关中富平地区近一万年植被和气候的讨论

为了了解黄土高原中部近一万年以来古气候演化特征,通过对关中富平剖面的地质调查、密集采样和31个样品的孢粉分析,将孢粉图式划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个带分别代表早、中、晚三个时期的孢粉带:Ⅰ带为松-菊-香蒲组合带,以草本植物花粉占优势,针叶树植物花粉含量较高为特征;Ⅱ带为松-栎-蒿-环纹藻组合带,以乔木花粉增加,草本植物花粉减少为特征;Ⅲ带为栎-松-蒿组合带,以草本植物花粉增加,乔木花粉减少为特征。结果表明:早全新世植被为森林草原-干草原,气候干凉-干冷;中全新世植被为森林草原与针阔叶混交林草原,气候温暖半湿润;晚全新世植被为森林草原或疏林草原,气候干旱偏暖-温凉干旱。     

末次冰消期以来古猪野泽湖相地层沉积学及湖面波动历史

本文选取古猪野泽地区的青土湖剖面、西渠剖面、沙坑井剖面、九坨墚剖面作为研究对象,通过广泛野外地貌考察、剖面地层对比,作者认为古猪野泽最高湖面的海拔高度为1313~1315m,气候变化自末次冰期以来共经历了2个成湖期(13000~9500 yr BP、6700~1100 yr BP)。9500~6700 yr BP期间,本区域基本都沉积了风成砂,湖泊岸堤的14C测年均未发现早全新世高湖面的证据。通过地球物理化学指标分析及可靠14C测年,重建了区域末次冰消期以来的气候干湿变化历史:15800~13000 yr BP,为冷干的气候环境;13000~9500 yrBP,为凉湿的气候环境;9500~6700 yr BP,为暖干的气候环境;6700~4300 yr BP,为暖湿的气候环境,其中6700~5650 yr BP为气候最适宜期;4300~2700 yr BP,为干旱/湿润的过渡时期;2700~0 yr BP,为干旱的气候环境。     

塔里本盆地北部全新世地层中的孢粉组合与古环境

通过对塔里木盆地北部全新世地层中２７块样品的孢粉分析，根据其组合特征并结合表土花粉分析，本区全新世以来除了塔里木河中游隐域性植被成分随着河流改道变化频繁外，两侧显域性的早生、超旱生荒漠植被成分无明显变化，它们的生境反映了气候环境总的形势是持续干旱的。但全新世地层中孢粉种属和丰度的变化，蒿属、藜科和麻黄花粉相对数量的增减也说明了在干旱背景中本区气候有微弱的干湿波动，表现为全新世早期和晚期气候偏凉湿，中期气候干暖，但干暖期鼎盛阶段略湿。     

一万年以来西安东郊的植被和气候

通过对西安东郊半坡大围沟剖面的地质调查、密集采样和孢粉分析,讨论该区植被的演替。论证了全新世古气候环境的特征,总结了早、中、晚全新世在该区发育的植被及其所代表的气候环境。从该剖面17个样品中分析出了大量孢粉,做出了黄土地层的孢粉图式。据该剖面上孢粉组合变化的分析,得出了全新世的植被与相应的气候在时间上的演变与空间上的分布范围。结果表明中全新世气候温暖湿润;晚全新世温凉干旱。     

内蒙古萨拉乌苏河米浪沟湾MIS 5以来生态环境演变特征

通过对毛乌素沙漠南缘萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾地层中有机质含量(TOC)和饱和烃分布特征,以及沉积物中碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成的分析,讨论了该地区末次间冰期以来生态环境的演变特征和过程。MIS5阶段为森林草原环境,气候比较湿润,河流径流量较大;MIS4和MIS2阶段气候干冷,以沙漠堆积为主,但MIS2在16.9-18.4kaBP期间有一次持续大约1.5ka的古环境适宜时期,森林草原发育;MIS3阶段气候温暖湿润,森林草原环境,湖泊发育;全新世早中期总体上向干旱方向发展,湖泊动荡短暂,为较少森林的草原环境。到晚全新世以沙漠沉积为主,成为与目前生态环境相似的干草原环境。该地区的生态环境演变特征反映出主要受冬夏季风变化控制,但如果西风环流加强时期植被也相对发育。     

