Ischemic necrosis: prevention by stress

Complete interruption of the circulation, by means of a special clip, in a skin flap during 9 hours results in necrosis of the ischemic area. Prior treatment with various severe stressors (spinal-cord transection, prolonged restraint, quadriplegia due to transection of motor nerves, forced exercise, or cold baths), as well as systemic injection of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or chlorpromazine, offers virtually complete protection against this form of topical tissue injury.     

Possible etiology of schizophrenia: progressive damage to the noradrenergic reward system by 6-hydroxydopamine

Single or repeated intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine caused marked and long-lasting deficits in brain self-stimulation and other rewarded behaviors in the rat. The behavioral deficits, as well as the depletion of brain norepinephrine induced by 6-hydroxydopamine, were prevented by prior treatment with chlorpromazine. Episodic or continuous formation of endogenous 6-hydroxydopamine in man as a result of a genetically determined enzymatic error could selectively damage the binding capacity and, eventually, the structural integrity of the noradrenergic reward mechanism. Such damage might cause the fundamental symptoms and long-term downhill course of schizophrenia.     

Generation of adrenergic and cholinergic potentials in sympathetic ganglion cells

Norepinephrine elicited a hyperpolarizing response, and acetylcholine (during nicotinic blockade) elicited a depolarizing one. Both responses showed no increase in membrane conductance. The norepinephrine response was suppressed by initial depolarization; the acetylcholine response (frog cells); by hyperpolarization. These neurotransmitters apparently can activate electrogenic mechanisms which do not involve movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients.     

Lateral hypothalamus: food current intensity in maintaining self-stimulation of hunger

Rats displaying stimulus-bound eating will press bars for currents slightly above eating threshold only when food is near the bar. At higher currents self-stimulation is maintained without food. Such currents may spread to activate consummatory feedback appropriate to the drive elicited; or, for more intensely stimulated drive mechanisms, wider ranges of sensory feedback may be reinforcing.     

Tricyclic antidepressants: evidence for an intraneuronal site of action

Desipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant drug, almost completely prevents the accumulation of tritiated norepinephrine by sympathetic neurons of the rat heart after the injection of a tracer dose of the labeled amine. However, desipramine does not alter the accumulation of norepinephrine after the injection of a large dose of the neurohormone. Despite the failure of desipramine to block the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, it still prevents exogenous norepinephrine from displacing the endogenous neurohormone (previously labeled with H(3)-norepinephrine) from intraneuronal storage sites.     

Drinking and eating elicited by cortical spreading depression

Single waves of unilateral and bilateral cortical spreading depression were administered to rats by electrophoretic injection of potassium ions into the occipital cortices. Aggressive and stereotyped eating, drinking, and exploratory behavior were elicited by unilateral and bilateral spreading depression. Onset of the elicited behaviors varied among rats from 4 to 8 minutes after injection of the ions. Direct activation of, or rebound from, inhibition of subcortical motivational mechanisms may be responsible for the effects.     

Hypothalamic motivational systems: fixed or plastic neural circuits?

Eating and drinking were elicited by electrical stimulation through the same electrode in the hypothalamus of a satiated rat. Intensity thresholds for eliciting eating and drinking were different, and both thresholds decreased with repeated testing. These findings suggest an alternative to the hypothesis that the neural organization of hypothalamic drive systems is modified by experience.     

Anticholinergic drugs and the central control of thirst

Atropine and scopolamine were compared with their centrally inactive quaternary analogs, atropine methyl nitrate and scopolamine methyl nitrate, for effects on water and food intake in rats. All drugs inhibited eating, but only the centrally active compounds inhibited drinking. Anticholinergic drugs evidently block drinking by a central effect and eating by a peripheral effect.     

Hyperactivity and brain catecholamines in lead-exposed developing rats

Newborn rats that suckled mothers eating a diet containing 4 percent lead carbonate display hyperactivity, aggressiveness, and excessive stereotyped behavior starting at 4 weeks of age. There is an eightfold increase in the concentration of lead in brain, no change in norepinephrine, but a 20 percent decrease in dopamine relative to coetaneous controls. This suggests a relationship between central nervous system dysfunction due to lead and dopamine metabolism in brain.     

Localization of the adrenergic feeding system in the rat diencephalon

Injection of 6 micrograms of aqueous norepinephrine elicits eating only when it takes place at sites within a limited region of the rat brain. The distribution of effective sites coincides with that of systems connected to an extrahypothalamic pathway between the limbic forebrain and tegmental motor systems. It does not correspond to those parts of the lateral hypothalamus thought to control normal feeding.     

A quantifiable behavioral correlate of psychotogen and tranquilizer actions

A representative psychotogen, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), in doses small enough to be devoid of gross effects, increases response latency in rats to a tone indicating the availability of water reward; this effect is greatly reduced by prophylactic administration of a representative phenothiazine tranquilizer, chlorpromazine (CPZ), in doses that per se do not affect performance. The nature of the chlorpromazine action and its competition with lysergic acid diethylamide is revealed by the effects of chlorpromazine in larger doses.     

Dominant role of N-type Ca2+ channels in evoked release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons

Multiple types of calcium channels have been found in neurons, but uncertainty remains about which ones are involved in stimulus-secretion coupling. Two types of calcium channels in rat sympathetic neurons were described, and their relative importance in controlling norepinephrine release was analyzed. N-type and L-type calcium channels differed in voltage dependence, unitary barium conductance, and pharmacology. Nitrendipine inhibited activity of L-type channels but not N-type channels. Potassium-evoked norepinephrine release was markedly reduced by cadmium and the conesnail peptide toxin omega-Conus geographus toxin VIA, agents that block both N- and L-type channels, but was little affected by nitrendipine at concentrations that strongly reduce calcium influx, as measured by fura-2. Thus N-type calcium channels play a dominant role in the depolarization-evoked release of norepinephrine.     

