盐酸山莨菪碱加微量雌激素对奶牛催情作用的研究

本研究应用盐酸山莨菪碱（１５０ｍｇ）及微量的雌激素（４ｍｇ）对１～４胎９０天以上未出现发情的不孕奶牛４５例进行催情，其有效率为７１．１１％（３２／４５），其中卵巢静止为６０％（１５／２５），持久黄体８５％（１７／２０）。同时还发现用上述两种药物处理的１０例患牛的血清孕酮含量在注射后的１２０小时以内均有程度不同的下降；当血清孕酮最低峰值＜１．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ时，临床呈现发情征象的持久黄体牛为８３．３％（５／６）；卵巢静止牛为１００％（４／４）。５例仅用微量雌激素（４ｍｇ）注射的患牛孕酮含量虽有变化但临床上均不出现显性发情症状。初步证明：盐酸山莨菪碱与微量雌激素协同可对奶牛有明显的催情作用，此方法迄今国内外未见报道。     

牛人工授精后血清中孕酮浓度的变化与受胎效果

笔者通过对授精当天、７天后和２０～２２日后牛体血清中孕酮浓度的测定（酶免疫法）与分析，探讨了该法应用于牛的发情鉴定和早期妊娠诊断的可能性。在５２头供试牛中，有４７头（９０．４％）属正常发情（排卵性发情），有１头（１．９％）属假发情（不排卵性发情），另有４头（７．７％）未发情，６０天后妊检结果，有３６头（６９．２％）怀孕，这３６头牛均为正常发情者。输精后第７天血清中的孕酮浓度，妊娠牛（ｎ＝３６）与非妊娠牛群（ｎ＝１６）间无显著差异，但在第２０～２２天后的第二次发情预计日，妊娠牛的孕酮浓度［５．３±１．７（１．２－８．２）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］则显著高于非妊娠牛［１．３±１．２（０．４－５．５）ｎｇ／ｍｌ］。采用此时血清中孕酮浓度指标，判定有４０头牛妊娠，其早期妊娠诊断的准确率在妊娠牛为９０．０％（３６／４０），对非妊娠牛达１００％（１２／１２）。因而，本法在早期妊娠诊断上具有实用价值。     

氯前列烯醇在奶牛不孕症上的应用

氯前列烯醇,对奶牛持久黄体、卵巢机能不全、萎缩,黄体囊肿等的治疗,效果甚佳。１ 持久黄体：子宫腔注射２～４ｍＬ,在３～５ｄ内发情,发情率达１００％;在存在黄体的卵巢同侧阴唇膜下注射２～４ｍＬ,效果更好。该激素由子宫静脉通过渗透作用而进入卵巢动脉,作用于黄体,使黄体迅速溶解,加快了奶牛的发情。２ 卵巢机能不全,萎缩：子宫腔注射或肌肉注射２～４ｍＬ。虽发情时间较肌注延缓３～５ｄ,但发情率和受胎率有明显提高。３ 黄体囊肿：子宫腔注射或肌肉注射４～６ｍＬ。该激素通过促进孕酮的降解和抑制孕酮的合成,进而破坏…     

不同给药途径的15甲基前列腺素F_2α和乙烯雌酚注射液对奶牛持久黄体疗效的比较

本文应用不同给药途径的１５甲基前列腺素Ｆ２α（１５甲基ＰＧＦ２α）和乙烯雌酚注射液对１００例患有持久黄体的奶牛进行疗效的比较，结果表明，有黄体存在的卵巢侧的阴辱粘膜下注射１５甲基ＰＧＦ２α２ｍｇ（试验１组）效果最佳，治愈率为９０％（１８／２２），有效率为１０％（２／２０）；有黄体存在的卵巢侧的子宫角注射１５甲基ＰＧＦ２α２ｍｇ（试验２组），治愈率（１８／２０）和有效率（２／２０）同试验１组；肌注１５甲基ＰＧＦ２α４ｍｇ（试验３组）的治愈率为７０％（１４／２０），有效率为３０％（６／２０）；每日肌注１次乙烯雌酚注射液３５ｍｇ，连续注射２天（试验４组），治愈率为６０％（１２／２０），有效率为４０％（８／２０）；每日在有黄体存在的卵巢侧的阴唇粘膜下注射１次乙烯雌酚注射液３５ｍｇ（试验５组），连续注射２天，治愈率为８０％（１６／２０），有效率为２０％（４／２０）。试验１组、２组与试验３组比，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；试验５组与试验４组比，差异亦为极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；试验４组与试验３组比和试验５组与试验１、２组比，差异均为不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

