垂直深旋耕配施有机碳肥对植烟土壤pH和物理性状及养分的影响

为探索垂直深旋耕与施用有机碳肥改良植烟土壤的效果,研究了垂直深旋耕配施有机碳肥对酸性植烟土壤pH、物理性状及主要养分的影响。结果表明:(1)垂直深旋耕可提高全耕作层土壤pH,降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度;(2)垂直深旋耕配施有机碳肥,可增加土壤有机质,提高植烟土壤氮、磷、钾的有效性;(3)以垂直深旋耕结合2次施用有机碳肥改良酸性土壤的效果最好。     

翔宇秸秆熟化有机生物肥应用效果

为充分了解翔宇秸秆熟化有机生物肥（简称翔宇肥）的效果，适应水稻绿色食品生产和优质高效的市场需要，特进行了翔宇肥与常规化肥对比试验，现将试验应用效果小结如下：１翔宇肥的特点１．１营养成分齐全，养分含量适宜，肥料利用率比常规化肥提高５０％以上。１．２具有活性功能和磁学效应，可调解作物生长和暄化土地，有长效和增产作用。１．３总养分含量３６％，三要素含量１５％，速效有机碳含量１５％，中微量元素含量６％，有机质含量３０％，特效活菌数每克０．２亿个。载体为熟化秸秆。２试验内容与方法试验设于二个队：１０队３—…     

糠醛渣有机碳生态肥配方筛选及对甜菜经济效益的影响

以改性糠醛渣、甜菜多元肥和生物菌肥为原料,进行了糠醛渣有机碳生态肥配方筛选及对甜菜经济效益影响的研究。结果表明:糠醛渣有机碳生态肥配方为:改性糠醛渣0.8180∶甜菜多元肥0.1718∶生物菌肥0.0102。糠醛渣有机碳生态肥施用量与甜菜农艺性状、经济性状间呈显著的正相关关系,糠醛渣有机碳生态肥施用量(x)与甜菜块根产量(y)间的肥料效应回归方程式为y=61.57+2.5175x-0.0256x2,经济效益最佳施用量为14.68t/hm~2,甜菜块根理论产量为93.01t/hm~2。不同处理甜菜农艺性状、经济性状由大到小的顺序依次为:糠醛渣有机碳生态肥传统化肥对照(不施肥)。施用糠醛渣有机碳生态肥与传统化肥比较,甜菜叶丛高度、根体长度、根直径、单根重、根产量、增产值、施肥利润和投资效率分别增加3.11%、6.36%、7.56%、4.67%、5.38%、1669.50元/hm~2、478.18元/hm~2和0.02元/元。     

高寒半干旱区农田施肥效应及对降水生产潜力开发的影响

有机无机肥配施表明 ,土壤酶活性增强 ,土壤有机碳、易氧化碳、重组碳增加 ,土壤腐殖质品质和活性改善 ,原土复合量、阳离子交换量 ( CEC)、速效养分增加 ,结构改良 ,且具有显著的增产效果 ,坡梁栗钙土莜麦产量比对照提高 2 2 3 .6%～ 3 90 .3 % ,降水利用效率和作物水分利用效率分别提高 4 .4 1～ 8.2 3和 3 .50～6.66kg· mm- 1 · hm- 2 ;旱滩草甸栗钙土春小麦较对照增产 71 .5%～ 98.5% ,降水利用效率和作物水分利用效率分别提高 3 .67～ 5.0 5和 2 .71～ 3 .73 kg· mm- 1· hm- 2。本区由于热量不足 ,麦类作物光合潜力降低1 4 .9%～ 4 5.0 % ,降水不足使光温潜力降低 4 .3 %～ 56.0 %。有机无机肥配施使莜麦降水潜力开发度提高 2 4 .6～ 3 9.5个百分点 ,使春小麦降水潜力开发度提高 1 7.4～ 3 5.6个百分点     

碳法制糖滤泥在甘蔗等作物上的应用

研究、探讨了采用碳法制糖废异滤泥改土或直接铺放蔗地代土种植甘蔗等作物的应用情况、存在的问题和前景。结果表明:施用碳法滤泥投入少,产值高,省肥省工,见效快,实现碳酸法制糖企业固体废异物资源化利用,有效地解决制糖工业排放的滤泥污染问题,为制糖工业走循环经济发展之路迈出新的一步。     