黄土高原塬区和黄土/沙漠过渡区全新世高分辨率植被变化对比研究

随着孢粉研究分辨率不断提高,许多学者对黄土沉积物进行了高分辨率的孢粉分析。单个剖面的孢粉图谱可以反映研究地区的总体植被变化情况。在研究方法基本相同的情况下,同种花粉在不同剖面的百分含量图谱,可以大体上反映该种植被的分布情况。本文在前人研究的基础上,选取了两个地区六个剖面中八种有生态指示意义的科属进行合成,以此得出:早中全新世,黄土/沙漠过渡带沟谷区的环境条件优于黄土塬区;而在晚全新世,植被的地带性特征才表现得比较明显。对可能的原因进行了分析,但仍需要更多证据和更为深入的研究。     

塔里木盆地北部全新世地层中的孢粉组合与古环境

通过对塔里木盆地北部侠析世地层中２７块样品的孢粉分析，根据其组合特征并结合表土花粉分析，本区全新世以来除了塔里木河中游隐域性植被成分随着河流改道变化频繁外，两侧显域性的旱生，超旱生荒漠植被成分无明显变化，它们的生境反映了气候环境总的形势是持续干旱的。     

新疆湖泊沉积记录的气候水文变化及其环境效应

在综合分析湖泊沉积记录的西北干旱区全新世气候特征及演变规律基础上,对新疆不同时间尺度上湖泊的水文变化进行了研究.新疆不同地区全新世气候环境存在差异,北疆全新世主要经历了早期温干、中期暖湿以及后期温十的气候演化过程,但不同湖泊记录的气候转型时间有所差别.南疆全新世以来湖泊记录研究较少,对气候演变规律有不同的认识,但中全新世暖湿气候特征具有一致性.根据近千年来的湖泊沉积记录研究,近百年来新疆处于暖干化阶段.总体来看,全新世以来湖泊水位出现了明显的波动.并呈现总体下降的趋势.然而,近50年来,随着流域人口增加、社会经济发展等强烈的人类活动影响,造成流域水资源的匮乏,导致湖面的快速萎缩,引起严重的区域环境问题.地质历史时期的湖面升降,敏感地体现了气候的波动过程,由气候因子波动及人类活动趋势分析,新疆湖泊水面将继续萎缩.     

贺兰山西麓第四纪沉积与环境演变

本文根据沉积模式对比研究,确认贺兰山山前混杂堆积为泥石流沉积。据下更新统孢粉分析,早更新世山地植被同东部有较多联系,平原区有两个以草本为主及两个以灌木为主的植被演化阶段,所反映的古气候为干冷及温干的交替;与地层相对应,冷期有巨砾层形成,温干期形成粘土砾石层。晚更新世、全新世有多雨气候波动,腾格里沙漠中成百的湖泊分布,成因与此有关。     

新疆乌伦古湖粘土矿物古气候环境意义

粘土矿物特征是古气候研究的重要指标之一。通过研究乌伦古湖中粘土矿物类型、组合特征,探讨古环境变迁。研究可知:乌伦古湖沉积物中粘土矿物含伊利石、高岭石、蒙脱石和绿泥石,且以伊利石为主,指示了总体干燥的气候环境。其中,16.2cal.kaBP-5.5cal.kaBP阶段,伊利石含量相对较高,高岭石含量、Kübler指数值相对较低,反映此时冷干气候环境。5.5cal.kaBP-1.6 cal.kaBP阶段,高岭石含量增大;伊利石含量、Hw指数值均相对减小,Kübler指数值相对增加指示相对暖湿的气候环境;1.6cal.kaBP至今,伊利石、Hw指数值相对较高,高岭石含量、Kübler指数值相对较低,蒙皂石含量较高指示凉干气候环境。该研究对探讨西风控制区全新世气候环境变迁以及气候驱动机制具有一定参考价值。     

