几种葡萄砧木的引种表现及抗寒性分析

旨在研究几种葡萄砧木的抗寒适应性。本试验以引进的1年生‘贝达’、‘山河1号’、‘SO4’、‘5BB’、‘抗砧3号’5种葡萄砧木为试材,进行植物学特性和生长特性调查,测定电导率、失水速率、萌芽率等指标,综合分析各砧木品种的抗寒适应性。结果表明,不同葡萄砧木叶片和新梢之间的形态特征表现不同;‘贝达’的新梢生长速率在各测定砧木中表现最高;‘抗砧3号’的移栽成活率和扦插成活率最低,分别为74%和79%,‘贝达’的移栽成活率和扦插生根率显著高于其他砧木,在新疆北疆地区具有较强的适应能力;综合评价各砧木抗寒性得出：‘贝达’＞‘山河1号’＞‘5BB’＞‘抗砧3号’＞‘SO4’。本研究结果为葡萄砧木利用及品种改良提供理论参考依据。     

19份马铃薯品种的SSR分析

为了解19份马铃薯品种资源的遗传差异及亲缘关系,利用筛选出的10对SSR适宜引物对19个供试材料的基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,得到稳定、清晰的SSR条带163个,其中多态性条带143个,其多态性比率占87.73%。19份马铃薯材料间的遗传距离(GD)介于0.2415~0.7048之间,平均GD值为0.4090。以GD值0.66为基准,将19份马铃薯品种分为5类:青薯9号、冀张薯14和冀张薯8号为一类,大百花(2191)、冀张薯5号、中薯19号、雪川1310和华颂11为一类,冀张薯12号、中薯22号和华颂7号为一类,红玫瑰、希森8号、5 p-40和希森6号为一类,中薯10号、中薯18号、华颂34和华颂33为一类。     

基于SSR标记的雪茄烟种质资源指纹图谱库的构建及遗传多样性分析

为从分子水平研究我国雪茄烟种质资源的遗传多样性差异并建立雪茄烟品种的DNA指纹图谱数据库,本研究利用43对多态性好的SSR引物对220份雪茄烟种质进行遗传多样性分析,筛选出14对核心引物对雪茄烟种质进行指纹图谱的构建。结果表明,43对SSR引物在220份雪茄烟种质材料中共扩增出243个等位基因,平均每个标记5.65个,变幅为2～13,每个位点的多态性信息量(polymorphism information content,PIC)变化为0.2078～0.9087,平均为0.6360。有效等位基因数(number of effective alleles, Ne)范围为1.3081～11.7876,平均有效等位基因数为3.9077;观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity, H_o)变化范围为0.0828～0.7639,平均为0.3191;预期杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)的变化范围为0.2361～0.9172,平均为0.6809;种群平均Shannon遗传多样性指数(Shannon genetic diversity...     

Genetic similarity among European winter triticale elite germplasms assessed with AFLP and comparisons with SSR and pedigree data

Genetic similarities (GS) based on molecular markers are well suited for direct exploration of relationships within a germplasm pool. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the genetic diversity in the European winter triticale germplasm by using AFLP markers, and (ii) compare the GS estimates of AFLP markers, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and MALÉCOT's coancestry coefficient (f). A representative set of 127 European winter triticale varieties and breeding lines, previously investigated with SSR, was assessed with 10 PstI/TaqI primer combinations (PC). AFLP analysis identified 344 polymorphic fragments with an average polymorphic information content per PC of 0.25 and a marker index of 8.56. GS‐values between genotypes (calculated after DICE) averaged 0.61 for AFLP and 0.43 for SSR. The mean f‐value was 0.06. Dendrograms based on ‘unweighted pair‐group method and arithmetic average’ showed no clear groupings within the triticale germplasm pool, but smaller clusters were consistently found. Both molecular marker systems were superior to the coancestry coefficient for genetic diversity assessment within the elite triticale germplasm.     

