Puromycin: action on neuronal mitochondria

Puromycin, in dosages that inhibit cerebral protein synthesis and expression of memory in mice, produces swelling of neuronal mitochondria. Acetoxycycloheximide, which inhibits cerebral protein synthesis to the same extent as puromycin, fails to produce swelling of neuronal mitochondria. Puromycin and heximide mixtures produce severe inhibition of protein synthesis, but result in a minimal swelling of neuronal mitochondria and in a decrease of peptidylpuromycin complexes to a level of 30 percent of that following the injection of puromycin alone. It is concluded that swelling of neuronal mitochondria in the presence of puromycin is not due to inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis per se, but is related to a specific action of puromycin on ribosomal protein synthesis. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that peptidyl-puromycin complexes are responsible for mitochondrial swelling.     

电激活前亚胺环己酮预处理对猪孤雌激活胚发育的影响

本研究的目的是检测电激活前亚胺环己酮(CHX)预处理对猪体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌激活及随后胚胎发育的影响。试验结果表明:去卵丘卵母细胞最佳电激活参数为120 V/mm,40μs,1DC。卵母细胞在含CHX(10mg/mL)的NCSU-23中处理10min获得的囊胚率最高,显著高于处理0、30、40min组。电激活前,用CHX预处理较短时间可提高体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌激活胚的发育能力。     

Tetrodotoxin and manganese ions: effects on electrical activity and tension in taenia coli of guinea pig

Tetrodotoxin, at concentrations up to 5 x 10(-6) gram per milliliter, has no effect on the spontaneous discharge in the smooth muscle of taenia coli. However, the spontaneous discharge is abolished by Mn(++) at a concentration of 0.5 millimole per liter. The contraction induced by immersing the muscle in isotonic KCl solution is also suppressed in the presence of Mn(++). Because Mn(++) is a specific suppressor of the spike induced by Ca(++) and tetrodotoxin is an inhibitor of the spike induced by Na(+), we suggest that Ca(++) is a charge carrier in the production of spike potential in the smooth muscle and that the entry of intervening Ca(++) through the membrane acts as a trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle.     

Puromycin: effect on memory of mice when injected with various cations

Puromycin dihydrochloride neutralized with bases of potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium fails to block expression of memory of maze learning in mice, unlike puromycin neutralized with NaOH. This failure may be due to cationic binding at anionic membrane sites with a resultant exclusion of sufficient peptidyl-puromycin to make it ineffective in blocking memory.     

Telemetered recording of hormone effects on hippocampal neurons

Frequency-modulated telemetry was used to record the effects of hormones on single-unit activity in the brains of freely moving rats. Corticosterone decreased unit activity in the dorsal hippocampus. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone had the opposite effect.     

Puromycin analogs: action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and the role of glycogen

The effect of the injection into rats of analogs of puromycin, 6-dimethylaminopurine, and the aminonucleoside of puromycin on the stimullation of steroidogenesis by adrenocorticotropic hormone was coin pared with that of puromycin and cycloheximide. This stimulation was blocked only by the antibiotics, which also inhibited adrenal protein synthesis. Glycogenolysis is not associated with the primary mechanism of the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimnulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis in rats.     

Pars intermedia: unitary electrical activity regulated by light

In the pars intermedia of frogs in the dark two types of spontaneously firing neuronal units have been found; one can be inhibited by and the other is indifferent to increases in illumination. The receptor for the light-inhibited units appears to be the pineal organ. Transection experiments indicate that the axons to the two kinds of units in the pars intermedia are separately grouped in the floor.     

Oxytocin: effects of degradation on radioimmunologic and biologic activity

Incubation with thioglycollate destroyed biologic activity of oxytocin, but left immunologic activity intact. Incubation with plasma of pregnant women at term or with placental extract destroyed biologic and immunologic activities. Dissociation of biologic from immunologic sites is suggested.     

Cycloheximide: its effects on activity are dissociable from its effects on memory

Cycloheximide, when injected subcutaneously or intracerebrally, produces changes in the activity level of mice. Isocycloheximide, injected intracerebrally, produces identical effects on activity, but it does not produce inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis or amnesia. Amphetamine, in doses that can antagonize the amnesic action of cycloheximide, does not antagonize the effect of cycloheximide on activity. Effects of cycloheximide on activity do not appear to be responsible for its amnesic action.     

Nitrogen- and helium-induced anoxia: different lethal effects on rye seeds

Prolonged exposures to acute anoxia caused progressive reductions in the viability of hydrated seeds of Prolific rye. For equal exposures of 9 days or longer, mortality was significantly higher in helium than in nitrogen. The findings suggest that prolonged use of helium as a component of atmospheres in manned space capsules may be harmful.     

Memory traces: experimental separation by cycloheximide and electroconvulsive shock

Mice given cycloheximide or saline were trained with a single trial. Electroconvulsive shock was administered to both groups at various times after training. Cycloheximide led to memory that decayed with time. Cycloheximide plus electroconvulsive shock produced complete amnesia at times when neither treatment alone produced amnesia. Only two types of processes appear to support memory storage in our study.     