Early Holocene environment at a key location of the northwest boundary of the Asian summer monsoon： a synthesis on chronologies of Zhuye Lake,Northwest China

The intensified monsoon increases summer rainfall and creates wet conditions in the Asian summer monsoon region during the early Holocene. Along with millennial-scale changes of the monsoon intensity, it is still unclear whether the boundary of the monsoon region changes according to monsoon variability. Investigations into the early Holocene environment in monsoon marginal zones are crucial for understanding the monsoon boundary changes. Zhuye Lake is located at the northwest edge of the Asian summer monsoon, the northern Qilian Mountains, which are less affected by modern summer monsoon water vapor. Previous studies have reached different conclusions regarding the early Holocene climatic and environmental changes based on different dating methods(14C and OSL(optically stimulated luminescence)) and materials(shells, carbonate, pollen concentrates and bulk organic carbon). In this study, we synthesized 102 14C dates and 35 OSL dates from ten Holocene sedimentary sections and ten paleo-shorelines in the lake basin. A comparison between ages from different dating methods and materials generally shows that carbon reservoir effects are relatively slight in Zhuye Lake while the disordered chronologies are mainly related to the erosion processes and reworking effects. In addition, proxy data, including lithology, pollen, total organic carbon and carbonate, were collected from different sites of Zhuye Lake. According to the new synthesis, the early Holocene environment was relatively humid, associated with high runoff and lake water levels. The result indicates that the monsoon boundary moves to the north during the period of the intensified monsoon. A typical arid-area lake was formed during the mid-Holocene when carbonate accumulation and high organic matter contents were the main features of this period. The lake retreated strongly during the late Holocene, showing a drought trend. Overall, the lake evolution is generally consistent with the Holocene Asian summer monsoon change, showing the monsoon influence to monsoon marginal zones.     

The climatic and hydrological changes and environmental responses recorded in lake sediments of Xinjiang, China

Based on the analyses of environmental proxy data in lake sediments and instrumental records of Xinjiang in northwest China,the Holocene climate and hydrological variability and its environmental responses were studied in different time scales and regions. The results showed that the Holocene climate variability had obvious differences between the north and south of Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang,the Holocene climate was dry in the early period,humid in the middle period,and then changed to dry in the late period. However,the climate transition times were not consistent in different regions. In southern Xinjiang,although there were many different types of climate change patterns inferred from different catchments,the warm and wet climate was recorded in most lake sediments in the middle Holocene. According to comparisons of some millennium scale records in lake sediments,the climate was warm and dry in the past 100 years. It can be concluded the climate showed a trend of aridity in Holocene. Especially in recent 50 years,the lake area has been shrinking rapidly because of the population growth and social economic development,which brings some environmental problems. Lake level and area changes were sensitively affected by the climate variation in geological history of Xinjiang and the lake level will continue to shrink because of the drought climate and strengthened human activities.     

新疆阿尔泰山区白湖水质水量基本特征

白湖位于喀纳斯国家级自然保护区的核心区域,人迹罕至,湖泊及其流域环境保持自然状态。湖水直接接受喀纳斯雪冰融水补给,湖泊基本特征的变化敏感地反映了流域的气候变化。开展核心区湖泊流域水文、水质以及生物等基本特征的调查,为了解不同气候变化背景下自然环境的变化特征与规律,为科学保护和管理环境、适应未来气候变化提供依据。据调查,目前白湖最大水深为137 m,湖泊面积约9 km²,蓄水量4.1×10⁸ m³,湖水矿化度为32.9 mg•L^-1,硬度和碱度分别为17.1 mg•L^-1和18.2 mg•L^-1,pH为8.3,水体呈弱碱性。水化学特征与喀纳斯湖接近,但水体颜色差别大。采用LEO1530VP扫描电子显微镜、INA C300 X射线能谱仪分析表明,水体中白色悬浮颗粒主要为石英矿物,并从河源区物质、河水动力以及湖水介质3个方面分析了白湖颜色形成的原因。     