葡萄种质资源亲缘关系的SSR分析

对供试材料进行亲缘关系分析,为葡萄分类、种质鉴定和育种提供重要依据。利用SSR标记对新疆44个相对适宜制干葡萄品种（系）材料进行了遗传多样性分析。从52对SSR引物中筛选出8对用于葡萄的SSR扩增,共扩增出190条带,均为多态性条带,多态性百分率为100%。多态性信息含量指数(PIC)变幅为0.6868~0.9640,平均为0.9084。根据SSR扩增结果,Jaccard相似性系数分析表明44份葡萄材料的遗传相似系数的变异范围为0.63~0.92,平均遗传相似系数为0.775。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在遗传相似系数0.654处,可将44份供试材料分为5个类群：第1类包括‘奥迪亚无核’、‘赫什无核’等22份葡萄;第2类包括‘无核白鸡心’、‘葡萄园皇后’等7份葡萄;第3类包括‘美丽无核’、‘艾麦纳’等5份葡萄;第4类包括‘黎明无核’、‘红脸无核’等6份葡萄;第5类包括‘白香蕉’、‘波尔莱特’等4份葡萄。SSR标记能比较准确地检测基因型之间的遗传背景与遗传关系,其中亲缘关系较远的不同类群间及亚类间的种质资源可作为杂交育种的亲本。     

甘蔗栽培种单倍体基因组SSR位点的发掘与应用

甘蔗是世界上最重要的糖料作物之一,由于尚未完全破译栽培种基因组,导致SSR标记匮乏,难以覆盖全基因组,限制了甘蔗遗传研究的进展。本研究以栽培种R570的4660个BAC文库片段序列(累计总长为382 Mb,预测到25,316个编码蛋白基因)组装成的一套甘蔗单倍体基因组的模板,利用MISA (Microsatellite identification tool)软件,发掘SSR位点;并综合分析其与4种禾本科植物(高粱、玉米、水稻和二岁短柄草)SSR位点的分布特征;选取50对以TG和AG重复基序的SSR引物,分别利用4个甘蔗属材料(R570、ROC1、LA purple和SES208)和24个重要甘蔗亲本,对SSR引物进行扩增效率验证和多态性分析。共发掘到27,241个SSR位点,平均每个BAC片段有6.29个SSR位点,平均密度为71.33个SSR Mb?1,远低于高粱的平均密度(350.00个SSR Mb?1)。在重复基序中,占比前2位的分别为单核苷酸基序(11,079个)和三核苷酸重复基序(6447个),合计占总SSR位点数的64.33%。与甘蔗不同的是, 4种禾本科植物中的三核苷酸基序类型数量最多、占比最大。此外,在单核苷酸重复基序中, A/T所占比例最高,为84.8%, C/G所占比例最低,为15.2%;在三核苷酸重复基序中, TGT/ACA所占比例最高,为16.04%。总之,禾本科植物基因组富含A/T的基序。在50对SSR引物(TG基序41对和AG基序9对)的多态性验证中,共有45对(90%)能够扩增出清晰的条带,其中35对(70%)在4个甘蔗材料上呈现多态性。进一步利用20对多态性较高的SSR引物对24个甘蔗重要亲本材料进行分析,共扩增到95个等位基因,平均每对引物扩增4.75个,验证了这些引物应用于甘蔗遗传多样性研究的可行性。本研究鉴定的甘蔗栽培种单倍体基因组SSR标记,有效增加了甘蔗遗传研究中可用的分子标记数量,可直接用于甘蔗群体遗传多样性分析和重要性状遗传机制的解析,为甘蔗分子育种的深入研究奠定了基础。     

不同类型江苏粳稻主推品种的遗传多样性分析

利用48对SSR分子标记对2007—2013年江苏省审定的65份不同类型常规粳稻品种和7份对照品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明：42对分子标记在供试材料间存在多态性,42对SSR标记共检测到101个等位基因,变化范围为2~4个,平均每个位点2.40个。基因多样性指数变异范围为0.03~0.64,平均0.21。多态信息含量(PIC)变异范围为0.03~0.58,平均0.18。65份江苏省常规粳稻品种间的遗传相似系数变异范围在0.78~0.97之间,平均0.91,95.4%的供试品种其遗传相似系数在0.87~0.97之间。3个不同类型的粳稻品种群体内,迟熟中粳检测出的等位基因数量最高,迟熟中粳的平均位点PIC值和基因多样性指数均高于晚粳品种和中熟中粳。UPGMA聚类结果表明,以遗传相似系数0.87为界,可将除‘通鉴981’、‘扬农稻1号’和‘盐稻10号’以外的62份江苏省常规粳稻品种分为2类;江苏省大面积生产主推粳稻品种的遗传多样性不够丰富,品种间的遗传距离较小,同一育种单位选育的品种间遗传距离更小。     

