超高效液相色谱―串联质谱法检测猪肝中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留

本研究建立了猪肝中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留的超高效液相色谱―串联质谱检测方法(UPLC-MS/MS)。样品经EDTA-McIlvaine's缓冲液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化后,采用C₁₈色谱柱分离,以乙腈―0.1％甲酸(7∶3,V/V)为流动相洗脱,电喷雾正离子模式电离,选择离子监测模式检测。结果表明,药物浓度与峰面积在5~2000 ng/mL范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.99,对空白猪肝组织进行5~500 μg/kg的药物添加回收试验,经统计分析获得平均回收率约为84.9%~88.1%,批内变异系数为8.2％~15.1%,批间变异系数为14.7％~16.5%。本方法对乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素的检测限为0.76 μg/kg,定量限为2.51 μg/kg,方法灵敏、准确,适用于猪肝脏中乙酰异戊酰泰乐菌素残留的检测。     

犬血浆中塞拉菌素含量的高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法的建立

本研究以多拉菌素为内标,建立了犬血浆中塞拉菌素的高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法.用乙腈作为血浆蛋白沉淀剂,用SampliQ C18型SPE固相萃取柱进行净化,用1-甲基咪唑和三氟乙酸酐衍生化处理.色谱条件为ODS-1色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm),流动相为甲醇∶乙腈∶1％1-庚烷磺酸∶0.4％乙酸=40.0∶57.6∶0.9 ∶ 1.5(v/v/v/v),流速1mL·min-,进样量20μL,激发波长355 nm,发射波长465 nm,柱温30℃.方法的检测限为0.25 ng·mL-1,线性范围0.5～50.0 ng·mL-,变异系数为1.47 ％～3.31％,方法的样品平均回收率为94.0％.结果表明,所建方法准确、灵敏度高和重复性好,可用于犬体内塞拉菌素血药含量的测定.     

牛肝中氯舒隆残留检测高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

研究了采用固相萃取净化,高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定牛肝中氯舒隆残留量的方法.样品用乙腈提取,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后,HPLC-MS/MS方法检测.离子源采用电喷雾负离子方式(ESI-),多反应监测(MRM)模式进行采集,外标法定量.结果表明:方法检测限为2 μg/kg,定量限为5 μg/kg.在5、20、100 μg/kg三个添加浓度范围内,方法的平均回收率为86.6%～93.5%;方法RSD≤6.8%.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡脂肪中地克珠利残留量

本试验建立了鸡脂肪组织中地克珠利残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.采用乙腈和乙酸乙酯混合溶液提取,正已烷去脂,60℃氮气吹干,乙腈溶解后过0.22 μm微孔滤膜,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定.结果显示,地克珠利在鸡脂肪组织中10～2 000 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,在10、200、600 μg/kg的加标水平下,回收率为81.8％～110.0％,日内变异系数为1.5％～6.8％,日间变异系数为2.7％～6.0％,该方法的检测限和定量限分别为5 μg/kg和10μg/kg.该方法处理简单,准确度和精密度均能满足鸡脂肪组织中地克珠利残留量的检测.     

饲料中孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿含量的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱法测定饲料中孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿的含量.用乙腈提取,提取液经蒸干浓缩后用中性氧化铝和阳离子交换固相萃取柱净化,使用UPLC-MS/M进行检测.色谱条件: ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×100 mm i.d.,1.7 μm),流动相乙腈 0.1 %甲酸溶液,梯度洗脱流速0.3 mL/min.采用电喷雾串联四极杆质谱检测.结果表明,孔雀石绿和隐性孔雀石绿的浓度为1～500 ng/mL时线形良好,在1～100 μg/kg的添加水平条件下平均回收率为68.5 %～91.6 %,该方法的检测限为1.0 μg/kg.     

