萱藻丝状体的种质保存技术

采用液体保存法和胶囊化低温保存法对萱藻丝状体进行保存,探讨了液体培养法中温度、光照强度以及胶囊化低温保存法中胶球含水量对萱藻丝状体种质保存的影响。结果显示:(1)在液体保存法中,温度对萱藻丝状体的保存影响较小,当光强为5.4μmol/(m2·s)时,6~18℃均可实现萱藻丝状体的长期保存;(2)光照强度对萱藻丝状体的液体保存影响显著,16.2μmol/(m2·s)及以上的光强不利于种质的保存,5.4μmol/(m2·s)对萱藻丝状体的液体保存最有利;(3)在6~18℃,5.4μmol/(m2·s)条件下保存萱藻丝状体60 d后,萱藻丝状体细胞状态良好且存活率仍在97%以上;(4)胶球含水量过高或过低均会降低萱藻丝状体胶囊化低温保存后的存活率,15%是萱藻丝状体胶球的最适含水量,在该条件下,萱藻丝状体保存1个月后的存活率仍在50%以上。研究证明,在适宜条件下,液体保存法和胶囊化低温保存法均可实现萱藻丝状体的种质保存。     

三角褐指藻浓缩液长期保存技术研究

实验研究了不同温度条件下的长期保存对三角褐指藻浓缩液的影响，结果表明：在0～10℃的低温下长期(2个月以上)保存后，三角褐指藻获得较高的存活率(700k，以上)；并且在恢复生长时保持较高的比生长率，因此0～10℃是三角褐指藻长期保存的最佳温度范围。     

中肋骨条藻的浓缩与长期保存技术的研究

实验表明:中肋骨条藻在0～10℃的低温保存60d的存活率达70%以上;并且在恢复生长时保持较高的比生长率,0～10℃是中肋骨条藻长期保存的最佳温度范围。     

温度对四种淡水颤藻目丝状藻体生长的影响

在实验室条件下研究温度对4种颤藻目丝状藻体:皮质颤藻,尖细颤藻,蛇形颤藻及坑形细鞘丝藻生长的影响.藻体在持续光照下培养于BG11培养基中,通过测定叶绿素a含量来显示藻体的生长状况.实验结果,皮质颤藻与坑形细鞘丝藻生长的最适温度是30℃,尖细颤藻、蛇形颤藻的生长最适温度是35℃.     

单胞藻软琼脂克隆固体培养基保藏技术

单胞藻藻种的保藏技术,国内外多采用的是液体低温保藏技术,此方法保种时间短、营养盐消耗速度快、易污染、工作量大.试验改用单胞藻软琼脂克隆固体培养基保藏技术,能够使营养成分缓慢的释放;软琼脂固体培养基的表面覆盖0.3cm厚度的单胞藻培养液,可防止固体培养基水分的挥发;使单胞藻藻种在低温（8～10℃）环境中能够保藏较长的时间（2～3年）.     

条斑紫菜Porphyra yezoensis游离丝状体生态的研究

1.同生长在贝壳内的丝状体一样,光照的强弱对条斑紫菜游离丝状体的生长、发育和颜色都有明显的影响,在实验范围内(1000—4000Lux),光照越强,藻丝生长越快,膨大藻丝形成也快,而且多,丝状体的颜色趋于红色(桃红色或褐红色,细胞内含物较贫乏,液泡较大,色素体较小。反之,在弱光照下,丝状体生长较慢,膨大藻丝形成也慢,且少,颜色绿褐色,细胞内含物较满,色素体较大。2000Lux 光照下培养的丝状体膨大藻丝成熟率较大。早期用连续光照培养的游离丝状体,在恢复常态培养后,无论在藻丝生长,膨大藻丝的形成与成熟,壳孢子放散附着等方面未见有明显的影响。2.使用贫瘠海区的自然海水培养游离丝状体,除需添加氮、磷肥之外,还需加入适宜的微量元素(如铁等),这对丝状体的发育是必需的。用加铁的培养液培养游离丝状体,它的颜色与不加铁的略有不同,通常是带褐色,即使用4500Lux 的强光培养,丝状体也不出现桃红色。3.条斑紫菜丝状体在生长发育过程中往往造成培养液 pH 上升,通常在接种后半个月内,培养液的 pH 就由原来的7.80—8.20(自然海水8.10—8.20,加入含有柠檬酸铁的营养盐后,都下降0.20左右)上升到8.98—9.24,此后基本上保持在这一范围之内。这样高的 pH 值,游离丝状体仍能正常生长发育达到成熟,所形成的壳孢子能正常地放散并萌发成小叶状体。在 pH 8.98—9.24的培养液中生活了一年多的游离丝状体也未见有任何异常现象。     