Genetic base and diversity in groundnut genotypes

For the last four decades, genetic improvement of groundnut by induced mutation and recombination breeding at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India, has led to the isolation of 61 distinct genotypes, of which eight have been released for commercial cultivation. The present study was undertaken to quantify the genetic base and study the diversity through coefficient of parentage and cluster analysis. Eight ancestors have contributed to the entire genetic base, and of these ‘Spanish Improved’, through its induced mutants and mutant derivatives, accounts for 67.7% coefficient of parentage, leading to a narrow genetic base. However, the genotypes used in this study exhibited considerable variability for vegetative, reproductive and agronomic traits. Cluster analysis indicated no relationship between clustering pattern and subspecies among genotypes during rainy or summer seasons. Despite this narrow base, greater diversity could be possible following judicious use of mutation and recombination breeding to bring about genetic improvement.     

Molecular diversity in Indian sugarcane cultivars as revealed by randomly amplified DNA polymorphisms

Genetic diversity in 28 prominent Indian sugarcane varieties cultivated under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions, was studied using 25 RAPD markers. The mean genetic distance among the 28 varieties was only 29.31%, implying that a large part of the genome is similar among the varieties. This probably arises from the lack of parental diversity, with few clones which are themselves related, contributing to the parentage of these varieties. The parentage of the varieties did not contribute significantly to the clustering pattern. Varieties belonging to the same parentage were grouped under different clusters while varieties from different parentages were grouped under the same cluster. The tropical and subtropical identities of the varieties also did not contribute to the clustering pattern as individual clusters included varieties from both tropics and subtropics. This shows that genetically similar varieties are present in both the regions. Among the varieties, Co 7717 was found to be totally distinct and divergent from rest of the varieties. The study reveals the limited genetic base of the current Indian commercial varieties and the need to diversify the genetic base by using new sources from the germplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同砧木嫁接对西瓜生长、果实品质及丰产性的影响

以西瓜品种‘早佳(84-24)’自根苗为对照,进行‘日本雪松’与‘京欣砧4号’砧木与‘早佳(84-24)’的嫁接试验,探讨不同砧木品种对西瓜生长、果实品质及丰产性的影响。结果表明,2个砧木品种与‘早佳(84-24)’的共生性较好,能够显著提高西瓜幼苗的质量、促进西瓜植株的生长。嫁接西瓜的抗枯萎病能力与产量均显著高于对照,其中‘日本雪松’嫁接西瓜的产量达到49000.0 kg/hm²,‘京欣砧4号’产量达到47000.0 kg/hm²。2个砧木品种对西瓜的品质影响较小,嫁接西瓜的中心糖含量均超过了10.7%。因此,2个砧木均可作为上海地区西瓜嫁接栽培的砧木品种。     

Investigation and genetic mapping of a Glomerella leaf spot resistance locus in apple

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a severe fungal disease that damages apple leaves during the summer in China. Breeding new apple varieties that are resistant to the disease is considered the best way of controlling GLS. Fine mapping and tightly linked marker are critically essential for the preselection of resistant seedlings. In this study, a population of 207 F₁ individuals derived from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was used to construct a fine simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based genetic linkage map. The position of R_gls, a locus responsible for resistance to GLS, was identified on apple linkage group (LG) 15 using SSR markers CH05g05 and CH01d08, which was adapted from a published set of 300 SSR markers that were developed using the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) method. These two SSR markers flanked the gene, and its recombination rate was 8.7% and 23.2%, respectively. A total of 276 newly developed SSR markers around the target region and designed from the genome apple assembly contig of LG15 were screened. Only nine of these were determined to be linked to the R_gls locus. Thus, a total of 11 SSR markers were in linkage with R_gls, and mapped at distances ranging from 0.5 to 33.8 cM. The closest marker to the R_gls locus was S0405127, which showed a genetic distance of approximately 0.5 cM. The first mapping of the gene R_gls was constructed, and the locations of the 11 effective primers in the ‘Golden Delicious’ apple genome sequence were anchored. This result facilitates better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the trait of resistance to GLS and could be used in improving the breeding efficiency of GLS‐resistant apple varieties.     

Highly variable ‘Arhar’ simple sequence repeat markers for molecular diversity and phylogenetic studies in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millisp.]

