Exploring the elusive deep-sea sharpnose sevengill shark (Heptranchias perlo) in the Adriatic Sea: Novel records,health assessments and conservation implications

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溶血相关基因缺失降低鳗弧菌感染花鲈的致病性

为阐明毒力因子溶血素对鳗弧菌感染花鲈过程中发挥的作用,实验以花鲈为研究模型,采用临床剖检、组织病理学观察、分子生物学检测、转录组分析等检测方法开展实验。通过对花鲈幼鱼分别注射5.0×105 CFU鳗弧菌野生株和缺失株△vah1-vah4-rtxA,评估了溶血相关基因缺失对花鲈的感染能力、花鲈各组织的病理变化情况以及免疫响应的影响。结果显示,花鲈感染野生株后的LD50为2.103×105 CFU/mL,感染缺失株△vah1-vah4-rtxA后LD50为1.837×106 CFU/mL,溶血相关基因缺失使鳗弧菌毒性降低8.74倍;鳗弧菌主要定殖在花鲈的肠道和鳃中,溶血相关基因缺失降低鳗弧菌在花鲈体内的定殖能力,同时降低对肠道黏膜空泡化、鳃坏死的损伤程度;转录组分析表明vah1、vah4、rtxA缺失后,头肾组织的差异表达基因显著富集到造血细胞谱系、抗原处理和呈递、细胞粘附分子、肠道免疫网络的IgA生产等免疫通路。这些结果表明,溶血相关基因缺失降低了鳗弧菌感染花鲈的致病能力。研究结果有助于进一步了解鳗弧菌的致病机制,并为开发花鲈抗弧菌免疫增强剂或减毒疫苗提供依据。     

Outbreak of hirame rhabdovirus infection in cultured spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus on the western coast of Korea

In this study, we determined the cause of a disease outbreak in spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus reared in culture cages on the western coast of Korea in 2013. The major signs in the diseased fish exhibited were haemorrhaging on the membranes of the abdomen, gastrointestinal organs and opercular gills, as well as an enlarged spleen. No external morphological signs of infection were visible, except for a darkening in colour. No parasites or pathological bacteria were isolated from the diseased fish; however, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with tissue homogenates from the diseased fish showed cytopathic effects (CPEs). Virus particles in the EPC cells were bullet‐shaped, 185–225 nm long and 70–80 nm wide, characteristic of Rhabdoviridae. Polymerase chain reaction analyses of homogenized tissues from the diseased fish and supernatants of cell cultures with CPEs indicated specific, 553‐bp‐long fragments corresponding to the matrix protein gene of the hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV). Phylogenetically, the HIRRV phosphoprotein gene of spotted sea bass was more closely related to phosphoproteins from Chinese and Polish HIRRV strains than from other Korean strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV infection in cultured spotted sea bass.     

花(鱼骨)苗种培育和成鱼养殖技术

在花(鱼骨)人工繁殖基础上进行了苗种培育和成鱼养殖试验.花(鱼骨)为小型鱼,抵御不良环境能力差,苗种培育过程中应提供良好的水质条件和充足的营养丰富的饵料.鱼苗的适宜放养密度为 400～450尾/m2.成鱼养殖要强化喂养和轮捕轮放,合理的起捕规格为250 g.     

月光鱼的生物学特性及饲养繁育

月光鱼 (Ｘｉｐｈｏｐｈｏｒｕｓｍａｃｕｌａｔｅｓ )又称月鱼 ,由英文名Ｍｏｏｎｆｉｓｈ直译而来 ,它和孔雀鱼、玛丽鱼、剑尾鱼等同属花科 (Ｐｏｅｃｉｌｉｉｄａｅ ) ,但和剑尾鱼的亲缘关系最近 ,能杂交。月光鱼原产于中美洲墨西哥、危地马拉的大西洋海岸 ,洪都拉斯北部水域也有分布。目前市面上出售的月光鱼几乎都是人工繁育的。月光鱼是一种小型热带观赏鱼 ,其色彩丰富、性情温和 ,对水质适应能力强 ,又容易繁殖 ,因而被世界各地水族爱好者广泛饲养 ,它是水族缸中常见的品种。一、月光鱼的生物学特性1 .形态特征月光鱼头吻部较尖 ,…     