持久黄体性不孕奶牛用复方缩宫素乳剂处理后血清中孕酮和雌二醇？…

选择患持久黄体的不孕奶牛１４头进行复方素乳剂的临床治疗试验，并利用放射免疫方法对部分患牛治疗关后血清孕酮（Ｐ４）和雌二醇（Ｅ２）水平进行检测。结果发现：复活 方缩宫素对持久黄体性不孕奶牛的有效率和治愈率均为７７．７８％，显著高于对照组；患牛在处理后血中Ｅ２水平不断升高，Ｐ４水平逐渐降低，这些结果表明，复方缩宫素具有溶解黄体和诱导发情的作用。     

子宫灌注兽用氯前列烯醇诱导奶牛同期发情的效果观察

氯前列烯醇（ＩＣＩ）在奶牛中 ,一般用于同期发情 ,调整产犊季节 ,治疗持久黄体等不孕症。多年来 ,在奶牛业生产中我们采取肌肉注射ＩＣＩＯ．２ｍｇ／头 ,诱导同期发情 ,于注射后４８～７２小时观察 ,发情率达到６０ %。为了比较同期发情效果 ,１９９６～１９９９年采取子宫灌注ＩＣＩＯ．２ｍｇ／头、０ ３ｍｇ／头 ,于子宫灌注后４８～７２小时观察 ,同期发情率分别达到７１ ６ %、８７ ５ %。１材料与方法１．１药品ＩＣＩ０ ２ｍｇ／支 ,批号９５０３０５９７０３２６９８０５１４上海计划生育研究所生产１．２方法直肠检查空怀奶牛 ,…     

奶牛高烧性疾病后继发卵巢静止的治疗试验

用传统中兽医理论组方,配制一种中药散剂——奶牛催情促孕散,对奶牛高烧性疾病后继发卵巢静止病例进行治疗试验。2个疗程后试验组发情率达80％,发情牛配种爱胎率达87．5％,明显高于对照组。     

中药促孕灌注液对奶牛卵巢静止的疗效验证

<正> 卵巢静止常出现在乏情的牛,它没有排卵周期,又没有发情表现。其病因较为复杂。虽然用西药有时也能奏效,但长期使用孕酮素或雌激素治疗会产生副作用,也能引起卵巢静止。临床上患卵巢静止的奶牛为数不少,如不及时发现和治疗,给生产带来一定     

复方藿阳促孕汤加减治疗奶牛不孕症

本次试验以复方藿阳促孕汤为基础进行加减,组成方一、方二、方三,对持久黄体、卵巢静止、卵巢囊肿、卵巢萎缩、子宫疾病进行分组治疗。试验结果表明,持久黄体试验牛发情排卵有效率为96．6％,配种受胎率为88．9％;卵巢静止试验牛发情排卵有效率为80．8％,配种受胎率为80．0％;卵巢囊肿试验牛发情排卵有效率为75．0％,配种受胎率为42．9％;卵巢萎缩试验牛发情排卵有效率为50．0％,配种受胎率为50．0％：子宫疾病试验牛发情排卵有效率为77．8％,配种受胎率为833％。由此说明,复方藿阳促孕汤加减在治疗奶牛不孕症中效果显著。     

前列腺素处理对瘤牛繁殖力的影响

三个不同牛场的３７头发情期瘤牛,经一次前列腺素ＰＧＦ２α处理,进行同期发情试验,６０．６％的有显发情,９０．５％的牛黄体溶解,一次注射ＰＧＦ２α后定时授精的１号牛场妊娠率为６１．４％,明显高于２,３号牛场的４５．７％和４６．９％,三个场重配牛的妊娠率分别为５３．３％,５０．０％和５０．０％,三者没有显著差异。以孕酮（Ｐ４）浓度作繁殖力分级表明：６．６％的牛被误诊有黄体存在,其中２．９％黄体溶解不完     

新型中药促孕灌注液治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎及促孕效果验证

以原中药促孕灌注液为基本方,研制新型中药促孕灌注液,治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,并验证其对卵巢静止和持久黄体性不孕症的疗效。结果表明,新促孕液对子宫内膜炎有较好的疗效,与抗生素和氯前列烯醇的效果接近;对卵巢静止、持久黄体的疗效亦较确实。     