高效液相色谱荧光检测法同时检测鸡蛋中氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺残留

建立了高效液相色谱荧光检测法同时检测鸡蛋中氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺残留的方法.鸡蛋经碱性乙酸乙酯提取,饱和正己烷脱脂,氮吹仪吹干浓缩后用流动相溶解.用Lichrospher C1s柱,以乙腈-磷酸二氢钠溶液(0.01 mol/L,含0.005 mol/L十二烷基硫酸钠和0.1％三乙胺)(35:65,v/v)为流动相,在激发波长224 nm、发射波长285 nm处用荧光检测器检测.氟苯尼考在0.01～10.0 mg/L、氟苯尼考胺在0.002 5～2.5 mg/L浓度范围内,本方法线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.99 97和0.999 8.当添加水平氟苯尼考为15～500μg/kg、氟苯尼考胺为5～500 μg/kg时,该方法平均回收率分别为87.41％～92.29％和89.01％～95.15％,相对标准偏差分别为3.51％～5.36％和4.28％～5.72％;检测限分别为1.5 μg/kg和0.5 μg/kg(S/N=3);定量限分别为5μg/kg和2 μg/kg(S/N=10).该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,可同时检测鸡蛋中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留.     

RP-HPLC检测注射型复方驱虫剂中吡喹酮和伊维菌素的含量

采用反相高效液相色谱系统,以Shim-pack VP-ODS 150*4.6色谱柱进行.检测吡喹酮时,以甲醇:水(65:35,v/v)为流动相,扑米酮为内标物,紫外检测波长为215 nm;伊维菌素的检测以甲醇:水(90:10, v/v)为流动相,紫外检测波长为245 nm.在所测5~200 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系均良好,相关系数r分别为0.9988(吡喹酮)和0.9994(伊维菌素).     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定鸡肉组织中氨苯砜残留的研究

研究建立了检测鸡肉组织中氨苯砜的高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)定量确证方法。样品采用1%乙酸-乙腈(v/v)提取,乙腈饱和正己烷脱脂,采用C18反相色谱柱分离,以乙腈和5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离,正离子-多反应监测扫描模式,氨苯砜的定量、定性离子分别为249.1156.0,249.1108.0。建立的方法在0.05~10μg/kg范围内线性良好,检测限为0.015μg/kg,定量限为0.05μg/kg,在0.05~5μg/kg的添加范围内,回收率在76.2%~94.5%之间,日内、日间变异系数均小于19.4%。     

分散固相萃取结合液相色谱串联质谱法检测牛可食性组织中泰地罗新残留量

建立了分散固相萃取结合液相色谱串联质谱法检测牛肉、牛脂肪、牛肝和牛肾等可食性组织中的泰地罗新残留量的方法。取牛组织样品经50%(V/V)乙腈溶液提取,加入无水硫酸镁和氯化钠进行脱水和盐析,正己烷脱脂,高速离心分层后,取适量乙腈层溶液经0.1%(V/V)甲酸稀释后,用酸性氧化铝粉末进行样品净化并以10000 r/min离心取上清液,过0.22μm滤膜后上机测定。使用反相色谱柱进行分离,流动相为0.1%甲酸和乙腈溶液,采用梯度程序进行洗脱,三重四级杆质谱进行定性定量分析。结果表明,方法的最低检测限为5μg/kg,最低定量限为10μg/kg,添加含量在10～1000μg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r0.995),对应添加回收率为60%～110%,RSD10%,表明该方法具有较好的准确度与精密度。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定原料乳和奶粉中三聚氰胺的含量

该试验建立了使用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱测定原料乳和奶粉中三聚氰胺含量的检测方法.用三氯乙酸溶液和乙酸铅提取,提取液经MCX固相萃取柱净化后用UPLC-MS-MS进行检测.色谱条件:CAPCELL PAK CR1:4柱(2.0 mm×100 mmi.d.,5 μm),流动相:乙腈-0.01 mol/L乙酸铵溶液,梯度洗脱流速0.3ml/min.采用正离子模式的电喷雾质谱检测,以一级质谱得到的准分子离子m/z 126.8作为母离子,进行碰撞诱导解离(CID)二级质谱(MS2)分析,选择母离子和MS2的碎片离子m/z 84.9、67.8定性确证.提取m/z 84.9离子质量色谱峰面积定量.基质标准线性范围为0.01～1.00 μg/ml,检出限10 μg/kg(S/N=10),原料乳回收率为82.4%～97.8%,奶粉回收率为80.7%～95.7%.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in