基于柔性制造系统的大规模定制家具公理化设计研究

针对大规模定制家具生产模式,为满足生产过程的快速性、可调控性、柔性等需求,构建家具柔性制造系统(FMS)平台,结合公理化设计对FMS平台进行功能设计,提出构建大规模定制家具FMS的设计框架,以期为大规模定制家具企业构建FMS提供一种新设计方法。     

家具企业产品开发与内部标准化平台建设

以质量功能展开方法为切入点,结合家具制造业的特点,对家具产品开发过程中,如何构建以顾客需求为导向的标准化平台,提升产品质量和市场竞争力、降低成本以及提高生产效率进行了方法和理念上的探索和分析。为家具企业内部建没高水平的标准化平台搭建了初步的理论框架,给出了具有可操作性的方法和工具。     

大规模定制家具快速响应机制及关键技术的研究

从家具市场发展的影响和生产模式的限制两方面阐述了实现大规模定制家具客户需求快速响应的必要性,通过对大规模定制家具快速响应内涵的分析,构建了大规模定制家具快速响应的关键技术架构,包括客户需求信息的采集与处理技术、产品开发设计与快速配置技术、生产线优化与柔性制造技术、供应链协作与运转技术及企业信息共享与管控技术,并对家具快速响应机制的基本流程和实施过程进行了详细解读,为我国大规模定制家具企业实施客户关系管理时实现客户需求快速响应具有一定的借鉴作用。     

多品种小批量环境下的家具混流生产线平衡分析与改善

随着用户对家具产品多样化和个性化的需求增多,传统的单一对象流水线生产严重阻碍了企业的发展,因此研究多品种小批量环境下的家具混流生产模式具有必要性。笔者以某家具企业为研究对象,在单一对象流水线生产现状分析的基础上,以该公司M类产品D、E、F进行混流生产线平衡分析与改善,构建产品作业顺序图,应用启发式算法求解出合理的混流生产线,最终混流生产线比原有的单一流水线效率提升在30.01%～43.96%之间,分别节约人均人工成本1.2、1.76万元/a和1.11万元/a。结果表明,混流生产线对企业成本、柔性化生产和适应市场需求等具有积极作用。     

面向智能制造的家具企业数字化设计与制造

随着传统制造业智能制造帷幕的开启,向数字化转型升级已经成为企业的共识,也是未来传统制造企业的战略核心。笔者结合家具企业发展现状的分析,通过对定制家具新模式、家具数字化转型的特征和家具企业数字化的优势等进行解读,明确了家具企业实现智能制造、数字化转型是必由的趋势;通过家具信息模型的搭建、数据的转换和应用过程、家具制造过程的数据集成等方面的分析,得出面向智能制造的家具企业实现数字化设计与制造的基本要求。结合大规模定制家具的信息化建设情况,构建了面向智能制造的家具企业数字化设计与制造关键技术,并对各技术进行了详细解读,主要包括:由基础技术、单元技术和集成技术等构成的网络基础建设技术,以及由设计数字化、生产过程数字化、制造装备数字化、管理数字化等构成的家具数字化转型核心技术。     

吉林省家具企业技术力量现状及发展方向探讨

本文从我省家具企业的技术力量的调查、分析入手，分析了我省家具企业技术力量、企业生产存在的问题，同时从我国家具工业的发展方向出发，提出了我省家具企业应采取的手段和措施。     

板式家具发展需靠出口与内需协同推动

据中国家具工业协会统计，目前全国登记在册家具企业为8．1万家，拥有6500万产业人员；其中生产板式家具（或完全，或部分）的企业占75％，其产量在家具总产量的七成以上。尽管板式家具的价格便宜、形式外观多样化，近年来颇得广大工薪阶层消费群的喜爱，但相对其他家具品种，如实木家具、特别是近年来炙手可热的珍贵硬木家具、仿明清古典家具、竹藤家具等，板式家具的境况尚有忧虑。概括目前板式家具的特点是：底盘大。需求大：效益少。出口少。     

我国木材工业家具产业化方向初探

近年来，随着装饰业的发展，世界家具工业快速发展，产值达1000亿美元。据有关资料，世界民用家具占总产值的60％，美国家具生产量位居世界首位，日本居第二，西欧是仅次于美、日的全球另一个重要家具生产地区。随着科技的飞速发展，全球性的木材供应日趋紧张，加之国际家具生产标准化的实施，家具的科研和生产正朝着科技型发展。目前国际家具生产呈现如下四大趋势;（1）加工方式趋向高度机械化和自动化高度机械化和自动化家具生产是满足社会需求的客观反映，发达国家城市70年代起就初具雏型，目前已成气候。例如加拿大的出口家具80％是在自…     

对外经贸大学教授解读美国对华家具反倾销

近年来,我国家具制造业的生产和出口取得了蓬勃发展．已经成为世界上重要的家具生产和出口大国。在我国家具企业阔步走向世界的过程中。与家具产品有关的贸易摩擦也日渐增多,反倾销成为制约我国家具产品出口的不稳定因素。本文对我国家具产品遭遇美国反倾销的原因进行了解读。为我国家具出口企业应对反倾销措施提供了对策建议。     

圆竹家具设计探究

圆竹家具在我国有着悠久的历史,具有丰富的人文内蕴,然而由于圆竹自身特性,造型和生产等方面受到限制,使圆竹家具难以适应现代人多样化的审美需求和工业化生产要求。笔者结合现代设计理念,对圆竹家具的特点和构造形式进行了深入分析,提出现代圆竹设计可以在生产过程上借鉴现代家具标准化统一生产,在外观造型上脱离传统的家具结构,精简家具构件,并且充分利用竹材韧性好等性能优势,突出造型美和材质美以满足现代审美需求;在连接结构上参考新材料或其他材料家具结构,在设计内涵上突出民族文化,引起情感共鸣。旨在为圆竹家具设计与制造提供理论指导,使圆竹家具设计符合现代生产和制造要求,满足消费者对家具外观造型的审美,达到消费者对圆竹家具情感的追求。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.