土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

气候因素对土壤有机质组成和性质的影响

云南省哀牢山徐家坝自然保护区不同海拔的土壤有机质组成和性质与气候因素的相关分析结果表明，土壤有机质的组成（Ｈ／Ｆ），胡敏酸的光学特征（Ｅ４／Ｅ６）和ＣａＣｌ２的絮凝极限（ＦＬ值），除ＦＬ和Ｅ４／Ｅ６与年均降雨量不呈显著的相关关系外，其它数值均与年均温，≥１０℃积温和年均降雨量呈著（ｐ＜０．０１，ｎ＝７）的相关关系，并服从一元二方程Ｙ＝Ａ＋ＢＸ＋ＣＸ＾２。由此证明了气候因素对土壤有机质组成和胡敏酸的     

胡敏酸对土壤和矿物粘粒分散的影响

研究了土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid)对红壤和黄棕壤以及高岭矿和蒙脱矿粘粒分散的影响。研究结果表明：土壤HA对Na⁺饱和的土壤及矿物粘粒分散作用很大。用H₂O₂除去土壤有机质后,粘粒分散明显下降。然而,添加少量HA后,又能显著地提高粘粒的分散性。这种现象在两种土壤中,红壤表现更为突出。Na⁺饱和的高岭矿粘粒分散性很差,而蒙脱矿粘粒分散性很强,这与它们所带电荷量有关。但是,添加少量HA后,高岭矿粘粒分散性急剧提高,而蒙脱矿的变化却很小。试验结果进一步表明：有机质HA对土壤和矿物粘粒分散作用受矿物类型的影响。     

不同生物质材料对蕉园土壤有机质组成的影响

为探究不同生物质材料对蕉园土壤有机质及组成的影响,以木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和与椰糠炭等碳量的椰糠为材料,分别以质量分数为2%和4%的用量加入土壤中,于室内常温培养并保持土壤含水量不变。在第15、30、60、90、120和180 d采集土壤,分析不同生物质材料对土壤有机质、胡敏酸、富里酸和土壤胡敏酸/富里酸的影响。结果表明:添加木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和椰糠均能提高土壤有机质含量,并随添加量的增加而升高;添加木炭、椰壳炭、椰糠炭和椰糠均能加速土壤有机质的分解,添加椰壳炭对土壤有机质分解的影响相对较小。椰糠的添加主要是同时增加了土壤胡敏酸和富里酸碳含量,生物炭(木炭、椰壳炭和椰糠炭)的添加主要是影响了土壤胡敏酸与富里酸的相互转化。     

水稻秸秆燃烧对土壤有机质组成的影响研究

研究生物质(水稻秸秆)燃烧行为对土壤有机质含量和组成的影响,探讨不同燃烧次数下土壤中胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)、水溶性有机质(DOM)的含量和结构特征的变化情况。结果表明:土壤有机碳的变化仅在土壤表层几厘米以内,随燃烧频次增加土壤有机碳含量减少量增加,而水溶性有机质及组分则呈现不断增加的趋势。不同来源土壤的腐殖物质对生物质燃烧作用的响应不同,3种供试土样中腐殖物质随不同次数同强度秸秆燃烧并未呈现较一致的变化趋势,但每一种土壤的HA和FA含量及HA/FA、E4/E6值均随燃烧频次的增加呈现规律性的升高或者降低,而且FA含量的变化是影响HA/FA值大小的主导因素。此外,通过红外光谱图可知,随燃烧频次增加,FA中芳香性成分和含脂肪族C—OH、C—O物质增加,而HA由于本身芳香缩和度高而无明显变化。     

开垦年限对稻田土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

以吉林省磐石市朝阳山镇青山村开垦年限分别为5 a、20 a和50 a的稻田土壤为研究对象,研究了0~15 cm和15~30 cm土层的土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)组成和HA结构特征及土壤养分含量的变化。结果表明:随稻田开垦年限增加(5~50 a),表层(0~15 cm)与亚表层(15~30 cm)土壤变化如下:(1)电导率分别增加74.8%和113.7%,p H均基本稳定。土壤速效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加0.24%、15.8%、29.7%和1.33%、6.92%、14.7%。(2)有机碳总量分别增加42.1%和47.9%,WSS、HA和Hu含量分别增加28.4%、51.9%、76.2%和87.7%、84.9%、70.1%,而FA含量分别下降了9.2%和1.74%。说明稻田耕作年限越长越有利于土壤有机碳的积累。(3)胡敏酸占腐殖质的比例(PQ)值均增大,土壤腐殖化程度加深。(4)HA的氢碳元素物质的量之比(H/C)、色调系数(?lg K)、半定量分析得红外光谱在2 920和1 720峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 720)与在2 920和1 620峰处吸收强度之比(E2 920/1 620)均减小,HA分子芳化度增强,缩合度上升,结构变得复杂。     