Relationship between feeding and satiation centers of the hypothalamus

Electrodes were implanted in the hypothalamus of five goats in which an alimentary instrumental conditioned reflex had been previously established. Electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus inhibited the conditioned movements and food intake in hungry goats. This also occurred in those satiated goats in which eating and conditioned movements were elicited by stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area. Withdrawal of the stimulation of the medial hypothalamus evoked a short aftereffect in the form of a recovery or increase in the trained movements and food intake.     

Olfactory recognition: a simple memory system

Mice have an olfactory (pheromone) recognition memory located at the first relay in the sensory system. It is acquired with one-trial learning, contingent upon norepinephrine activation at mating, and lasts for several weeks. The mechanism involves Hebbian (association-dependent) changes in synaptic efficacy at dendrodendritic synapses in the accessory olfactory bulb. As a result of this memory, males made familiar by mating are recognized by the females, thereby mitigating pregnancy block. Such a memory function is biologically important to the female, as it is required to sustain pregnancy in the presence of her stud male's odors.     

Object-carrying by rats: an approach to the behavior produced by brain stimulation

Rats were provided with opportunity to turn reinforcing hypothalamic stimulation on and off by traversing back and forth across a chamber. When provided with edible and inedible objects, all animals that self-stimulated carried them from the stimulation to the nonstimulation side. Neither food deprivation nor a history of stimulus-bound eating produced a preference for the edible objects. Equivalent stimulation provided without regard to the animals' location in the chamber did not elicit object-carrying. Results are interpreted in terms of the natural conditions which normally elicit this species-specific unit of behavior. Implications for understanding other behavior patterns elicited by hypothalamic stimulation are suggested.     

Chlorpromazine and its metabolites alter polymerization and gelation of actin

Hepatic hydroxylated metabolites of chlorpromazine (10(-5)M to 10(-4)M), a frequently used phenothiazine tranquilizer, produce solid gel formation with filamentous actin, but the less toxic chlorpromazine sulfoxide metabolite does not. At higher concentrations (5 x 10(-4)M) chlorpromazine inhibits actin polymerization. These dose-response relationships parallel the drug's hepatic toxicity in vivo and suggest that interactions between chloropromazine or chlorpromazine metabolites and actin could be an underlying mechanism of cell injury.     

超甜玉米品质差异及适宜采收指标的研究

以25个超甜玉米品种为试验材料,研究授粉后15~27 d不同采收期百粒鲜重、籽粒可溶性糖含量、含水率与鲜穗蒸煮品评分的关系。结果表明:4个指标均值在不同品种和采收期间差异极显著;授粉后最佳品质期及最佳品质期时百粒鲜重占最大粒重比例、籽粒可溶性糖含量不同品种间均存在差异;推迟采收有利于增加百粒鲜重;各品种最佳品质期时籽粒含水率多为68%~74%,且不同年份表现一致。籽粒含水率68%~74%可作为鲜穗适期采收指标。     

基于3种方法的西南杂交籼稻稻米食味评价及品种优选

[目的]基于现有3种稻米食味评价方法,研究西南稻区不同杂交籼稻品种食味品质特点,并优选出优良食味杂交籼稻品种.[方法]在2017年品种筛选试验的基础上,于2018年在云南永胜和四川大邑分别采用单因素随机区组田间试验,应用2种国标感官评价和食味计进行评价,比较分析20个杂交籼稻品种的食味品质差异及其对食味评价方法的响应....     

Induction of Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking antibodies by recombinant vaccinia virus

Many candidate antigens of malaria vaccines have limited immunological recognition. One exception is Pfs25, a cysteine-rich, 25-kilodalton sexual stage surface protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Pfs25 is a target of monoclonal antibodies that block transmission of malaria from vertebrate host to mosquito vector. The surface of mammalian cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed Pfs25 specifically bound transmission-blocking monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, major histocompatibility complex-disparate congenic mouse strains immunized with recombinant Pfs25 elicited transmission-blocking antibodies, demonstrating that the capacity to develop transmission-blocking antibodies is not genetically restricted in mice. Live recombinant viruses may provide an inexpensive, easily administered alternative to subunit vaccines prepared from purified recombinant proteins to block transmission of malaria in developing countries.     

斯里兰卡引进稻种资源蒸煮食用与营养品质分析

【目的】对引自斯里兰卡的水稻品种进行蒸煮食用及营养品质分析,以期发现可利用的优良或特殊的稻种资源材料,以利于我国水稻生产和育种。【方法】2014年4—10月,以引进的65个籼稻品种为材料,采用单因素随机区组排列,进行田间常规种植收获后,对各品种的蒸煮食用品质和营养品质进行分析。【结果】各品种直链淀粉的质量分数为21.35%~29.34%,供试品种间表现差异不显著;蛋白质质量分数为5.24%~9.17%,供试品种间表现为显著差异;氨基酸总含量中必需氨基酸占33.80%~36.30%,非必需氨基酸占63.70%~66.20%。相关性分析和主成分分析表明,营养品质因子(氨基酸)对稻米品质影响最大(贡献率为53.447%),其含量越高,稻米直链淀粉含量越低,同时蒸煮食用品质越差。通过聚类分析,65个品种被归为4类,各具特点。【结论】所引进的水稻品种,特点不一,可作为原材料供将来生产和育种选用。