Pigeonpea is an important tropical grain legume widely cultivated in South and South‐East Asia for versatile end usage as food, feed, fodder and fuel. Recent publication of draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (‘Arhar’) has allowed mining of large numbers of genomic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers most of which are either not validated or show very little polymorphism in simple agarose gel–based assays. Here, we describe a special category of 370 validated highly variable ‘Arhar’ genomic SSR (HASSR) markers, which provide much higher level of polymorphism than a random set of SSR markers. These markers were validated for consistent amplification in a set of eight pigeonpea varieties and 152 of these (41%) showed allelic polymorphism on agarose gel electrophoresis. Twenty‐four highest polymorphic HASSR markers were used on a larger set of forty pigeonpea varieties and eight wild Cajanus species for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship. Genomic HASSR markers described here are highly suitable for genetic diversity and phylogenic studies in pigeonpea.     

Evaluation of resistance to sharka (Plum pox virus) of several Prunus rootstocks

Sharka (Plum pox virus, PPV) severely affects the production of most Prunus species in the areas affected by the disease. In this study, the resistance of 15 Prunus rootstocks to a Dideron type isolate of PPV was evaluated under controlled conditions in an insect‐proof greenhouse. After four cycles of study,‘GF677’ almond x peach hybrid,‘Myrobolan 29C plum and ‘L2’ cherry did not show any symptoms and were ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR negative. These were considered resistant to PPV. The rest of the rootstocks assayed showed symptoms of sharka (confirmed by ELISA‐DASI or RT‐PCR), although the level of susceptibility was different for each rootstock.‘GF305’ peach, ‘Puebla de Soto’ plum and ‘Real Fino’ apricot, were highly susceptible to PPV, showing strong sharka symptoms and being ELISA and RT‐PCR positive. ‘Marianna 2624’ plum,‘AC 9921‐07’ hybrid and ‘CP‐2’ plum showed susceptibility to PPV confirmed by ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR positives.‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Nemared’ hybrids, ‘Torinel’ plum and ‘STN2’ hybrid showed an intermediate susceptibility to PPV with slight sharka symptoms and were ELISA‐DASI and RT‐PCR positive. Whereas, ‘Montclar’ peach and ‘Evrica’ hybrid showed moderate resistance to PPV with slight sharka symptoms and were ELISA positive but RT‐PCR negative. The results open new possibilities in the search for different sources of resistance to PPV within Prunus.     

Genetic variability in melon based on microsatellite variation

A set of 18 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR or microsatellite) markers was used to study genetic diversity in a collection of 27 melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions, representing a broad range of wild and cultivated melons. The materials studied were highly polymorphic for SSRs and a total of 114 alleles were detected (average of 6.3 alleles per locus). Cluster analysis suggests the division of these accessions into two major groups, largely corresponding to the division of C. melo in the two subspecies agrestis and melo. The assignment of the accession to the subspecies was generally in agreement with published reports, except for those corresponding to the ‘dudaim’ and ‘chito’ cultivar groups, which, according to the observed SSR variability, should be included in subspecies agrestis. Based on cluster analysis, five groups of accessions were defined. The two most divergent groups include mainly accessions from the Mediterranean which form one group, and accessions from China, Japan, Korea and India forming the other. Both groups shared a low level of intra‐accession variation compared with the other groups, which suggests an erosion of their genetic variability because of drift and/or inbreeding. The remaining accessions, mainly from Central Africa and India, were more variable and may be an important source of genetic variation for melon breeding.     

福建省审（认）定花生品种系谱及主要性状遗传改良分析

探讨福建省花生品种的亲缘关系和主要性状的遗传改良,为今后花生新品种选育和引种工作提供依据。对福建省开始开展花生品种审定工作至今审（认）定的29个花生品种进行系谱和共祖先度（或称亲本系数）分析以及主要性状遗传改良分析。结果表明,这29个花生品种共涉及38个直接亲本,92.11%来自广东和福建省,其中‘汕油523’、‘粤油92’、‘泉花10号’、‘泉花327’的利用频率较高;这些审（认）定品种系谱分析可追溯到47个祖先亲本,74.47%来自省外地方品种和国外引进品种,但只有8个祖先亲本利用频率较高;主要由2个系谱树组成,‘粤油92’、‘泉花10号’、‘汕油523’、‘泉花327’是福建省审（认）定品种直接的骨干亲本。共祖先度分析进一步了解品种群内亲缘关系的远近。随着年代的推后,审（认）定品种的大多数主要性状得到了改良,百果重、百仁重对提高花生产量起了重要的作用。福建省审（认）定的花生品种其遗传基础较为狭窄;系谱分析可充分了解品种的亲缘关系,而共祖先度（或亲本系数）则可从量上进一步说明两者间亲缘关系的远近,相宜得彰。品种产量性状的改良应协调好与单株结果数、果仁大小、出仁率、以及植株性状等性状的关系。     