甜菜氮肥的合理施用

综述文献关于氮肥对甜菜的生长、吸收分配规律、生理生化及产质量的影响可知,甜菜生长需要多种营养元素,其中氮素尤为重要,不合理施用氮肥对甜菜的产质量带来很多负面影响;造成资源浪费、环境污染,影响人类健康。提出合理施氮、用氮的途径与策略:第一,因地、因品种、因时制宜,根据测土资料及不同甜菜基因型差异确定施肥种类、配比;根据作物不同生长时期的需肥规律及不同生态条件需要,按需供肥。第二,肥要在水的作用下才能发挥作用、才能更好发挥作用,区域配肥技术与灌溉技术相结合的水肥一体化精准精细灌水施肥技术是甜菜生产高效用肥的必然发展趋势。第三,作物不同养分间具有协同和相互影响作用,因此根据同等重要原则应有机配比。第四,为了提高肥效及利用率,施用缓控释肥,有机无机肥配施,施用微生物肥、生态肥等发挥微生物的促进、协同作用。第五,常规育种与转基因技术结合培育氮素养分高效利用品种。第六,利用现代监测技术手段及应用甜菜生长模型尤其是CERES-Beet模型监测氮等养分的转化、吸收等动态。     

玉米秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响

利用田间微区方法连续3年在沈阳地区草甸土研究玉米秸秆粉碎后直接还田对土壤基本理化性质的影响。结果表明,施用有机物料不仅能够改善土壤的理化性质、培肥地力,还能增加玉米产量,增产效果没有无机肥的增产效果显著。与单施无机肥相比,无机肥配施有机物料能够增加土壤有机质含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤田间持水量和土壤孔隙度,同时改善土壤的氮、磷、钾养分状况。在等碳量的条件下,玉米秸秆对保持和提高土壤有机质含量的效果好于猪粪肥。     

绿肥对大麦生育的作用及改土效果

种植绿肥是我国农业的传统经验,也是现代农业体系中维持土壤碳氮营养平衡的一个重要环节。绿肥腐烂分解,加速土壤有机质的循环,补充土壤中大量的活性有机物质,在微生物的作用下,一方面进行矿质化过程,释放养分,供应作物生长,提高作物产量;另一方面进行腐殖化过程,形成新的腐殖质,增加土壤潜在和速效养分,达到改土培肥的目的。从1981年起,我所在苏北滨海盐土上搞了长期定位试验,现将绿肥在大麦上的试验结果整理如下:     

乌金绿在水稻上的减肥增效试验研究

针对水稻生产中化肥的施用过量、利用率不高的现象,本文应用具有改善根际生物多样性功能的生物质小分子有机碳肥乌金绿,在不减少和减少肥料施用量两种情况下探讨其对水稻减肥增效的作用。结果表明,不减肥施用乌金绿和减肥施用乌金绿,均能提高水稻根系活力和叶绿素含量,增加有效穗数;乌金绿不减肥处理比常规用肥处理增产7.8%,乌金绿减肥处理与常规用肥处理产量相当,可避免化学肥料的浪费和减缓农业面源污染。     

脱毒马铃薯应用生物菌肥的效果

2008年在马铃薯作物上进行了京农生物菌肥、黑农科有机无机复混肥、瑞赛生物肥料3种生物菌肥试验,结果表明:京农生物菌肥,增产效果显著,平均每公顷产量3521kg,比对照增产40.3%,与常规施肥相比差异显著,商品率比对照提高30%以上,可以在马铃薯作物上推广应用。     

有机肥替代不同比例化肥对土壤有机碳组分的影响

东北黑土是我国宝贵的耕地资源,是重要的商品粮基地。为了明确东北春麦区有机肥替代化肥的最佳用量,提升土壤质量,在田间开展了有机肥替代部分化学氮肥研究,试验共设不施肥（CK）、有机肥替代100%化学氮肥(M)、有机肥替代50%化学氮肥(M₁N₁)、有机肥替代25%化学氮肥(M₂N₂ )和全化学氮肥处理(N)5个处理,分析了不同化肥处理对小麦收获期耕层土壤（0～20 cm）有机碳组分的影响。结果表明,土壤总有机碳含量以M处理最高,为24.30 g·kg^-1;N处理下土壤全氮含量显著高于其他处理,为2.70  g·kg^-1;施用有机肥能够增加土壤C/N比例。有机无机配施能显著增加土壤活性有机碳组分含量,土壤ROC和MBC含量均以M₂N₂处理含量最高,分别为4.69 g·kg^-1及317.40 mg·kg^-1;土壤DOC含量以M处理最高,为325.97 mg·kg^-1,M₂N₂处理次之,为307.83 mg·kg^-1;土壤POC含量以M₁N₁处理最高,为1.38 g·kg^-1。分析土壤有机碳组分对施肥的敏感性指数得出,各活性碳SI值均高于SOC,以M₂N₂处理下MBC的敏感性最高。经相关性分析,ROC、MBC、POC之间存在极显著相关关系（P<0.01）。在东北春小麦种植区域,采用有机肥替代25%～50%化肥能够增加土壤有机碳组分含量,提高C/N。MBC对施肥反应最为敏感,可作为指示该地区土壤有机物早期变化的指示物。     

