葛根素对性未成熟小鼠乳腺发育的影响

用电子天平称小鼠体重,电子分析天平称乳腺重量,以纸片比值重量法称乳腺轮廓和实质重量,H·E染色法制作组织切片计数乳腺导管横切面数目,比较试验组与对照组的差异。结果:试验1组和2组小鼠42～49日龄体重增重显著(P<0.05),试验3组差异不显著(P>0.05),其他日龄段的增重差异不显著(P>0.05);试验组对乳腺重量增重无显著性差异(P>0.05);乳腺轮廓和实质的纸片比值重量法中,试验组无显著性差异(P>0.05);试验1组和2组乳腺导管的增殖极显著(P<0.01),试验3组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。试验结果说明,葛根素对性未成熟小鼠乳腺发育有显著的促进作用,其中试验2组的促进作用最显著。     

葛根素对摘除卵巢小鼠血清激素含量的影响

目的:阐明葛根素对摘除卵巢小鼠血清中几种激素含量的影响。方法:40只21日龄雌性小鼠建立摘除卵巢模型,将其分为阴性对照组、试验组(葛根素组)、阳性对照组Ⅰ(己烯雌酚组)和阳性对照组Ⅱ(己烯雌酚+孕酮混合组),另外设正常对照组、每组10只,共50只小鼠。正常对照组和阴性对照组蒸馏水灌胃;试验组葛根素水溶液(1 mg/mL)灌胃;阳性对照组Ⅰ己烯雌酚悬浮液(20μg/mL)灌胃;阳性对照组Ⅱ己烯雌酚悬浮液(20μg/mL)和黄体酮注射液(20 mg/mL)混合灌胃。隔日给药一次,各组每次每只0.1 mL,连续给药3周。给药结束后采血,采用放射免疫法测定小鼠血清中激素含量。结论:摘除卵巢小鼠血清中雌二醇、孕酮含量显著降低,生长激素含量显著升高,而血清催乳素含量无明显变化。葛根素对摘除卵巢小鼠血清雌二醇、催乳素含量无明显影响,但能够影响摘除卵巢后血清中孕酮含量,使之基本恢复到摘除卵巢前水平,并能显著抑制卵巢摘除所引起的血清生长激素含量过高,并使其恢复到正常水平。     

PMSG对性未成熟昆明小鼠卵巢和子宫的影响及组织学研究

对PMSG处理性未成熟昆明小鼠卵巢和子宫进行了组织学比较,对PMSG处理(4IU)的卵巢和子宫进行了组织切片的制作,并在光学显微镜下观察,对所得数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,PMSG处理的性未成熟小鼠卵巢和子宫的合计质量、体积增大,其中8IU处理的卵巢和子宫增大极其显著,4IU与3IU处理之间差异不显著。卵巢内原始卵泡直径、初级卵泡直径、卵子直径差异不显著,但生长卵泡的数量有明显的增加。对小鼠子宫体内膜厚度、内膜上皮细胞长、内膜上皮细胞宽、单管腺直径、单位面积单管腺数量的统计分析发现,除单管腺数量外各项结果均差异显著。     

牛磺酸对青春期小鼠乳腺发育的影响

在体外使用不同浓度的牛磺酸刺激小鼠乳腺上皮细胞(mMECs)24 h,通过Western blot、CCK-8和EDU等方法检测牛磺酸对mMECs增殖的影响,在体内对4周龄小鼠饮用含0.025%、0.005%、0.100%牛磺酸饮用水4周,分别检测乳腺中乳导管及终末端数量,并检测乳腺中增殖相关蛋白的表达情况。结果显示,0.2、0.4 mmol/L牛磺酸能显著促进mMECs的增殖,可显著增加mMECs中Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3和PCNA的表达量,而mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(Rapa)可消除牛磺酸对mMECs增殖的促进作用;摄入水中含有0.025%、0.050%、0.100%牛磺酸能显著提升乳腺内乳导管和终末端的数量,显著促进青春期乳腺中Cyclin D1、Cyclin D3和PCNA的表达。结果表明,牛磺酸能显著促进mMECs增殖和青春期小鼠乳腺发育。     