单胞藻软琼脂克隆固体培养基保藏技术

单胞藻藻种的保藏,国内外一般采用液体低温保藏技术,这种方法保种时间短。改用单胞藻软琼脂克隆固体培养基保藏技术,能够使营养成分缓慢地释放;软琼脂固体培养基的表面覆盖0.3 cm厚度的单胞藻培养液,可防止固体培养基水分的挥发;使单胞藻藻种在低温(8~10°C)环境中能够保藏较长的时间(2~3年)。     

五种培养液对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响

提要 本文以实验室保存的萱藻丝状体为材料,采用实验生态学方法,探讨了L1、PES、F1、f/2以及ESNW等五种培养液对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响,并以去除氮或磷成分的L1培养液为基础,研究了不同外加浓度氮和磷对萱藻丝状体生长发育的影响。结果显示:(1)五种培养液中,L1培养液最有利于萱藻丝状体的生长发育,培养28天后,丝状体生物量增重倍比可达560.48%,孢子囊枝比例高达46.88%,孢子囊直径为18.95μm;(2)萱藻丝状体生长发育最适添加NO3--N浓度为6.00mg/L,在此NO3--N浓度条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度最快,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例高达46.78%,孢子囊直径可达18.78μm。在添加NO3--N浓度为0.00mg/L和高氮(96.00mg/L、192.00mg/L)条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度均相对较慢,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例分别仅为0.00%、9.06%和7.65%,孢子囊直径仅9.00~10.00μm;(3)萱藻丝状体生长发育的最适外加PO43--P浓度为1.32mg/L,在此PO43--P浓度条件下,萱藻丝状体生长速度最快,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例高达47.12%,孢子囊直径可达18.89μm。外加PO43--P为0.00mg/L时,培养20天后,孢子囊枝比例仅为10.12%,孢子囊直径仅有9.78μm。外加PO43--P高于15.84mg/L时,均没有孢子囊枝的形成。研究证明,在萱藻丝状体的生长发育过程中,选择一种合适的培养液以及适时地控制硝酸盐与磷酸盐的浓度,使其维持在一定范围内,从而促进萱藻丝状体的快速生长,提高其孢子囊枝比例、增大孢子囊直径。     

应用响应曲面法优化萱藻丝状体扩增条件

为优化萱藻丝状体扩增条件,提高萱藻丝状体的扩增速率,本研究以实验室萱藻种质库保存的丝状体为实验材料,在单因素实验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken设计对萱藻丝状体扩增条件进行了响应曲面优化探索。以增重倍比为指标,确定了扩增萱藻丝状体的最佳条件：温度20.45℃, 光照强度78.13μmol/(m_².s),外加氮磷比16.19。在该条件下扩增10d,萱藻丝状体增重倍比为(299.21%±13.58%),显著高于单因素实验和Box-Behnken设计实验条件下获得的萱藻丝状体增重倍比。实验结果与理论预测值的相对误差小于5%,模型可靠。为评价优化培养后萱藻丝状体的发育情况,对丝状体进行了20d的诱导,结果显示：优化培养后的萱藻丝状体呈深褐色,细胞质充盈,孢子囊比例(26.37%±5.22%)比对照组的孢子囊比例(18.10%±3.51%)提高了45.69%；优化条件下的孢子囊直径平均为(19.75μm±0.21μm),高于对照组的孢子囊直径(16.91μm±0.36μm)。本研究结果表明,在萱藻丝状体扩增过程中,对扩增环境条件进行有目的性的调控,设置合适的营养盐浓度配比,不仅可以实现较高的扩增速率,还可以促进丝状体的孢子囊发育。     

条斑紫菜丝状体悬浮培养研究

通过光强、光时的实验、比较了在悬浮培养条件下，光对条斑紫菜丝状体生长的影响，探讨并初步确定了丝状藻丝悬浮培养适宜的光强，光时条件。与此同时，还比较了悬浮培养和静置培养的实验结果。显示前者的丝状藻丝有比后者高得多的生长率，更适合于生产性应用。     

Defining the ecological values of rivers: the views of Australian river scientists and managers

• 1. The first step in making a case for river conservation is to define the particular values and attributes that describe conservation significance.
• 2. Australia's rivers vary widely in their characteristics and ecological communities. The conservation values of Australian rivers have not been well articulated.
• 3. A survey of Australian river scientists and managers was undertaken to identify the criteria and attributes of rivers of high ecological value. This was the first attempt to establish a baseline for defining natural conservation values for Australian rivers.
• 4. The final list comprised five broad criteria with a total of 47 attributes considered to be indicators of high ecological value. These included not only biotic values, but also values attributed to river hydrology, geomorphology, instream processes, and landscape functions.
• 5. The list of criteria and attributes provides a context from which specific values may be drawn to assess conservation values of rivers for particular purposes.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporating early life stages of fishes into estuarine spatial conservation planning

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Genetic structure of Irish freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera and Margaritifera durrovensis): Validity of subspecies,roles of host fish,and conservation implications