设施栽培中土壤盐分的形成和防治措施

简述了设施栽培的作用及存在的问题,认为大量施肥造成的营养元素和其他盐类残根过剩以及设施内的土壤经受雨雪淋溶较少是造成设施栽培中土壤盐分浓度升高的主要原因。指出了地下埋设暗管、铺设稻草、种植苏丹草、多施有机肥、种植耐盐作物等是解决这一问题的有效方法。     

化肥减量对麦田土壤微生物量及微生物区系的影响

为了解化肥减量和有机培肥配施对冬小麦田土壤微生物的影响,以单施常量化肥(表示为NPK,分别施尿素、磷酸二铵和硫酸钾251.8、255.7和375.2kg.km-2)为对照,设置不同化肥(不减量、减量30%、减量50%和减量70%)和有机肥(18 000、25 500和34 500kg.km-2,分别用LM、MM和HM表示)配施处理,采用系列稀释平板法和氯仿熏蒸培养法分别测定了不同处理下土壤微生物量碳、氮以及微生物区系分布的差异。结果表明,有机无机肥配施显著增加了麦田土壤微生物量碳、氮以及细菌、固氮菌、放线菌等微生物数量,但不影响土壤真菌数量。施肥效果在化肥不减量时随有机肥施用量增加呈上升趋势,在化肥减量时以50%NPK+MM处理最佳。说明化肥适度减量和配施有机肥能够改善土壤微生物量,有利于提高土壤肥力。     

Effects of a Microbial Inoculant and Organic Fertilizers on the Growth,Photosynthesis and Yield of Sweet Corn

Summary

A microbial inoculant known as Effective Microorganisms or EM is a mixed culture of naturally-occurring, beneficial microorganisms (predominantly lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, photosynthetic bacteria and certain fungi) that has been used with considerable success to improve soil quality and the growth and yield of crops, particularly in nature farming and organic farming systems. Despite this success, the exact mechanisms of how this EM elicits such beneficial effects is largely unknown. Consequently, a study was conducted to determine the effects of EM and organic fertilizer on the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) under glasshouse conditions, compared with chemical fertilizer. An organic fertilizer consisting of a mixture of oilseed mill sludge, rice husk and bran, and fish processing waste, was inoculated and fermented with EM as the microbial inoculant. The organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer were then applied to respective pots to compare the growth, yield and physiological response of sweet corn plants. EM applied with the organic fertilizer was shown to promote root growth and activity, and to enhance photosynthetic efficiency and capacity, which resulted in increased grain yield. This was attributed largely to a higher level of nutrient availability facilitated by EM application over time. Interestingly, during the early stage of the experiment, the growth and dry matter yield of plants that received organic fertilizer were actually lower than those treated with chemical fertilizer that provided higher initial levels of macronutrients. However, during the intermediate and late growth stages, EM increased the nutrient availability of the organic fertilizer to a higher level, than the chemical fertilizer. Consequently, even though there was an early lower growth rate for plants that received EM-fermented organic fertilizer compared with chemical fertilizer, the final biomass and grain yield from organic fertilizer was equal to or higher than from chemical fertilizer.     

Effect of anaerobic digestion residue vs. livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer on the hygienic quality of silage and haylage in bales

An increased recycling of nutrients from organic waste to support feed and food production is important for achieving sustainability. However, organic waste may contain undesired microorganisms that may increase the risk of impaired hygienic quality of feeds when used in forage‐cropping systems. This study aimed to investigate how the hygienic quality of silage and haylage was affected after fertilization of grassland with organic fertilizers [anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) pasteurized before spreading, or liquid cattle manure] compared with inorganic NPK fertilization. The experiment was performed on the same grass ley for 2 years, with fertilization carried out before each harvest (year 1, two harvests; year 2, one harvest). The crop was conserved as silage (300 g DM kg^?1) and haylage (500 g DM kg^?1) in bales (ca 40–55 kg) stored for 1, 5 or 10 months before opening, including effects of storage time and conservation method (silage or haylage) on hygienic quality. Results showed that ADR‐treated crops did not produce silage or haylage with higher microbial counts in comparison with manure‐treated crops on any occasion. The fermentation pattern in silage and haylage from ADR‐treated crops was similar to the pattern in manure‐treated crops. The use of inorganic fertilizer sometimes produced lower pH and higher content of lactic acid in silage, compared with using organic fertilizers. In conclusion, ADR could be used as an organic fertilizer for forage crops without increased risk of impaired hygienic quality compared with using liquid manure or inorganic NPK fertilizers.     