Zhangfei在小鼠动情周期卵巢和子宫中的分布

探讨Zhangfei(ZF)在动情周期小鼠子宫和卵巢中的分布规律.通过阴道涂片方法确定昆明雌性小鼠的动情周期,利用免疫组化SP法检测了ZF在小鼠动情周期子宫和卵巢组织中的定位.ZF在各级卵泡的卵母细胞中均呈阳性分布,且主要定位于胞质中;次级卵泡和三级卵泡的颗粒细胞层中可见ZF的存在;成熟卵泡的颗粒细胞中ZF蛋白的阳性更...     

植物甾醇对去卵巢KM小鼠血清生殖激素及乳腺组织孕激素受体的影响

本试验旨在研究植物甾醇对去卵巢小鼠血清激素及乳腺组织中孕激素受体的影响。50只雌性小鼠,随机选40只进行去卵巢手术,恢复7 d。分组如下：正常组、去卵巢对照组、植物甾醇低、中、高3个剂量组（每日灌胃20、80和320 mg/kg植物甾醇）。连续灌胃3周,第22天采集血样和乳腺组织,对小鼠血清中的雌二醇、孕酮和催乳素水平进行检测,对乳腺组织的孕激素受体基因表达进行荧光定量检测。结果表明,去卵巢对照组小鼠雌二醇水平显著低于正常组（P〈0.05）。植物甾醇组小鼠血清雌二醇水平持续升高,其中,高剂量组小鼠血清雌二醇水平与正常组最接近;与去卵巢对照组相比,去卵巢植物甾醇组小鼠血清孕酮水平均有提高,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）;与去卵巢对照组相比,去卵巢植物甾醇组小鼠催乳素水平先下降后上升,但他们之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）。与去卵巢对照组相比,植物甾醇各剂量组小鼠孕激素受体基因相对表达量呈上升趋势,低、中、高剂量组小鼠孕激素受体基因相对表达量分别是去卵巢对照组的1.05、1.13和2.78倍。植物甾醇可改善去卵巢小鼠内源激素不平衡的状况,促进乳腺组织PR基因的表达。     

蛋氨酸对青春期小鼠乳腺发育的影响及机制

为了探索蛋氨酸对青春期小鼠乳腺发育的影响,将出生4周的雌鼠分为对照组和蛋氨酸试验组(饮用水中分别含有0.025%,0.05%,0.1%蛋氨酸),使用全组织染色方法观察蛋氨酸对乳腺导管分支的影响,通过Western blot检测乳腺组织中增殖标志蛋白水平的变化。使用不同浓度的蛋氨酸(0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0 mmol/L)处理小鼠乳腺上皮细胞(mouse mammary epithelial cells, mMECs),分别使用CCK-8法和Western blot检测蛋氨酸对mMECs增殖活性及增殖标志蛋白水平的影响。结果显示,蛋氨酸显著促进小鼠乳腺导管分支,并显著提高乳腺组织中Cyclin D1和PCNA的蛋白水平。蛋氨酸呈浓度依赖方式促进mMECs的增殖活性,显著增强mTOR-4EBP1信号轴的活性,提高Cyclin D1和PCNA的蛋白水平及Rb的磷酸化水平。结果表明蛋氨酸可以通过激活mTOR-4EBP1信号轴上调Cyclin D1和PCNA的蛋白水平,促进Rb磷酸化,继而增强mMECs增殖活性,最终促进青春期小鼠乳腺发育。     

钼对子代小鼠卵母细胞发育潜能及卵巢超微结构的影响

在饮水中添加终质量浓度分别为100、200、400mg/L的钼,于试验处理第90天时,将试验雌性鼠与健康雄性昆明鼠合笼,产生子代(F1和F2代),分析子代小鼠2-细胞、囊胚、怀孕率、产仔数和仔鼠初生质量,采用HE染色和透射电镜观察钼对子代小鼠卵巢组织形态学和卵巢细胞超微结构变化。结果显示:过量的钼显著降低了F1和F2代雌鼠的怀孕率、产仔数和仔鼠初生质量,使卵母细胞和受精卵发生了明显的病理形态学损伤,诱导了小鼠卵巢颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞超微结构的损伤。结果表明:过量的钼降低了小鼠卵母细胞的发育潜能,具有较强的雌性生殖毒性。     