花䱻卵母细胞发育的组织学和超微结构观察

2015年7月至2017年10月在河南省驻马店宿鸭湖水库采集花?(Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker)雌鱼样本190尾,体长7.12～32.21 cm,体重10.55～330.22 g,采用组织学和扫描电子显微镜技术观察了花?卵母细胞发育各时期的特征。结果表明,花?卵母细胞发育可分为5个时相,第I时相卵母细胞处于卵原细胞增殖阶段;第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞处于初级生长阶段,出现滤泡膜;第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞出现皮质液泡,细胞质膜之间形成放射带;第Ⅳ时相卵母细胞处于大生长后期,卵黄颗粒增多。电镜下观察发现放射带表面形成微孔状结构,核仁外排,可能与卵母细胞内营养物质积累有关;第Ⅴ时相卵母细胞中细胞核消失,卵母细胞发育为成熟卵子,与卵膜脱离,准备排卵。繁殖季节,花?卵巢成熟系数达到13.78%～17.04%。研究结果可为花?人工繁殖和育种工作提供参考。     

Induction and duration of tonic immobility in the lemon shark,Negaprion brevirostris

Tonic immobility (TI) is an unlearned behavioral response characterized by a state of immobility and torpor. Effect of inter-trial interval on duration of tonic immobility was assessed in thirty, juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris). Regression analyses showed that massed trials of 12 per session increased the average duration of tonic immobility by 475 sec compared to spaced trials of 1 per session. Each experiment was composed of 24 trials. TI is stable and durations much longer in the lemon shark than for other sharks. These findings have enabled us to develop a quantitative bioassay for use in testing chemical shark repellents.     

夹江花(鱼骨)的形态生物学

测量分析了夹江花(鱼骨)的外部形态特征和框架特征,为其形态种质标准和系统分类研究提供参考.可数性状方面:背鳍Ⅲ-7,尾鳍19,臀鳍Ⅲ-6,腹鳍I-8,胸鳍I-16～19,第一鳃弓鳃耙数6～10,围尾柄鳞18～20,侧线鳞46(6.5-7.5)/(4.5-V)49,下咽齿3行、1.3.5-5.3.1,脊椎骨4 42～44;可量性状方面:全长为体长的1.20倍,体长为体高4.38倍、为头长4.18倍、为尾柄长5.52倍、为肠长0.84倍,头长为吻长2.79倍、为眼径4.21倍、为眼间距3.47倍,体高为体宽1.50倍,尾柄长为尾柄高1.77倍.体重与体长相关式为W=0.0123L3.083,n=30,r=0.9983.肥满度系数为1.57.     

盐度对花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构的影响

为了探究不同盐度对花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼组织结构的影响,用组织学方法对不同盐度条件下(0、10、15、20、30)花鲈幼鱼的鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构进行研究。结果显示,盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼鳃丝排列紧密,顶端膨大呈棒状,鳃小片细胞饱满,有少量泌氯细胞。花鲈幼鱼鳃丝宽度随盐度的升高而缩小,鳃小片间距则逐渐增大,差异显著(P<0.05);盐度为20时,部分鳃小片变形脱落,鳃丝上的泌氯细胞明显增多增大;盐度为30时,鳃丝宽度较大,出现断裂脱落,鳃丝上细胞排列疏松,泌氯细胞明显膨大,有溶解现象。脾脏在淡水条件下(盐度为0),淋巴细胞数目较少,血细胞较多;在低盐环境中(盐度为10、15),淋巴细胞增大,数量增多,黑色素巨噬细胞中心数量增加;在高盐度下(盐度为30),脾细胞和部分淋巴细胞出现肿大、空泡化现象,细胞排列疏松。盐度为0时,花鲈幼鱼肌纤维排列较为疏松,多角形或长椭圆形,长径和短径较大、密度较小;盐度为15时,肌纤维短径变小、密度增大,与0、10盐度组均差异显著,盐度为30时,肌纤维长径增大、密度减小;随着盐度的增加,肌纤维长径和短径均有先减小后增加的趋势,单位面积肌纤维数量则先增加后减小,差异显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,花鲈幼鱼鳃、脾及肌肉组织结构变化特征与其所处的环境盐度有关。     

