拮抗BS-208菌株对番茄灰霉病诱导抗性的初步研究

本文对拮抗BS-208菌株防治番茄灰霉病的作用机制进行了初步研究。通过在番茄苗上接种番茄灰霉病菌和拮抗枯草芽孢杆菌BS-208,测定PAL、SOD、POD和PPO的活性变化及MDA含量。结果表明,接种BS-208菌株发酵液处理48h后PAL、POD和PPO活性均升高,其中PAL和POD活性在处理后48h达到最大值,均为0．72,PPO活性在处理后96h达到最大值,为4．5,这些酶活性的升高增强了番茄抵御病原菌侵入的能力;而MDA含量与对照相比无明显变化,表明接种BS-208菌株后对番茄植株没有伤害。     

水杨酸诱导辣椒抗疫病生化机制的研究

对水杨酸（SA）处理及其挑战接种辣椒疫霉菌的4个抗性不同的辣椒品系体内木质素含量和多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性的测定结果表明：SA诱导的供试品系与未经诱导的相同品系相比,木质素含量增高,PPO、POD、PAL活性增强,其中木质素的含量与抗病性呈显著正相关;挑战接种后两者相比,SA处理的供试材料的木质素含量和PPO、POD、PAL活性的增强幅度更大,其中抗、耐病品系的增加早且增加幅度高于感病、高感品系。值得注意的是,经SA诱导的各供试品系接种后木质素含量与抗病性也呈显著相关。木质素含量与相关酶活性的上述变化趋势与SA对各品系的诱抗效果完全吻合。     

草酸、水杨酸及BTH对甜瓜体内几种防御酶活性的影响

为研究叶面喷施草酸、水杨酸(SA)和BTH对甜瓜植株防御酶活性的影响,在甜瓜二叶期用不同浓度的草酸、水杨酸(SA)和BTH对甜瓜植株进行处理。结果表明：经草酸处理后,甜瓜植株体内的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和POD活性均较对照植株有明显升高,在处理后9天达到高峰,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性与对照相比提高了2.7~3.9倍,POD活性比对照提高了3.5~4.8倍。但草酸处理并没有引起PAL活性的提高。用水杨酸(SA)和BTH处理植株,甜瓜植株体内的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD和PAL活性较对照植株也有明显的提高,在处理后7天均达到高峰,其中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性比对照提高了1.9~3.8倍;POD活性提高了3~5.5倍;PAL活性提高了1.8~5.2倍。     

番茄品种对ToMV抗性与氧化酶活性的关系研究

测定了6个不同抗性番茄品种接种ToMV两周后POD、PPO和PAL活性,以及POD同工酶酶谱的变化。结果表明：抗、感病品种接种ToMV后POD、PPO和PAL活性均比相应未接种株高,而且POD、PPO和PAL的酶活增长率与抗病性成负相关;感病品种接种株的POD同工酶谱带数都比相应未接种株多出2条酶带,而抗病品种只增加了1条酶带。     

茄子黄萎病菌毒素对茄子体内几种酶活性的影响

以不同抗病性品种的茄子幼苗为试材，研究了茄子黄萎病菌毒素对其叶片POD，PAL及PPO活性变化的影响。结果表明：抗、感病品种茄子幼苗用毒素处理后，POD，PAL，PPO活性均比未处理的对照有所提高，且随处理时间延长，其活性变化呈先升高，后降低趋势，即POD活性在处理后0—24h逐渐升高，之后下降，PPO和PAL活性在处理后0—36h升高，而后活性下降。随毒素浓度增加，POD，PAL，PPO活性变化也呈先升高后降低趋势。3种酶活性与品种抗病性呈正相关关系。     

枯草芽孢杆菌TR21对香蕉抗病相关酶活的诱导作用

为筛选能显著诱导香蕉抗病相关酶活变化的枯草芽孢杆菌TR21（Bacillus subtilis）发酵液组分,并探讨其诱导香蕉抗病性机理,选择多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）作为植物抗病性反应指标,采用灌根接种法,研究1株在大田对香蕉枯萎病具有良好防效的枯草芽孢杆菌TR21发酵液不同组分对香蕉根系内3种酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种TR21发酵液、菌体、上清和NB培养基后,香蕉根系内PPO、POD和PAL活性均比无菌水对照高,且都出现2次高峰,PPO、POD活性峰在接种后第3天和第7天出现,PAL活性峰则在接种后1天和5天时出现。比较不同组分接种处理诱导产生的酶活性强弱发现,接种TR21发酵液、菌体的3种酶活性均明显高于接种上清和NB的处理。可以判断TR21发酵液中主要有效诱导组分为菌体。灌根法接种TR21菌体后测定香蕉叶片中3种抗病酶的活性表明,菌体处理后叶片中PPO、POD和PAL活性均显著高于接种无菌水的对照,推测诱导系统抗性可能是TR21菌株防治香蕉枯萎病的机制之一。     