有机水稻生产技术规程

2002年,赤峰市翁牛特旗35hm2水稻通过国家有机食品检测认证,并取得了有机食品使用证书。总结了有机大米的主要生产技术内容,指出了基地的选择和转换方法。提出了轮作、肥料的应用、水分管理、草害防除、病虫害的防除等耕作技术。     

夏花生重施前茬肥效果研究

夏花生重施前茬肥比重施后茬肥增产十分显著。即在冬小麦,夏玉米和夏花生两年四茬作物,施肥总量相同的条件下,常规施肥的冬小麦,夏玉米和夏花生,比重施后茬花肥的分别增产８．００％、６．４９％和１０．４８％;重施前茬粮食肥的比重施后茬花生肥的依次增产１９．４７％,２５．０４％和１８．７６％。粮食和花生混合总产,常规施肥和重施前茬肥,分别比重施后茬肥增产８．１８％和１８．６３％,纯增效益分别增加８．６２％和     

Influence of Humic Products on Soil Health and Potato Production

Since 1900, soil organic matter (SOM) in farmlands worldwide has declined drastically as a result of carbon turnover and cropping systems. Over the past 17 years, research trials were established to evaluate the efficacy of different commercial humates products on potato production. Data from humic acid (HA) trials showed that different cropping systems responded differently to different products in relation to yield and quality. Important qualifying factors included: source; concentration; processing; chelating or complexing capacity of the humic acid products; functional groups (Carboxyl; Phenol; Hydroxyl; Ketone; Ester; Ether; Amine), rotation and soil quality factors; consistency of the product in enhancing yield and quality of potato crops; mineralization effect; and influence on fertilizer use efficiency. Properties of humic substances, major constituents of soil organic matter, include chelation, mineralization, buffer effect, clay mineral-organic interaction, and cation exchange. Humates increase phosphorus availability by complexing ions into stable compounds, allowing the phosphorus ion to remain exchangeable for plants’ uptake. Collectively, the consistent use of good quality products in our replicated research plots in different years resulted in a yield increase from 11.4% to the maximum of 22.3%. Over the past decade, there has been a major increase in the quality of research and development of organic and humic acid products by some well-established manufacturers. Our experimentations with these commercial products showed an increase in the yield and quality of crops.     

Changes in Grain Yield of Rice and Emission of Greenhouse Gases from Paddy Fields after Application of Organic Fertilizers Made from Maize Straw

A field experiment was conducted at the farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, to study the effects of organic fertilizers made from maize straw on rice grain yield and the emission of greenhouse gases. Four organic fertilizer treatments were as follows： maize straw （MS）, compost made from maize straw （MC）, methane-generating maize residue （MR）, and black carbon made from maize straw （BC）. These organic fertilizers were applied separately to paddy fields before rice transplanting. No organic fertilizer was applied to the control （CK）. The effects of each organic fertilizer on rice grain yield and emission of greenhouse gases were investigated under two conditions, namely, no nitrogen （N） application （ON） and site-specific N management （SSNM）. Rice grain yields were significantly higher in the MS, MC and MR treatments than those in CK under either ON or SSNM. The MS treatment resulted in the highest grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency. However, no significant difference was observed for these parameters between the BC treatment and CK. The changes in the emissions of methane （CH4） carbon dioxide （CO2）, or nitrous oxide （N20） from the fields were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments during the entire rice growing season. The application of each organic fertilizer significantly increased the emission of each greenhouse gas （except N20 emission in the BC treatment） and global warming potential （GWP）. Emissions of all the greenhouse gases and GWP increased under the same organic fertilizer treatment in the presence of N fertilizer, whereas GWP per unit grain yield decreased. The results indicate that the application of organic fertilizer （MS, MC or MR） could increase grain yield, but also could enhance the emissions of greenhouse gases from paddy fields. High grain yield and environmental efficiency could be achieved by applying SSNM with MR.     

Effect of Supplementing Inorganic Fertilizer with OrganicFertilizer on Growth and Yield of Rice-Cowpea Mixed Crop

Abstract

With the renewed interest in mixed cropping and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation arising from high chemical inputs, this experiment was conducted to assess the effect of supplementing inorganic with an organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice and cowpea under the mixed cropping system. Treatments comprised six sole crops and three mixed crops, each under 100% NPK (C), 50%NPK+ 50% cow dung (CCD) and cow dung alone (CD). The fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect cowpea performance. However, the number of panicles per hill and the number of spikelets per panicle of rice were higher under mixed cropping than under sole cropping. On the average, rice grain yield was significantly lower under the mixed cropping than under the sole cropping. The land equivalent ratios increased under all the fertilizer treatments indicating the efficiency of the mixed-cropping system. The results of the experiment suggest that rice– cowpea mixed cropping under CCD and CD is a viable production option.