Sporogenesis of the myxosporean Kudoa paniformis Kabata & Whitaker, 1981 infecting the muscle of the Pacific whiting, Merluccius productus (Ayres)

Abstract. This ultrastructural study examines Sporogenesis of Kudoa paniformis , a monosporous myxosporean that causes a softened muscle texture in cooked Pacific whiting, Merluccius productus . Capsulogenesis and valvogenesis occur in a manner similar to that of other myxosporeans, while some aspects of generative cell interaction and sporoplasm ultrastructure differ from most other myxosporeans that have been examined with electron microscopy. Capsulogenesis of K. paniformis includes the formation of an external tubule which is continuous with the polar capsule, followed by the apparent internalization and modification of the external tubule to form a polar filament winding within the polar capsule. Valvogenesis occurs with the accumulation of electron-dense material on the cytoplasmic side of the outer membrane of each valvogenic cell to form a valve wall, Sporogenesis of K. paniformis differs from other myxosporeans in two aspects: (1) spore development does not appear to begin as a result of one generative cell engulfing another, and (2) the sporoplasm of developing and mature spores contains two morphologically distinct cells, one of which surrounds the other.     

叶尔羌河流域斑重唇鱼寄生单式指环虫的空间分布

为了解单式指环虫在斑重唇鱼(Diptychus maculates)鳃部寄生的空间分布特点, 于 2019 年 5 月至 2020 年 6 月对新疆叶尔羌河流域斑重唇鱼进行了 3 次取样调查, 运用统计学方法对斑重唇鱼鳃部寄生单式指环虫(Dactylogyrus simplex)的感染情况及空间分布特点进行分析。结果显示, 在检查的 325 尾斑重唇鱼中, 共检出 3994 只单式指环虫, 总感染率和平均感染丰度分别为 67.7%和 12.3±1.2; 左鳃及右鳃的感染率分别为 59.4%和 57.2%, 两者之间的感染丰度无显著差异(P＞0.05); 在各鳃片中, 鳃Ⅰ(最靠近鳃盖的鳃片)、鳃Ⅱ的平均感染丰度显著高于鳃Ⅳ(P＜0.01); 单式指环虫随着宿主的生长, 其感染率、感染丰度和强度先上升, 后下降, 在 13~18 cm 体长组达到最高, 但是各体长组间的感染没有显著差异(P＞0.05)。结果表明, 单式指环虫对宿主左右鳃和年龄没有选择偏好性, 但在鳃片分布上更偏好寄生于鳃Ⅰ和鳃Ⅱ, 单式指环虫在宿主种群中的分布类型为聚集分布。     

Spawning per recruit analysis of the pelagic thresher shark,Alopias pelagicus,in the eastern Taiwan waters