水稻纹枯病抗性反应中主要防御酶的活性变化

为研究抗纹枯病性不同的水稻的抗性与其体内主要防御酶活性间的关系;对抗纹枯病性不同的水稻品种（系）HX、特青和七丝软占接种水稻纹枯病菌,分析测定接种后不同时间点,各个品种（系）苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性变化。结果表明,接种后,参试的3个品种（系）的水稻PAL、PPO、POD的酶活性都升高;其中抗病品种（系）与感病品种相比,其PAL、PPO、POD的酶活性达到峰值的时间要晚,但其达到的峰值要大,且持续时间要长。在未接种时,抗病品种的POD活性就明显高于感病品种七丝软占的POD活性,而PAL、PPO活性在未接种时,抗、感病品种间无明显差异。     

水杨酸诱导对苹果体内防御酶活性的影响

为研究叶面喷施水杨酸(SA)对不同苹果品种防御酶活性的影响,以抗病品种‘北之幸’和感病品种‘礼泉短富’为试验材料,对不同浓度水杨酸处理前后的苹果叶片进行防御酶活性测定。结果表明,经水杨酸处理后,‘北之幸’和‘礼泉短富’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性均有提高,且高于对照植株。其中‘北之幸’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、POD、PAL和PPO活性分别是对照的2.04倍,6.19倍,2.73倍和2.32倍;‘礼泉短富’的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和PAL活性分别是对照的1.82倍和1.70倍,POD活性是对照的5.68倍,PPO活性是对照的4.00倍。由此可见,水杨酸处理可以不同程度的提高植株体内抗性相关酶的活性,但不同品种间存在差异。     

嗜铁素产生菌ZJH-10诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病的研究

为研究嗜铁素产生菌ZJH-10诱导黄瓜对灰霉病的抗性的作用机制,采用生理生化的方法,测定了黄瓜根部与叶部组织中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）系列防御酶活性变化。结果表明,黄瓜经ZJH-10处理并同时接种灰霉病菌后,黄瓜根部与叶部组织中SOD、POD、CAT、PPO和PAL活性都明显高于其它处理。其根部活性分别在处理后 5d、3d、5d、3d和3d出现高峰,叶部酶活性变化基本与根部的相吻合。表明这些酶活性的提高与ZJH-10诱导的黄瓜抗灰霉病抗性可能有一定的相关性。     

截形叶螨取食对马铃薯酶活性的影响

为明确截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus)取食刺激对不同耐旱型马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种酶活性的影响,选择2个马铃薯品种（‘荷兰15号’,早熟,干旱敏感型品种;‘陇薯10号’,晚熟,耐旱型品种）,在人工接螨后,测定7天内马铃薯叶片5种防御酶(CAT、POD、PPO、PAL、LOX)活性的变化。CAT、POD、PPO、PAL、LOX等5种酶活性在受螨害刺激后均表现出不同程度的升高,在时序上都表现为先升高后下降的趋势,且在3天后显著高于CK（未接螨的健康植株）,5种酶均参与了植物机体对害螨的防御反应,以促进受害植株体内自由氧的消减,通过木质素、花青素、生物碱等苯丙素类化合物、氢过氧化物等含量的提高来增强机体防御能力;在螨害7天后,5种酶活性都显著下降,且显著低于CK,说明叶螨在长时间危害后可能导致植株机体紊乱,植株不能很好地持续维持高效的对螨害的防御响应。2个马铃薯品种在叶螨为害后同一时间内,从CAT、PPO和PAL活性变化角度分析,干旱敏感型马铃薯品种表现出较高的抗螨性;被叶螨取食为害后耐旱型马铃薯品种POD活性较高,但干旱敏感型马铃薯品种POD活性增长幅度更大;2个品种在LOX活性上无显著差异。总体分析可得,干旱敏感型马铃薯比耐旱型品种有更高的抗螨性。研究结果可为马铃薯叶螨的科学防治和品种选育提供理论依据。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.