居延海的演变与环境变迁

本文根据实地考察,参考历史资料并利用卫片、航片,对居延海的形成、演变及其湖泊生态环境的变化进行了研究;并对终端湖和居延海的排泄,以及影响湖泊演变的因素等问题加以探讨。     

西北典型内陆湖泊近40年来的演化特点及机制分析

利用40年来的实测数据研究揭示了西北典型内陆湖泊的演化特点及机制。研究表明:赛里木湖气候向暖湿转变,降水逐渐增加,处于湖面稳定扩张阶段;青海湖降水无明显变化,入湖地表径流却逐年减少,湖泊处于持续萎缩阶段;察尔汗盐湖,入湖水量少,湖面蒸发量大,处于干涸、半干涸状态,更容易萎缩。影响湖泊演化的因子主要是气候变化及人类活动。     

西北干旱地区表土孢粉与植被关系研究进展

较全面地综述了西北干旱地区表土孢粉与植被和气候关系的研究进展, 讨论了部分有指示意义的花粉,如云杉、杨、桦、禾本科、豆科等代表性花粉以及花粉浓度、A/C(蒿属Artemisia/藜科Chenopodiaceae)比值等问题.并提出了自己的一些见解和未来进一步开展工作的方向:如,在新疆某些地区很少发现桦属花粉可能属个别现象;可以根据藜科的生理习性解释草原区植被的A/C值较低即表明草原植被退化严重;进一步开展杨属(Populus)和桦属(Betula)花粉在林中的代表性、西北地区Ch(藜科Chenopodiaceae)/Po(禾本科Poaceae)值的研究,以及草原带与森林带之间的过渡地带的孢粉组合研究;今后需要将整个中国西北干旱区作为一个整体来研究,以深入了解孢粉-植被-气候的关系.     

Climate effects on an inland alpine lake in Xinjiang,China over the past 40 years

Inland lakes are important water resources in arid and semiarid regions. Understanding climate effects on these lakes is critical to accurately evaluate the dynamic changes of water resources. This study focused on the changes in Sayram Lake of Xinjiang, China, and addressed the effects of climate fluctuations on the inland lake based on long-term sequenced remote sensing images and meteorological data from the past 40 years. A geographic information system (GIS) method was used to obtain the hypsometry of the basin area of Sayram Lake, and estimation methods for evaporation from rising temperature and water levels from increasing precipitation were proposed. Results showed that: (1) Areal values of Sayram Lake have increased over the past 40 years. (2) Both temperature and precipitation have increased with average increases of more than 1.8℃ and 82 mm, respectively. Variation of the water levels in the lake was consistent with local climate changes, and the areal values show linear relationships with local temperature and precipitation data. (3) According to the hypsometry data of the basin area, the estimated lake water levels increased by 2.8 m, and the water volume increased by 12.9×10 8 m3 over the past 40 years. The increasing area of Sayram Lake correlated with local and regional climatic changes because it is hardly affected by human activities.     

13ka以来呼伦湖湖面波动与泥炭发育、风沙-古土壤序列的比较及其古气候意义

呼伦湖是我国东北地区面积最大、纬度最高的湖泊 ,1 3 ka以来湖面波动、泥炭发育与风沙 -古土壤堆积是呼伦湖地区环境演化的显著特征 ,对比 1 3 ka以来呼伦湖地区湖面波动、泥炭发育与风沙 -古土壤堆积的时间序列及其与古气候的关系 ,结果显示古气候变化对湖面波动、泥炭发育、风沙 -古土壤堆积有重要影响。全新世早期 (1 0 0 0 0— 72 0 0 a B.P.)呼伦湖地区气候由冷干向暖干变化 ,伴随风沙活动加强、泥炭发育缓慢和低湖面环境演化特征。 72 0 0—5 0 0 0 a B.P.气候暖湿 ,呼伦湖地区泥炭、古土壤发育进入盛期 ,同时出现高湖面。 3 0 0 0 a B.P.以来气候冷干 ,伴随风沙堆积加强。