防治桑蓟马的农药筛选与应用

桑蓟马是桑树常见害虫之一,本文回顾了防治桑蓟马的农药筛选进展,分析了不同农药的防效和安全性,根据桑蓟马的防治特点和养蚕生产要求,提出了防治桑蓟马的农药应用策略,为防治桑蓟马新农药的筛选和应用提供参考。     

持续危害下抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系大田生长特性研究比较

以大田单株筛选、扦插扩繁的抗蓟马无性系R-1和感蓟马无性系I-1为材料,以相邻苜蓿田自然发生的牛角花齿蓟马作为虫源,于第2茬苜蓿生长期间测定抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系健康株和受害株的生长指标及各指标损失率。结果表明：R-1、I-1无性系受蓟马危害后,株丛的自然高度、绝对高度、再生速率、节间长、茎粗、叶面积、叶片干重、茎秆干重...     

几种农药防治茶园蓟马效果研究

为验证几种农药对茶园蓟马的防效,进行了几种农药防治茶园蓟马的药效试验,试验结果表明,唑虫酰胺、乙基多杀菌素对茶园蓟马防效好,第1天防效90％以上,第7天防效80％以上,可有效控制茶园蓟马的危害,对捕食性天敌杀伤较小,可作为防治茶树蓟马的药剂推广。     

宁夏苜蓿病虫害发生现状及防治对策

通过2001—2002年的田间调查和室内鉴定,明确了宁夏苜蓿病虫害的发生种类、分布和危害程度。目前,在宁夏苜蓿生产中大面积发生并引起灾害性损失的害虫为蚜虫、蓟马、草地螟、象甲和潘叶蝇,病害为苜蓿褐斑病、霜霉病、白粉病和花叶病,并提出相应的防治对策。     

两种增效复配农药对桑螟的防治效果试验

为有效地控制桑螟对桑园的危害,筛选出2个专门用于防治桑螟的复配药剂配方。在残毒期为5 d的短残毒期配方中,80%敌敌畏、50%辛硫磷、增效剂和水的质量比为1∶1∶1∶2 000;残毒期为11 d长残毒期配方中40%的灭多威、50%的辛硫磷、增效剂和水的质量比为1∶1∶1∶2 000。这2种复配农药的实验室及室外桑园小区防治试验的校正防治效果可达94.4%~96.7%,50 hm2桑园中试的校正防治效果达94.3%~96.1%。2种复配农药对红腹灯蛾、桑毛虫、桑尺蠖也有较好的防治效果。     

多种药剂防治苜蓿蓟马的田间药效试验

应用多种药剂进行防治苜蓿蓟马田间药效试验,结果表明:4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、15%菜盛和生物农药0.1%中农1号对苜蓿蓟马具有显著的控制作用,速效性好、持效期长,药后10 d调查,4.5%高效氯氰菊酯、15%菜盛和0.1%中农1号的防效分别达到92.3%,91.0%和85.4%.     

临夏地区紫花苜蓿病虫害发生现状调查及其防治对策

经过3年多的田间调查和实验室鉴定,初步查清了临夏地区紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa病虫害发生的种类、分布、特点和危害程度.临夏地区苜蓿病害主要有褐斑病Pseudopeziza medicaginis、锈病Uromyecsstriatus、白粉病Leueillula leguminosarum、霜霉病Peronos pora estioalis、黄斑病Cercospora mesicaginis,炭疽病Colletotrichum trifolii、根腐病Rhizoctonia cyocorum 7种.苜蓿虫害主要有斜纹夜蛾、潜叶蝇、苜蓿蚜虫、蓟马4种.并在干旱半干旱、高寒阴湿和川塬灌区,根据不同地区苜蓿病虫害的发生及危害,开展了防治试验,提出了结合临夏地区生产实际防治苜蓿病虫害的对策.     

宁夏苜蓿主要害虫田间消长规律的初步研究

根据在宁夏3个生态区设调查点对苜蓿主要害虫进行系统调查的结果,初步分析了苜蓿主要害虫蚜虫、蓟马、草地螟、盲蝽的田间消长规律,明确了宁夏苜蓿主要害虫的种群变化、发生高峰期及危害程度,为今后的预测预报和防治技术研究奠定了基础。     

牛角花齿蓟马为害对苜蓿株高和分枝的影响

牛角花齿蓟马是我国北方为害苜蓿的重要害虫之一，严重影响苜蓿的产量与质量，在室内研究了田间筛选出的10个不同抗性级别的苜蓿品种在牛角花齿蓟马为害后的生长发育情况，结果表明，Ta、TS、GN1、DF、Lak和G3苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马的为害在株高增长上具有耐害性，S、DB、XJ、Sa苜蓿在株高生长方面耐害性差；在分枝方面，GN1、Ta、XJ、DF、G3苜蓿表现出较强的耐害性。综合去虫后30d各苜蓿品种的相对株高和分枝生长结果得出，Ta、GN1、DF、G3和XJ苜蓿对牛角花齿蓟马具有生产意义上的耐害性。     

宁夏苜蓿主要害虫田间消长规律的初步研究

根据在宁夏3个生态区设调查点对苜蓿主要害虫进行系统调查的结果,初步分析了苜蓿主要害虫蚜虫、蓟马、草地螟、盲蝽的田间消长规律,明确了宁夏苜蓿主要害虫的种群变化、发生高峰期及危害程度,为今后的预测预报和防治技术研究奠定了基础.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -