初含水率对白橡锯材热压干燥特性的影响

以白橡锯材为研究对象,采用平板热压机对其进行干燥处理,系统研究了初含水率对木材温变特性、干燥速率、干缩特性、干燥缺陷和微观构造的影响规律,探明白橡锯材的热压干燥特性。结果表明:热压干燥是一种高效快速的干燥方法,将初含水率为14%~75%的木材在温度为140℃、压力为0.1MPa的条件下干燥到2%以下终了含水率仅需120~210 min,木材干燥速率随着初含水率的增加而增加;初含水率较高的木材在热压后会产生严重内裂和皱缩缺陷,当木材初含水率降至15%以下时,热压后无内裂缺陷产生,截面变形也明显减小;随着初含水率的增加,木材厚度干缩系数呈增加趋势,而宽度干缩系数则呈下降趋势。通过观察木材的横切面微观结构发现,高初含水率试件的内裂沿木射线生成,其早材大管孔部位可观察到明显压缩。     

白橡热压干燥材等温吸湿特性研究

以白橡热压干燥材为研究对象,利用动态水分吸附仪研究了不同热压温度干燥处理后白橡木材和未处理对照材的等温吸湿特性,并采用H-H模型拟合;分析热压干燥对木材吸湿特性的降低机理。结果表明:白橡木材等温吸湿线皆为IUPAC Ⅱ型等温吸湿线。在任意相对湿度下,热压干燥材平衡含水率均明显低于对照材,且热压温度越高,平衡含水率降低越明显。H-H模型对白橡木材等温吸湿数据表现出良好的拟合效果。单分子层和多分子层含水率降低共同作用使得热压干燥材吸湿性降低,且相对湿度越高,多分子层水的减少对吸湿性的降低作用越大。与对照材相比,热压干燥材(140、150 ℃和160 ℃)的纤维饱和点推测值分别降低8.89%、11.76%和13.62%。白橡热压干燥材吸湿性降低机理主要为游离羟基等亲水基团含量减少和细胞壁刚度增加等。     

沙浴热处理杉木及其物理力学性能研究

以杉木为材料,通过沙浴和气相介质进行热处理,检测其炭化木材物理、力学性能和颜色等,借助XRD和FTIR分析不同热处理方法致木材性能差异的原因,以期探索沙浴炭化木材的可能性。结果表明:当热处理温度和时间相同时,沙浴热处理试件尺寸稳定性高于气相介质热处理;处理温度为220℃,时间4 h时,两种介质处理试件的尺寸稳定性均达到了最好状态,其中气相介质热处理杉木弦向线湿胀率最小为1.885%,比未处理材降低35.45%,沙浴热改性处理杉木弦向线湿胀率最小为1.923%,比未处理材降低36.16%。沙浴热改性处理杉木木材强度折损较气相介质热改性处理材更多。热处理温度和时间相同时,气相介质处理材颜色变化小于沙浴热改性处理材。热改性处理导致杉木材结晶特性和三素成分发生变化,其中沙浴热处理导致杉木材中半纤维素发生明显降解。     

热处理对毛白杨物理力学性能的影响

以毛白杨为研究对象,采用不同温度(160、180、200℃)、处理时间为3 h的热处理工艺,探讨了热处理对毛白杨物理力学性能的影响。与未处理材相比,毛白杨处理材的重量减少了2.0%~5.6%,绝干密度降低了18.8%~22.2%,弦向湿胀率降低了22.8%。试验结果表明:随着温度升高,木材重量逐渐降低,密度减小,抗胀性提高,尺寸稳定性提升,表面材色变深;处理材木材细胞壁的纵向弹性模量和硬度随温度的增加呈先降低后增大的趋势。     