Relationship among insulin-like growth factor-I,blood metabolites and postpartum ovarian function in dairy cows

The relationship among nutritional status, systemic insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and ovarian function early postpartum were investigated. A total of 27 Holstein-Friesian cows, 10 that cycled normally within 20 days postpartum, 5 diagnosed with follicular cysts, 8 with persistent corpus luteum (CL) after the first ovulation postpartum and 4 with inactive ovaries were used for the study. Blood samples were collected 1-3 times per week, for 60 days pre- and postpartum, for IGF-I, progesterone, estradiol, free fatty acids (FFA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) determination. Inactive ovary and cystic cows had a higher body condition score before calving and lost more condition than normal or persistent CL cows. Immediately postpartum, IGF-I levels were higher and rose sharply in cows that cycled normally than in cystic, inactive ovary or persistent CL cows. At calving and early postpartum, FFA was higher in inactive ovary and cystic than in normal and persistent CL cows. There was a significant strong positive relationship between IGF-I and BUN, and strong negative relationships between IGF-I and FFA and AST in all groups. There was a positive relationship between serum IGF-I and estradiol in normal cystic and inactive ovary cows. This study found that overconditioned cows during the dry period or at calving, lost more body condition postpartum. These cows also had a deeper and longer period of negative energy balance (NEB), poor liver function and low circulating IGF-I concentrations early postpartum. Such cows were likely to have poor reproductive function as seen in development of cystic ovaries, persistent CL and inactive ovary. Changes in serum IGF-I early postpartum may help predict both nutritional and reproductive status in dairy cattle.     

内蒙古地区奶牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病血清流行病学调查

应用ELLSA试验对来自内蒙古地区17个大﹑中﹑小型奶牛场的2391份牛血清样品进行了牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病抗体检测,并对其中222份抗体阴性牛应用ELISA试验进行牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病的抗原检测。结果表明：17个奶牛场均检出BVDV抗体阳性,共检出阳性血清2125份,阳性率最高达100%,最低为46.8%,平均为88.9%。对14个奶牛场进行了BVDV抗原检测,在5个奶牛场检出BVDV抗原阳性,阳性率为3.6%（8/222）。表明内蒙古地区奶牛场普遍存在牛病毒性腹泻/黏膜病感染,感染率较高,并且牛群中存在持续性感染（PI）牛。     

Evaluation of cervical and uterine size,at 4 weeks postpartum,as a predictor of subsequent fertility in Jersey cattle

Uterine and cervical size of Holstein dairy cows is reported among reasons for a decline in dairy cow fertility. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (a) determine whether size of the cervix and uterus at 4 weeks postpartum impacted subsequent fertility at first service in Jersey cattle, (b) determine whether progesterone level at 4 weeks postpartum impacted cyclicity and (c) the association of the presence of corpus luteum and uterus and cervix size. Body condition scores at calving, presence of postpartum diseases, parity number and milk weights were taken from lactating Jersey dairy cows (N = 147) for 28 days postpartum. During the fourth week postpartum, a blood sample was obtained for progesterone concentration, and transrectal ultrasonography was performed by a high-resolution ultrasound machine to determine cervical and uterine horn diameter, as well as ovarian structures measurements. Correcting for parity number, BCS at calving, presence of diseases and milk yield, cows with a cervix >2.54 ± 0.63 cm and uterine horn >2.25 ± 0.59 cm were less likely to become pregnant at first service (p = .04 and p = .003, respectively). The cows with larger cervix had a trend to be less likely to have a corpus luteum present at the 4th week of lactation (p = .067). Cows with larger uterine horn size were less likely to have a corpus luteum present at the 4th week of lactation (p = .015). It is concluded that a larger cervix and/or uterus during the postpartum was associated negatively with fertility and cyclicity in Jersey cows.     