The pelagic thresher shark, Alopias pelagicus, is a cosmopolitan species and abundant in Taiwan waters. Some of its biological information has been documented yet its population dynamics are poorly known. The purpose of this study is to assess the pelagic thresher shark stock status in the eastern Taiwan waters. The whole weights (W) of 51,748 individuals of the pelagic thresher shark landed at Nanfanao and Chengkung fish markets, eastern Taiwan from 1990 to 2004 were converted to precaudal length (PCL) based on the W–PCL relationship (W = 2.25 × 10⁻⁴ × PCL^2.533, n = 2165). The sexes combined VBGE L_t = 189.5 × (1 − e^{−0.10(t+6.47)}) was used to estimate the age for each length group. Total mortality rates (Z) obtained with length-converted catch curves ranged from 0.208 to 0.277 year⁻¹. Natural mortality rate (M) estimated from Hoenig method was 0.132 year⁻¹, and exploitation rate (E) ranged from 0.069 to 0.127 for 1990–2004. Annual abundance was estimated to range from 97,551 in 2000 to 153,331 in 2003 from virtual population analysis, and the highest fishing mortality occurred in ages 8–18 years. There were four different scenarios being simulated in this study. Scenario 1 indicated that spawning per recruit (SPR) ranged from 23.07% in 2001 to 47.71% in 1990 with a mean of 36.41% for the period of 1990–2004. The mean SPR of pelagic thresher for 1990–2004 was below the BRP of SPR = 35% in scenarios 2–4 suggesting that this stock was slightly overexploited. Therefore, to ensure sustainable utilization of this stock, reduction of fishing effort and close monitoring on A. pelagicus are needed.     

花(鱼骨)形态学特性的初步研究

对花(鱼骨)的形态学特征进行了初步研究,并与唇(鱼骨)进行了比较。结果显示,在外观上花(鱼骨)与唇(鱼骨)的吻长、下唇、两侧叶、颐部中央的三角形及体色有所差别,其他无明显不同;在可数及可量形状等指标上,鳃耙数、体长/尾柄长、体长/尾柄高等有较大不同,其他指标大多数比较接近。     

中东太平洋长鳍真鲨年龄与生长

长鳍真鲨(Carcharhinus longimanus)为大洋性中上层鲨类, 由于其全球资源被过度捕捞, 已被列入 IUCN 濒危物种名录。开展长鳍真鲨年龄鉴定与生长规律的研究, 可为其资源恢复及物种保护提供理论依据。本研究以中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓兼捕渔获物中的 87 尾长鳍真鲨为样本(雄性 43 尾, 雌性 44 尾), 结合脊椎骨年龄鉴定结果和生物学数据分析该海域长鳍真鲨年龄及生长规律。赤池信息量准则(AICC)分析表明, 长鳍真鲨脊椎骨半径(r)与全长(L)的关系符合线性回归模型。von Bertalanffy (VB)生长模型为总体观测数据最适模型, 表达式为 L_t=398[1-e^{-0.04(t+6.81)}] , 结合反向逆推个体早期全长数据, 雌性逆推全长的最适模型为 VB 模型 L_{t female} =330.8[1-e^{–0.05( t+5.84)} ] , 雄性为 Gompertz 模型L_{t male} = 363e^{–1.49e( -0.08t )} 雌、雄个体 50%性成熟年龄 t₅₀ 分别为(8.8±1.2)龄和(8.6±1.2)龄, 50%性成熟全长 L₅₀ 分别为(191±9.1) cm 和(173±12.9) cm。     

洞庭湖花■的年龄、生长和资源评估

根据2017-2019年在洞庭湖采集的228尾花■(Hemibarbus maculatus)样本,使用耳石和鳞片研究其年龄、生长和资源现状。结果显示:耳石和鳞片是良好的年龄鉴定材料,鳞片上年轮特征以普通切割型为主,耳石重量可用于粗略、快速年龄鉴定。样本体长90～262 mm,优势体长组120～180 mm;体重11.0～399.0 g,优势体重组为20.0～80.0 g;年龄组成1～4龄,1龄为优势年龄组。体长体重关系:W=7.434×10^-6L_s^3.165,b值显著大于3,为异速生长鱼类。Von Bertalanffy生长方程:L_t=301.4[1-e⁽-0.471(t+0.341))],W_t=522.0[1-e⁽-0.471(t+0.341))]^3.165,拐点年龄2.11龄(体长206.2 mm,体重156.9 g)。花■为典型的r-选择鱼类,总死亡系数3.321,自然死亡系数0.823,开发率为0.75...