胡敏酸对钾素耗竭土壤固定外源钾的影响

通过室内恒湿和干湿交替培养试验,研究了钾素受到生物耗竭的耕地棕壤对外源钾的固定特征和施用胡敏酸后对土壤固钾作用的影响。结果表明,在保持土壤处于饱和含水量的恒湿条件下,施用外源钾(K)483. 7mgkg-1,经过一天培养土壤的固钾量和固钾率分别达到265. 8mgkg-1和54. 95%,第3天土壤的固钾量达到最大值,为268. 0mgkg-1,再继续恒湿培养,土壤的固钾量有小幅度降低的趋势。然而,恒湿培养4天以后再经过风干1天,土壤的固钾量呈大幅度升高,固钾率提高30. 31%;在恒湿和干湿交替条件下培养,施用胡敏酸对土壤固钾状况的影响不同:施用胡敏酸不仅没有表现出降低土壤固钾量的作用,反而在第3个干湿交替循环周期结束后提高了土壤的固钾量,但在恒湿条件下施用胡敏酸表现出降低土壤固钾量的作用,与对照之间的差异达到了显著水平。     

黄土高原不同林型对土壤腐殖质组成及胡敏酸性质影响的研究

不同林型下土壤腐殖质研究表明:(1)当年枯枝落叶及表层土壤C/N值均以油松林地最大,沙棘林地最低;表层土壤C/N值与林龄、枯枝落叶C/N呈正相关,与枯枝落叶灰分含量呈负相关。(2)剖面中腐殖酸、胡敏酸、富里酸各平均值为白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>沙棘林地>油松林地,即阔叶乔木林地>灌木林地>针叶林地;胡敏素平均值大小顺序与此完全相反。(3)表层土壤胡敏酸芳构化程度在子午岭的为:白桦林地>辽东栎林地>辽东栎×山杨林地>山杨林地>油松林地>沙棘林地;六盘山为:山杨林地>辽东栎林地。剖面芳构化程度为:三层>二层>一层。     

热辐射对水稻土有机质组成的影响

本文研究了受不同程度热辐射后的水稻土中有机质组分的变化情况,结果表明:随温度升高,土壤中水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量先增加后减少,200℃变化尤为显著,增加为CK的3.68 ～ 7.45倍,中性糖、糖醛酸与DOC的变化趋势一致.辐射温度不同,土壤中的胡敏酸、富里酸组成和含量亦发生不同程度的变化,300℃胡/富比值最大(1.79 ～ 5.04),土壤腐殖质聚合程度增加;200℃胡敏酸的E4/E6比值最大,反映此温度下土壤芳香缩合度低、具有较多的脂族结构物质、土壤腐殖化程度低.     

施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸和富里酸热力学参数的影响

应用Vodyanitsky提出的方法，根据元素组成数据，计算了施用猪粪对棕壤胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)热力学参数的影响。结果表明，HA、FA的形成都是自发进行的放热反应；与HA相比，FA的能态较低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性较高；FA在土壤中比HA更容易形成。施用猪粪后，HA、FA的能态降低，分子结构有序度和热稳定性也降低，形成的自发性减弱且放热量减少，这些与它们元素组成的变化有关。     