RAPD variation within and among populations of globe artichoke cultivar 'Spinoso sardo'

Globe artichoke is a vegetable native to the Mediterranean basin. Its commercial production is mainly based on perennial cultivation of vegetatively propagated clones, which are highly heterozygous and segregate widely when progeny‐tested. The aim of this study was to measure genetic variation using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in five populations of ‘Spinoso sardo’, the most widely grown and economically important cultivar in Sardinia (Italy). Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) gave highly significant differences between populations (28.1% of the total genetic diversity); substantial within‐population variation was detected (71.8% of total genetic diversity). The RAPD results show the need to apply clonal selection to narrow the broad genetic variability within the cultivar and to address important questions on the most suitable strategies for germplasm preservation.     

The effects of apple rootstock genotypes on mineral content of scion leaves

Summary The relative effects of year to year variation and rootstock genotypes on the major content of leaves of four apple scion cultivars were studied. For nitrogen and phosphorus the main source of variation was due to years. For potassium, magnesium and calcium there were significant genetic effects. The results are discussed in relation to breeding for improved efficiency in mineral uptake in apple rootstocks. Particular reference is made to uptake of minerals associated with physiological disorders of stored apples.     

4种越南金花茶嫁接亲和力试验

为研究所引进的越南金花茶的嫁接亲和力,以塔姆岛金花茶、箱宁金花茶、箱田金花茶、罗斯曼金花茶4 种越南金花茶为嫁接接穗,以香花油茶、茶花‘黑牡丹’、‘毛紫’茶花、普通油茶为嫁接砧木,对4种越南金花茶嫁接亲和性进行初步研究。结果表明,塔姆岛金花茶分别与香花油茶、茶花‘黑牡丹’、‘毛紫’茶花、普通油茶4 种砧木小苗开展嫁接,其中与香花油茶嫁接成活率、抽梢率以及新稍生长情况最好,分别为96.8%、93.5%、13.8 cm;罗斯曼金花茶与香花油茶砧木的2 种不同砧高以及3 种生长调节剂处理开展的12 种组合嫁接效果最好,成活率达90.0%的组合有6 种,达80.0%的有3 种,其他3 种也达70.0%以上;4 种越南金花茶分别与香花油茶大砧嫁接,其中罗斯曼金花茶和塔姆岛金花茶的成活率、抽梢率、新稍长生长情况最好,箱田金花茶和箱宁金花茶成活效果较差;塔姆岛金花茶与香花油茶开展的不同时间的小苗嫁接和大砧嫁接对比表明,8 月嫁接成活效果最好。4 种越南金花茶中,塔姆岛金花茶和罗斯曼金花茶与4 种砧木嫁接亲和力最高,箱田金花茶和箱宁金花茶与4 种砧木嫁接亲和力较低。4 种砧木品种中,香花油茶与越南金花茶新品种嫁接亲和力最好,其次是‘毛紫’茶花。     

柑橘多胚性砧木枳橙同源四倍体的发掘与SSR鉴定

为发掘枳橙同源四倍体资源,从而为柑橘砧木遗传改良提供新种质,本研究通过初步的形态学观察,从具多胚性的柑橘重要砧木资源枳橙实生苗群体750个单株中初步筛选出具典型多倍体特征的植株24株,其中流式细胞仪鉴定为枳橙四倍体22株,群体四倍体自然发生率达2.93%。下表皮气孔分析表明枳橙四倍体气孔密度显著低于二倍体对照。对获得的四倍体植株进行了SSR分子鉴定,19对引物扩增结果均显示枳橙四倍体与其二倍体对照的带型完全一致,表明获得的四倍体枳橙均为同源四倍体。本研究表明将形态学初选与流式细胞仪快速鉴定及SSR分析相结合是从多胚性柑橘资源实生群体获得同源四倍体的简便有效途径,本研究发掘的同源四倍体枳橙是柑橘砧木遗传改良相关研究的良好资源。