全自动索氏提取-气相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法测定土壤中18种多环芳烃

建立了全自动索氏提取-气相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱法测定土壤中18种多环芳烃的分析方法。土壤经正己烷和乙酸乙酯(1∶1v/v)提取后,硅胶小柱净化,外标法定量。方法对土壤前处理和仪器条件进行了优化,实际测定结果表明:18种多环芳烃含量在2～50μg/L间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r2均大于0.997;添加0.05～0.50mg/kg浓度,平均回收率在80.2%～92.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.2%～8.9%,该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合测定的技术要求。     

气相色谱—质谱法测定阻燃人造板中多溴联苯醚

建立气相色谱-质谱法测定阻燃人造板中的多溴联苯醚。样品经粉碎后,采用甲苯超声提取,提取液经硅胶净化后,用配有EI源的气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。结果表明,本方法检出限为3 mg/kg,回收率为91.7%,相对标准偏差为7.79%。该方法灵敏度、准确度、精密度高,适用于阻燃人造板中多溴联苯醚的分析检测。     

气相色谱质谱法测定土壤中多环芳烃

采用气相色谱质谱仪联用测定了土壤中的15种多环芳烃,选用正己烷:丙酮(1+1,v/v)为萃取溶剂,萃取液经硅胶柱净化,洗脱溶剂为正己烷:二氯甲烷(1+1,v/v)。结果表明:方法检出限为0.10～0.24μg/kg,土壤样品平均加标回收率为59.8%～91.4%,平均相对标准偏差为6.9%～16.3%,该方法灵敏度高、准确度高、选择性好、可操作性强,可适用于土壤中PAHs的准确定性及定量分析。     

毛竹薄壁组织抽提物成分的GC-MS分析

通过物理分离的方法从新鲜毛竹中分离出薄壁组织,利用索氏抽提的方法提取薄壁组织中的化学成分,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对抽提物成分进行分析。经分析鉴定,毛竹薄壁组织苯/醇抽提物经色谱分离可以得到40个峰,可以检测出其中的34种抽提物成分,占色谱峰总流出峰面积的91.75%;其主要化学组分为酯类6种、酮类7种和醇类5种,分别占物质总量的39.94%、25.72%和8.74%;主要化学物质为:邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(19.26%)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(14.91%)、4-羟基-4-甲基-2-戊酮(8.76%)、(3E,5Z)-6,10-二甲基-3,5,9-十一碳三烯-2-酮(8.11%)、苯乙烯(5.09%)、芳樟醇(4.99%)。     

GC-MS和LC-MS/MS检测木制品中三种有机磷酸酯阻燃剂

为探索木制品中阻燃剂检测方法,本文利用微波辅助萃取探索并比较了两种木材及其制品中3种有机磷阻燃剂检测方法。气相色谱-质谱方法(GC-MS)检测TCEP、TCPP、TDCP三种阻燃剂回收率87.0%~111.2%,相对标准偏差3.6%~16.3%,检出限分别29,20,14μg·kg~(-1);液相色谱-串级质谱方法(LC-MS/MS)检测TCEP、TCPP、TDCP三种阻燃剂回收率82.7%~98.3%,相对标准偏差1.8%~10.8%,检出限分别8,2,15μg·kg~(-1)。两种方法提取效果较好,准确度和精密度满足试验要求,均能够有效地检测木材及其制品中3种有机磷阻燃剂。     

乳源木莲挥发油的化学成分及生物活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取乳源木莲叶中的挥发油,经过气相色谱一质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析挥发油成分,共分离出16个峰,通过与软件中的质谱标准谱图库比较确定出其中14种化合物,应用色谱峰面积归一法分析各成分的质量分数,含量较高的物质有:反-橙花叔醇(38.831%)、二环基丙二腈(13.892%)、δ-杜松烯(7.814%)、香叶醇(6.367%)。体外抑菌实验表明,该挥发油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用,对红酵母有一定的抑制作用。Alamarblue法测定乳源木莲的挥发油对人非小细胞肺癌(NCI-H460)的抑制作用很强,浓度为100μg/mL达到100%。       

基于GC-MS法天女木兰叶中挥发性成分分析

利用GC-MS法对天女木兰(Magnolia sieboldii)叶中的挥发性成分进行分析研究。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取天女木兰叶中的挥发性成分,GC毛细管柱色谱法对其进行分离,质谱检测器进行分析,峰面积归一化法确定其相对含量,气相色谱-质谱联用技术辅助人工检索鉴定其化学成分。结果表明,从天女木兰叶挥发油中共分离出39种化学成分,鉴定出34种化合物,占挥发油总量的93.27%,主要成分有榄香烯(17.87%)、3-亚甲基-6-(1-甲基乙基)环己烯(12.03%)、4-萜烯醇(7.43%)、橙花醇(4.03%)、2,4-Cycloheptadien-1-one,2,6,6-trimethyl-(4.02%)、右旋柠檬烯(3.89%)、反式-橙花叔醇(3.38%)等。天女木兰叶挥发油中含有丰富的萜类等挥发性成分。     

东紫苏挥发油的化学组成及其抗氧化活性研究

通过蒸馏对东紫苏挥发油进行提取，利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分，并采用DPPH自由基清除法对其抗氧化活性进行测定。结果显示：东紫苏挥发油中检测出16种化合物，占总挥发油质量的80.32%,其中桉树醇的相对质量分数最高，占43.57%。东紫苏挥发油在1.83～8.29 mg/mL浓度范围内，与DPPH自由基清除率呈现出良好的量效关系，IC50值为12.25 mg/mL,表明东紫苏挥发油具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

红树植物海芒果树叶中的挥发油和脂肪酸研究

用气相色谱-质谱联用仪,分析测定红树植物海芒果(Cerbera manghas)叶片的挥发油和脂肪酸。结果表明,挥发油中分离出24个峰,鉴定出22种化合物,其中2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚含量丰富,占挥发油总量的40.89%;脂肪酸中分离出17个峰,鉴定出16种化合物,脂肪酸有7种,其中十六酸(棕榈酸)和9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)含量比较高,分别占脂肪酸总量的38.98%和8.71%。     

多环芳烃及其在土壤中的行为

多环芳烃(PAHs)广泛存在于自然界中,由于它存在的广泛性及其致癌性,EPA规定16种多环芳烃为优先污染物.对多环芳烃来源、在自然界中的分布以及其致癌性做了一个综述,并着重对土壤中多环芳烃的行为做了介绍,包括土壤中PAHs的吸附、迁移转化和降解等.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.