Reproductive performance of dairy cows not detected in oestrus but with a detectable corpus luteum, in response to treatment with progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and prostaglandin F2alpha

AIM: To determine if the reproductive performance of dairy cows not previously detected in oestrus but with a detectable corpus luteum before the planned start of mating (PSM), could be improved by treatment with progesterone, oestradiol benzoate (ODB) and prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF). METHODS: Cows in 18 herds which had not been detected in oestrus, but which had a detectable corpus luteum present at veterinary examination 7 days prior to the PSM (Day -7), were allocated to 1 of 2 groups. Treated cows (n=232) received an injection of 2 mg ODB and an intravaginal progesterone releasing device (CIDR insert) on Day -7, and an injection of PGF on the day of insert removal 7 days later (Treated group). The Control group (n=243) remained untreated. Cows were mated to detected oestrus from Day 0, and conception dates confirmed by manual palpation or transrectal ultrasonography. RESULTS: During the first 7 days of mating, 37.4% of Control cows and 65.9% of Treated cows were inseminated on detection of oestrus (p<0.001). Pregnancy rates for this period were 20.4% and 36.3%, respectively (p=0.001). Conception rates to first insemination, pregnancy rates after 21 days of mating and at the end of the mating period were similar between groups (p>0.1). Median interval from the PSM to conception did not differ between treatment groups (24 and 23 days for Control and Treated, respectively, p>0.1). CONCLUSION: Treating postpartum dairy cows which had not previously been detected in oestrus but which had a detectable corpus luteum, with progesterone, ODB and PGF did not significantly improve their reproductive performance compared with no hormonal intervention. KEY WORDS: dairy cattle, postpartum, anoestrous, reproduction, progesterone treatment.     

Herd-level economic losses associated with Johne's disease on US dairy operations

Johne's disease (‘paratuberculosis') is a chronic, infectious, wasting disease that affects dairy cattle. Estimation of its impact on herd productivity and corresponding economic loss on US dairy operations was part of the USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) 1996 national dairy study. Johne's-positive herds experience an economic loss of almost US$ 100 per cow when compared to Johne's-negative herds due to reduced milk production and increased cow-replacement costs. For Johne's-positive herds that reported at least 10% of their cull cows as having clinical signs consistent with Johne's disease, economic losses were over US$ 200 per cow. These high-prevalence herds experienced reduced milk production of over 700 kg per cow, culled more cows but had lower cull-cow revenues, and had greater cow mortality than Johne's-negative herds. Averaged across all herds, Johne's disease costs the US dairy industry, in reduced productivity, US$ 22 to US$ 27 per cow or US$ 200 to US$ 250 million annually.     

奶牛早期妊娠诊断技术研究

该文应用直检和B超对奶牛配后16~21 d进行卵巢检测,根据可参配母牛发情时的卵泡和配后黄体发育的状态与质量,对是否妊娠做出综合判断,进而减少和缩短母牛空怀期,提高奶牛生产效益。     

不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响

为分析不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响,试验选择胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛160头随机分成4个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复10头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组每头奶牛分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60 g/d复合益生菌制剂,预试验7 d,试验期为60 d。结果表明:(1)试验后的30、60 d,试验3、4组的平均产奶量较1相比分别提高16.0%、14.9%、25.6%、24.1%(P<0.05);(2)试验2、3、4组的4%乳脂校正、乳蛋白率、总固形物均高于1组(P>0.05);试验2、3、4组的尿素氮均低于1组(P>0.05);试验3、4组的乳糖率、乳脂率较1组分别提高14.6%、13.4%、5.0%、4.2%(P<0.05);(3)试验后的60 d,试验3、4组乳中体细胞数量较1组相比降低9.3%、7.1%(P<0.05)。综上,每头牛每天添加40 g复合益生菌制剂可以提高奶牛的生产性能、乳品质,减少体细胞数量。     

A review of current timed-AI (TAI) programs for beef and dairy cattle

This is a review of the physiology and endocrinology of the estrous cycle and how ovarian physiology can be manipulated and controlled for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in beef and dairy cattle. Estrus detection is required for artificial insemination (AI), but it is done poorly in dairy cattle and it is difficult in beef cattle. Protocols that synchronize follicle growth, corpus luteum regression and ovulation, allowing for TAI, result in improved reproductive performance, because all animals are inseminated whether they show estrus or not. As result, TAI programs have become an integral part of reproductive management in many dairy herds and offer beef producers the opportunity to incorporate AI into their herds. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-based protocols are commonly used in North America for estrus synchronization as part of a TAI program. Protocols that increase pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows and suckling beef cows have been developed. Protocols that improve pregnancy rates in heifers, acyclic beef cows, and resynchronized lactating dairy cows are also discussed.