种,于2008年3月通过黑龙江省农作物品种登记委员会登记推广。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.