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Botanical conservation value related to origin and management of ponds

1. A botanical conservation index, derived from the national and local rarity of aquatic macrophyte species, and also hydrophyte‐species richness, were determined for 57 ponds in East Yorkshire, England. 2. Ponds were selected to represent diverse origins (i.e. ancient moats, village ponds, gravel pits, clay pits, borrow pits and ponds of miscellaneous origin). 3. High conservation indices and species richness were found in gravel pits, clay pits and borrow pits. 4. When the ponds were grouped on the basis of water chemistry and on vegetation, using SPSS hierarchical cluster analysis and TWINSPAN respectively, the groups did not reflect conservation value or pond origin. 5. High conservation indices and species richness were, however, associated with the presence of adjacent freshwater bodies and bankside angling. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changing distribution of the east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population and the challenges of area‐based management

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Toward process‐based conservation prioritizations for freshwater ecosystems

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Evaluation of physicochemical and physical habitat associations for Cambarus callainus (Big Sandy crayfish), an imperilled crayfish endemic to the Central Appalachians

1. Crayfish represent one of the most imperilled animal groups on the planet. Habitat degradation, destruction and fragmentation, introduction of invasive crayfishes, and a lack of applied biological information have all been identified as agents thwarting crayfish conservation. 2. Cambarus callainus was warranted federal protection by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in April, 2016. As part of the USFWS listing procedure, a survey for C. callainus in the Big Sandy River catchment was conducted to determine points of occurrence with a secondary objective of determining reach level physical habitat and physicochemical correlates of C. callainus presence and absence. 3. At each site, physicochemical and physical habitat data were collected to determine the influence of abiotic covariates on the presence of C. callainus. Cambarus callainus presence or absence and associated site covariates were modelled using logistic regression. 4. Survey results recorded C. callainus at 39 sites in the Upper Levisa Fork (ULF) and Tug Fork (TF) drainages of the Big Sandy River; no C. callainus were collected in the Lower Levisa Fork (LLF). An additive effects model of physical habitat quality (Basin + Boulder presence/embeddedness) was the only model selected, supporting an association of C. callainus with slab boulders, open interstitial spaces, and moderate to no sedimentation. All sites lacking C. callainus were experiencing some degree of sedimentation. Physicochemical covariates were not supported by the data. 5. Results indicated that good quality habitat was lacking in the LLF, but was present in the ULF and TF catchments, with ULF supporting the most robust populations and most suitable habitat. Effective conservation for C. callainus should focus on efforts that limit sedimentation as well as restore good quality instream habitat in the greater Big Sandy catchment.     

Intertidal habitat conservation: identifying conservation targets in the absence of detailed biological information

• 1. Growing concern associated with threats to the marine environment has resulted in an increased demand for marine reserves that conserve representative and adequate examples of biodiversity. Often, the decisions about where to locate reserves must be made in the absence of detailed information on the patterns of distribution of the biota. Alternative approaches are required that include defining habitats using surrogates for biodiversity. Surrogate measures of biodiversity enable decisions about where to locate marine reserves to be made more reliably in the absence of detailed data on the distribution of species.
• 2. Intertidal habitat types derived using physical properties of the shoreline were used as a surrogate for intertidal biodiversity to assist with the identification of sites for inclusion in a candidate system of intertidal marine reserves for 17 463 km of the mainland coast of Queensland, Australia. This represents the first systematic approach, on essentially one‐dimensional data, using fine‐scale (tens to hundreds of metres) intertidal habitats to identify a system of marine reserves for such a large length of coast. A range of solutions would provide for the protection of a representative example of intertidal habitats in Queensland.
• 3. The design and planning of marine and terrestrial protected areas systems should not be undertaken independently of each other because it is likely to lead to inadequate representation of intertidal habitats in either system. The development of reserve systems specially designed to protect intertidal habitats should be integrated into the design of terrestrial and marine protected area systems.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) of the north‐western Arabian Gulf,Kuwait: the need for conservation

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Effects of instream structures on Kirikuchi charr, southernmost population of genus Salvelinus, in a small mountain stream of Japan

ABSTRACT:   The changes in physical habitats and responses of fish, e.g. the Kirikuchi charr Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , were examined by placing instream structures in a stream on the upper drainage of the Totsu River system of the Kii Peninsula, Japan, over a two-year period. Instream structures created pools below the structures, and these pools have maintained their functions as fish habitats over two years. In two treatment sections, sections A and B (some red-spotted masu salmon were removed in advance in section B), mean water depth increased soon after placing the structures, but decreased over two years. Mean water velocity slowed after placing the structures in both sections. Total fish abundance has been relatively high at the two treatment sections compared with a control section after placing the structures. Age 1 Kirikuchi charr, however, increased only in section B. These results indicate that instream structures can serve as habitat enhancement for fish, including Kirikuchi charr, in the study area if other appropriate habitat factors for respective species are taken into consideration.