Effect of cover crop management on soil organic matter

Characterization of soil organic matter (SOM) is important for determining the overall quality of soils, and cover crop system may change SOM characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cover crops on the chemical and structural composition of SOM. We isolated humic substances (HS) from soils with the following cover crop treatments: (a) vetch (Vicia Villosa Roth.)/rye (Sesale cereale L.), (b) rye alone, and (c) check (no cover crops) that were treated with various nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates. CPMAS-TOSS (cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning and total sideband suppression) ¹³C NMR results indicated that humic acids (HA) from soils under rye only were more aromatic and less aliphatic in character than the other two cover crop systems without fertilizer N treatment. Based on the DRIFT (diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared) spectra peak O/R ratios, the intensities of oxygen-containing functional groups to aliphatic and aromatic (referred to as recalcitrant) groups, the highest ratio was found in the HA from the vetch/rye system with fertilizer N. The lowest ratio occurred at the vetch/rye system without fertilizer N treatment. The O/R ratio of fulvic acids (FA) can be ranked as: vetch/rye without fertilizer>vetch/rye with fertilizer>no cover crop without fertilizer>rye alone (with or without fertilizer) soils. Both organic carbon (OC) and light fraction (LF) contents were higher in soils under cover crop treatments with and without fertilizer N than soils with no cover crop. These chemical and spectroscopic data show that cover crops had a profound influence on the SOM and LF characteristics.     

Carbon and nitrogen in operationally defined soil organic matter pools

Humic substances [humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and insoluble humin], particulate organic matter (POM), and glomalin comprise the majority (ca 75%) of operationally defined extractable soil organic matter (SOM). The purpose of this work was to compare amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in HA, FA, POM, and glomalin pools in six undisturbed soils. POM, glomalin, HA, and FA in POM, and glomalin, HA, and FA in POM-free soil were extracted in the following sequence: (1) POM fraction separation from the soil, (2) glomalin extraction from the POM fraction and POM-free soil, and (3) co-extraction of HA and FA from the POM fraction and POM-free soil. Only trace amounts of HA and FA were present in the POM fraction, while POM-associated glomalin (POM-glomalin) and POM alone contributed 2 and 12%, respectively, of the total C in the soil. Mean combined weights for chemically extracted pools from POM and from POM-free soil were 9.92 g glomalin, 1.12 g HA, and 0.88 g FA kg⁻¹ soil. Total protein and C, N, and H concentrations showed that glomalin and HA were, for the most part, separate pools, although protein was detected in HA extracts. Even though percentage carbon was higher in HA than in glomalin, glomalin was a larger (almost nine times) operationally defined pool of soil organic C. Glomalin was also the largest pool of soil N of all the pools isolated, but all pools combined only contained 31% of the total N in the soil.     

Temporal variation of soil organic matter content and potential determinants in Tibet, China

Understanding temporal variations in soil organic matter (SOM) is important because SOM improves soil, sustains soil productivity, and sequesters carbon. The Tibetan Plateau plays a critical role in climate change at both regional and global scales. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate temporal variations in SOM content in Tibetan soils as an important indicator of climate change. SOM content data were obtained from soil surveys conducted in the 1980s and resampled in the 2000s. In this study, SOM content data from the A horizon of the soil profile were compared over time, and a paired t-test was conducted to verify differences between the two datasets. The results reveal that SOM content in the A horizon decreased significantly. To determine the causes of SOM content decreases in the A horizon, soil samples were grouped into ten soil types, four land-use types, and seven physiogeographical units. SOM content in four soil types (felty soils, cambisols in the World Reference Base (WRB) for soil resources; cold calcic soils, cambisols in the WRB; bog soils, gleysols in the WRB; and meadow soils, umbric gleysols/haplic phaeozem in the WRB), pasture, and broad valleys and basins of the south Tibetan zone of montane shrubby steppe decreased significantly in the A horizon. Based on the analysis of some known realities, this change should be attributed to pasture degradation resulting from overgrazing and climate warming.     

腐殖酸对外源砷在土壤中形态转化和有效性的影响

通过室内培养的方法,探讨腐殖酸(HAs)的两种活性组分——富里酸(FA)和胡敏酸(HA)及其不同比例(HA/FA)对土壤As形态转化及有效性的影响。结果表明,HAs的两种组分对土壤As的形态均具有显著影响,其影响程度和方向与其浓度、比例及外源As含量有关。FA和添加量≤1%C的HA能增加土壤交换态As(Ex-As)的含量,添加量≥3%C的HA能降低土壤Ex-As含量;两种组分都能降低土壤铝型As(Al-As)和铁型As(Fe-As)含量,增加残渣态As(Res-As)含量,FA比HA的作用效果更强;在等量(1%C)HAs条件下,HA/FA≥5/5时HAs能降低Ex-As含量,≤3/7时则能增加Ex-As的含量。HAs对土壤有效As的影响是其对As形态分配综合作用的结果,对土壤有效As贡献最大的是Ex-As和Ca-As;HA和添加量较高(≥5%C)的FA能够降低外源As在土壤中的有效性,而添加量较低(≤3%C)的FA能在一定程度上增加土壤As的有效性。因此,掌握有机物料合理的用量和活性组分比例是其作为土壤As活性调控剂的前提。     