高温热处理对UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响

以脲醛(UF)树脂改性杉木为研究对象,采用高温过热蒸汽对其进行热处理,系统研究了热处理温度和时间对UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:与杉木对照材相比,UF树脂改性杉木吸湿性降低,耐湿尺寸稳定性提高;高温热处理能降低UF树脂改性杉木的吸湿性,提高其耐湿尺寸稳定性;与热处理时间相比,高温热处理温度对UF树脂改性杉木的吸湿性和耐湿尺寸稳定性的影响更大,随着热处理温度的升高,UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向湿胀率、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率均呈先下降后升高的趋势;与杉木对照材相比,热处理UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率最大分别降低了39.00%、62.02%、69.89%、59.99%;与未经热处理的UF树脂改性杉木相比,热处理UF树脂改性杉木的平衡含水率、弦向、径向湿胀率和体积湿胀率最大分别降低了28.71%、53.42%、65.85%、54.32%。     

高温热处理对三种热带阔叶树材颜色和尺寸稳定性的影响

以大果紫檀（Pterocarpus macrocarpus）、奥氏黄檀（Dalbergia oliveri）、光亮杂色豆（Baphia nitida）三种热带阔叶树材为研究对象,在160、180、200℃下对其进行热处理,探究热处理温度对其心材的颜色、尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明：随着热处理温度的升高,三种木材的质量损失率均逐渐增大,颜色逐渐加深,热处理对光亮杂色豆和大果紫檀的颜色影响更大;三种木材在常温低湿（25℃、30%RH）和高温高湿（40℃、90%RH）条件下的吸湿平衡含水率和湿胀率均持续减小,阻湿率和体积抗胀率增大,尺寸稳定性明显提高。在200℃热处理后,三种木材均表现出明显增加的质量损失率和颜色变化,因此该三种木材较优的热处理工艺为180℃、3 h。     

高温热压干燥对紫椴小径材材性的影响

研究了椴木薄板热压干燥基本规律,以及热压温度、时间与含水率的关系;并对经热压干燥的板材与103℃烘干板的吸湿性、脆性进行对比。研究结果表明:高温热压后的板材吸湿性降低,尺寸稳定性好,但热压温度过高会产生木材热分解,冲击强度略有降低。高温热压干燥板材能满足铅笔用材要求。     

高温热处理对色木尺寸稳定性的影响

采用高温高湿-干燥-炭化工艺,以处理温度、处理时间、汽蒸时间和干燥基准为因素,L9(34)设计实验方案研究色木炭化材尺寸稳定性。结果表明:热处理可以明显降低木材的线性湿涨率和体积湿涨率,提高木材的尺寸稳定性;随着处理温度的升高、处理时间和汽蒸时间的延长,色木的体积湿涨率均降低;其中处理温度的影响程度最大。在本次试验中,与对照材相比,通过高温高湿处理可以使色木的弦向湿涨率降低26%～59%,径向湿涨率降低22%～66%,体积湿涨率降低31%～67%。     

蒸汽热处理马尾松木材工艺初探

以浙江本地的马尾松为试材,采用自制的小型热处理木材实验装置进行高温热处理木材工艺实验.通过对热处理前后马尾松木材力学性能和尺寸稳定性的比较,探讨了热处理温度、热处理时间以及升温速度对其性能的影响.研究结果表明:热处理温度对热处理马尾松木材的抗弯强度有显著影响,经热处理后的马尾松木材与未处理材相比,其顺纹抗压强度下降了1.823%~11.084%,抗弯强度下降了0.259%~34.451%,体积干缩湿胀率也有所降低.经综合分析并考虑到热源损耗及尺寸稳定性,得出马尾松木材的热处理最佳工艺为:热处理温度190℃,热处理时间2h,升温速度15℃/h     

杨木真空干燥的临界尺寸研究

以不同横截面、长厚比的杨木试材,在干燥温度为45、65、85 ℃,绝对压力0.02 MPa的真空干燥条件下,通过未封面与侧面封闭试件的对比试验,对杨木真空干燥临界尺寸进行了研究.结果表明:木材的临界尺寸随干燥温度的升高而增大,随侧面积与体积比率的减小而减小.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.