实木定制家具的设计生产瓶颈与解决途径

通过对YH家居材料有限公司的实木定制家具生产线进行调研,归纳实木家具定制化生产的现状,对比实木家具和板式家具在定制中的不同之处,总结出目前实木定制家具企业设计和生产中的瓶颈问题。希望通过引入成组技术,编码技术,搭建实木定制家具设计生产系统和实木家具标准零部件库的作用,为实木定制家具生产企业解决瓶颈问题提供一定的参考。     

基于介数中心性的板式定制家具零件尺寸参数传递研究

针对板式定制家具个性化设计不断变化等现状,以提高设计效率为目的,运用介数中心性分析各板件在变型设计尺寸参数传递中的重要程度,确定变型参数的传递路径,最终实现板式定制家具变型设计。运用实例验证该方法在板式定制家具中应用的可行性,为板式定制家具的变型设计提供新思路。     

基于柔性制造系统的大规模定制家具公理化设计研究

针对大规模定制家具生产模式,为满足生产过程的快速性、可调控性、柔性等需求,构建家具柔性制造系统(FMS)平台,结合公理化设计对FMS平台进行功能设计,提出构建大规模定制家具FMS的设计框架,以期为大规模定制家具企业构建FMS提供一种新设计方法。     

基于有特殊立柱户型的定制家具设计与应用

简要介绍了目前定制家具的设计难点,重点分析了其中最突出的一个问题:遇立柱设计。通过常见遇立柱设计实例分析,提出了适应特殊立柱户型定制家具设计的解决方案,以兼顾最大化利用空间和呈现家具美感为目标,总结出有特殊立柱户型定制家具的设计方法。     

家装业定制家具设计与计算机集成制造系统中的问题探析

定制家具已经成为追求个性化和私密家居环境者的一个方向,但其多变性较强,在工业化生产过程中很难实现“无缝式”衔接,从而导致部分家装业定制家具的设计方案与家具产品之间产生差异。介绍了家装业定制家具的主要特征,论述了计算机集成制造家具的基本模式,具体分析了家装业定制家具设计与计算机集成制造系统中的衔接问题,有针对性地提出优化家具设计与计算机制造系统衔接的三项措施。     

基于CNC的定制板式家具结构孔设计

近几年,由于定制家具能够很好地适应不同的家具使用空间和满足使用者个性需求,因而得到飞速发展,定制家具的个性化与多样化也对其没计与制造提出了更高要求。孔位的设计与加工是定制家具生产中一个复杂的环节,笔者打破传统板式家具结构孔位的设计方式,提出了新的孔位结构形式,优化了结构孔的设计,极大地提高了生产效率,为定制板式家具设计与制造提供了一种新的设计思路。     

基于拆装式结构的定制木楼梯扶手结构研究

通过对定制木楼梯扶手特点的分析,明确了可拆装定制木楼梯扶手设计的关键在于扶手部件接合方式的设计,并结合木楼梯在定制家具生产过程中存在的局限性,总结出基于拆装式结构的定制木楼梯扶手结构的设计原则。通过实际案例,对可拆装结构的定制木楼梯扶手设计进行具体分析。将可拆装的理念与定制木楼梯扶手结构相结合,以期满足现代家具定制化生产需求,同时克服了现有木楼梯接合方式安全性和美观性不强的缺陷,为现代家具结构设计与定制生产提供新思路。     

面向大规模定制的家具数字化设计技术

介绍家具数字化设计技术的概念,总结我国家具行业应用数字化设计的现状.阐述面向大规模定制的家具数字化设计的技术特征及技术体系,分析在构建面向大规模定制的家具数字化设计技术体系的过程中,我国家具行业亟待解决的问题,为我国家具产业转型升级和家具企业数字化设计系统的选型和开发,提供参考.     

基于批量定制的圆竹家具减量化设计研究

为解决圆竹家具受生产技术的制约而导致产品同质化、附加值低等问题，运用批量定制理念，从优化产品结构、降低制造门槛的角度进行圆竹家具的减量化设计。首先，分析了批量定制对圆竹家具减量化的驱动因素：以定制的柔性化生产实现产品差异化、利用批量的规模化来促进产品的减量化，提出以标准化部件和适应性部件相互配合来实现圆竹家具减量化的思路。其次，展开了设计减量化、工艺减量化和包装减量化的具体策略研究。最后，针对圆竹家具减量化进行设计创新与实践，验证了从批量定制理念出发对圆竹家具进行减量化设计的可行性。     

家装业定制家具设计与制造流程中的问题探析

针对家装企业的定制家具中存在的"设计与生产效率低、材料浪费大、出错率高"等诸多问题,提出通过定制家具系列产品数据库及按需定制的家具高效设计系统的研发来提高设计效率;通过采用计算机条形码技术和"拆单、拼单"生产的制造模式提高生产效率,减少出错率;可以采用大规模定制和开料软件提高原材料利用率;还可以通过不同生产环节的操作规程的制定,提高生产效率并减少出错率。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.