不同利用方式下土壤有机质和全磷的可见近红外高光谱反演

以太湖流域直湖港小流域稻田、桃园和菜地的土壤样本为研究对象,研究了不同光谱建模方法和土地利用方式对土壤有机质和全磷高光谱反演的影响。结果表明:(1)偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial least squarer egression,PLSR)模型的建模和预测精度较高且稳定;人工神经网络中广义回归神经网络(Generalized regression neural network,GRNN)网络预测精度较高但易出现过拟合现象,反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)网络比较稳健但精度略低;偏最小二乘与人工神经网络相结合则可综合两者优点,改善复杂样本下的预测精度。(2)土壤有机质的光谱反演结果优于全磷。3种土地利用方式中,稻田的预测效果总体优于桃园和菜地。在当前研究区域内土地利用方式对土壤有机质光谱反演影响不大,但对全磷反演影响较大。今后利用光谱对土壤全磷反演时需分土地利用方式对模型进行校准。     

Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields

Yield decline or stagnation and its relationship with soil organic matter fractions in soybean (Glycine max L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system under long-term fertilizer use are not well understood. To understand this phenomenon, soil organic matter fractions and soil aggregate size distribution were studied in an Alfisol (Typic Haplustalf) at a long-term experiment at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India. For 30 years, the following fertilizer treatments were compared with undisturbed fallow plots (without crop and fertilizer management): unfertilized (control), 100% recommended rate of N, NP, NPK, NPK+ farmyard manure (FYM) and NPK + lime. Yield declined with time for soybean in control (30 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and NP (21 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatments and for wheat in control (46 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and N (25 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) treatments. However, yield increased with time for NPK + FYM and NPK + lime treatments in wheat. At a depth of 0–15 cm, small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm) dominated soil (43–61%) followed by microaggregates (0.053–0.25 mm) with 13–28%. Soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), nitrogen (SMBN) and acid hydrolysable carbohydrates (HCH) were greater in NPK + FYM and NPK + lime as compared to other treatments. With three decades of cultivation, C and N mineralization were greater in microaggregates than in small macroaggregates and relatively resistant mineral associated organic matter (silt + clay fraction). Particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) decreased significantly in control, N and NP application over fallow. Results suggest that continuous use of NPK + FYM or NPK + lime would sustain yield in a soybean–wheat system without deteriorating soil quality.     

不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

Long-term manure amendments enhance neutral sugar accumulation in bulk soil and particulate organic matter in a Mollisol

Manure application generally increases soil organic matter (SOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) content in soil. Free and occluded POM (fPOM and oPOM) can be quantified by combining density and ultrasonic dispersion approaches, but it remains unclear which fraction of POM is more responsive to manure application, and whether manure treated soils have a more pronounced effect on POM content than unmanured soils (no or chemical fertilizer treated soils). Because neutral sugars in POM can be attributed to either plant- or microbial-derived compounds, we analyzed the pattern and ratio of different neutral sugars to clarify effects of different fertilizations on quality of POM in a study over two decades. Soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from six fertilization treatments in a 25-year long fertilization experiment including no fertilizer (CK), low manure (M1), high manure (M2), chemical nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NPK), and combined manure and chemical fertilizers (M1NPK, M2NPK). Our results showed that manure application generally led to higher organic carbon concentrations in bulk soil (M2NPK > M2 > M1NPK > M1 > CK > NPK), fPOM (M2NPK > M2 > M1 > M1NPK > NPK > CK) and oPOM (M1 > M2 > M1NPK > M2NPK > NPK > CK), respectively. As compared with unmanured treatments, manure amendments induced 48, 21 and 107% greater increases on average in neutral sugar concentrations in bulk soil, fPOM and oPOM, respectively. More plant-derived organic compounds were enriched in fPOM than oPOM and bulk soil, and the enrichment was more pronounced in manure treated soils than the unmanured soils. This study suggests that long-term use of manure enhanced microbial routing of specific monosaccharides into different POM fractions. Clearly, manure amendments improved labile SOM content and SOM quality in the Mollisol thus maintaining soil productivity over decades.