Synaptic connections in vitro: modulation of number and efficacy by electrical activity

The functional architecture of synaptic circuits is determined to a crucial degree by the patterns of electrical activity that occur during development. Studies with an in vitro preparation of mammalian sensory neurons projecting to ventral spinal cord neurons slow that electrical activity induces competitive processes that regulate synaptic efficacy so as to favor activated pathways over inactive convergent pathways. At the same time, electrical activity initiates noncompetitive processes that increase the number of axonal connections between these sensory and spinal cord neurons.     

不同条件对ND、EDS—76病毒血凝性影响的观察

分别观察了不同稀释液、不同感作温度、不同红细胞浓度及不同感作时间对ND、EDS－76病毒HA效价、血凝特性及血凝解脱现象的影响。结果表明，在进行HA试验时，以PH7．2的PBS液为稀释液、0．5％鸡红细胞为指示系统、在37℃下感作20min或室温下感作30min为最适试验条件。各样品在0．5％红细胞下测得的HA效价比0．8％红细胞时平均高0．25－0．5个滴度，其它情况下测得的HA效价基本相同，但红细胞的凝集状态及观察结果的时间有所不同。其中，感作温度越高（37℃），出现结果越早，且凝集现象越明显，但解脱作用发生得也越快。ND病毒所引起的血凝现象仅可持续2h左右，而EDS－76病毒引起的血凝现象可持续至24h不发生解脱，这一特性可作为鉴别2种病毒的1个指标。     

Sodium-coupled sugar transport: effects on intracellular sodium activities and sodium-pump activity

Intracellular sodium activities, (Na)c, were determined in Necturus small intestine before and after addition of galactose to the mucosal bathing solution. In the absence of galactose, (Na)c averaged 12 millimoles per liter. Within 2 minutes after the addition of galactose to the mucosal solution, (Na)c increased to a mean value of 20 millimoles per liter and then declined, in parallel with an increase in transcellular sodium transport, to a value that did not differ significantly from that observed in the absence of the sugar. The final steady state in the presence of galactose was characterized by a three- to fourfold increase in the rate of transcellular Na+ transport in the absence of a significant increase in (Na)c. Thus, the increase in steady-state basolateral pump activity cannot be attributed to an increase in the intracellular sodium transport pool.     

Exercise: effects on hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle

Single bouts of exercise increase hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle of guinea pigs. Multiple bouts of exercise cause two-fold increases. In contrast to other enzymes associated with glycolysis, hexokinase activity is higher in red than in white skeletal muscle.     

不同碳源和氮源对米曲霉产酶影响的研究

以米曲霉3.4383作为原始菌株,经紫外诱变,通过培养筛选,得到一株变异菌株UV-2。其蛋白酶和纤维素酶活比原始菌株(蛋白酶2526 U/g,纤维素酶987 U/g)提高较多,达到3250和1145 U/g,且遗传稳定性好。研究了不同氮源和碳源对米曲霉UV-2产蛋白酶和纤维素酶的影响。确定了饲料酶制剂生产中最佳的氮源和碳源分别为豆粕和麸皮,并进一步确定发酵培养基中最佳的氨源和碳源比为1∶5。     

Magnetoencephalography: detection of the brain's electrical activity with a superconducting magnetometer

Measurements of the brain's magnetic field, called magnetoencephalograms (MEG's), have been taken with a superconducting magnetometer in a heavily shielded room. This magnetometer has been adjusted to a much higher sensitivity than was previously attainable, and as a result MEG's can, for the first time, be taken directly, without noise averaging. MEG's are shown, simultaneously with the electroencephalogram (EEG), of the alpha rhythm of a normal subject and of the slow waves from an abnormal subject. The normal MEG shows the alpha rhythm, as does the EEG, when the subject's eyes are closed; however, this MEG also shows that higher detector sensitivity, by a factor of 3, would be necessary in order to clearly show the smaller brain events when the eyes are open. The abnormal MEG, including a measurenment of the direct-current component, suggests that the MEG may yield some information which is new and different from that provided by the EEG.     

Ribonucleic acid metabolism of a single neuron: correlation with electrical activity

The giant neuron of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica incorporates tritiated uridine into RNA at a constant rate at rest. This rate incrceases under synaptic stimulation, the increase being directly proportional to the number of action potentials produced by the neuron. Multineuronal samples from stimulated ganglia faiiled to show an increase in incorporation.     

Barometric pressure fluctuations: effects on the activity of laboratory mice

Fluctuations in naturally occurring levels of barometric pressure appear to be an important determinant of activity in laboratory mice. In three experiments, activity was higher after increases in barometric pressure than it was after decreases. When the barometric pressure remained relatively stable, intermediate levels of activity were observed.     

Lhx2 selector activity specifies cortical identity and suppresses hippocampal organizer fate

The earliest step in creating the cerebral cortex is the specification of neuroepithelium to a cortical fate. Using mouse genetic mosaics and timed inactivations, we demonstrated that Lhx2 acts as a classic selector gene and essential intrinsic determinant of cortical identity. Lhx2 selector activity is restricted to an early critical period when stem cells comprise the cortical neuroepithelium, where it acts cell-autonomously to specify cortical identity and suppress alternative fates in a spatially dependent manner. Laterally, Lhx2 null cells adopt antihem identity, whereas medially they become cortical hem cells, which can induce and organize ectopic hippocampal fields. In addition to providing functional evidence for Lhx2 selector activity, these findings show that the cortical hem is a hippocampal organizer.