穿山甲王不留行对未性成熟小鼠乳腺实质发育的影响

1材料与方法1.1动物Jcl-lcr系28日龄雌性小鼠60只。1.2试验药品试验1组的药为中药,由穿山甲、王不留行组成。将中药煎熬3次,离心,取上清液,合并、浓缩成每毫升含0.5 g的药液,消毒、备用。试验2组的中药由红花、淫羊藿、益母草组成。将中药煎熬3次,离心,取上清液,合并、浓缩成每     

Changes in oestrogen,progesterone and epidermal growth factor receptor concentrations and affinities during the oestrous cycle in the normal mammary gland and uterus of dogs

Changes in the concentrations and affinities of receptors for oestrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and epidermal growth factor (EGF-R) were studied in mammary glands of healthy bitches with regard to age, the location in the mammary chain and the stage of the oestrous cycle. Uterus was used as the reference tissue for the evaluation of steroid receptors. Mammary and uterine samples from 7 healthy bitches were taken at five stages of the oestrous cycle in such a way that all the locations in the mammary chain were represented at each stage of the cycle (10 samples/dog). ER, PR and EGF-R were detected by biochemical assays using increasing concentrations of tritiated (steroids) or iodinated (EGF) ligands. A significant direct correlation was found between the ER and PR concentrations for mammary and uterine samples. No significant correlation was found between the steroid receptors and EGF-R concentrations. Mammary ER concentrations were significantly higher in bitches of 5 years of age or older than in younger ones; in posterior glands (4th and 5th pairs) than in anterior glands; and in the mid-luteal phase. Mammary PR did not vary significantly with age or location but was significantly lower in the early luteal phase than in other phases. A similar decrease in PR concentrations was observed in the uterus during the early luteal phase and uterine ER and PR concentrations were very low in the mid-luteal phase. Mammary EGF-R were not significantly higher in the early or mid-luteal phase than in pro-oestrus or anoestrus.The differences observed between the uterine and mammary steroid receptor concentrations during the oestrous cycle could be due to different mechanisms for regulating steroid receptor expression in the two tissues. Mammary EGF-R concentrations may be linked, as in other species, to cellular proliferation and/or to the serum progesterone concentrations.Abbreviations BSA bovine serum albumin - EGF epidermal growth factor - EGF-R receptor for epidermal growth factor - ER oestrogen receptor - K _d dissociation constant - LH luteinizing hormone - p probability of error - PR progesterone receptor     

Decorin concentrations in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues

In the present study, the concentration of decorin in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues was examined to understand the potential role of decorin in development and progression of canine mammary tumours. The homogenates of 48 mammary gland tumours (10 benign and 38 malignant) and 10 samples of normal canine mammary gland tissue were used in the study. The presence and quantification of decorin was examined in the homogenates using Western blot and specific canine ELISA. Western blotting confirmed the presence of decorin both in the normal mammary gland tissues and in the mammary gland tumours. The concentration of decorin was significantly higher (p < .05) in the benign tumours and non-metastatic malignant tumours than in the normal mammary gland. The concentration of decorin was significantly lower (p < .05) in the malignant tumours with metastasis to regional lymph nodes compared with benign tumours and non-metastatic malignant tumours. No significant differences were found in the level of decorin between the benign and the non-metastatic malignant tumours. Both the histological type of malignant tumours and the histological grade did not significantly affect the concentration of decorin. These findings suggest that neoplastic transformation in the canine mammary gland leads to increase in the decorin protein synthesis. The reducing decorin concentration in canine malignant mammary tumours appears to facilitate the metastatic spread of these tumours.     

Gene expression and hormonal regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in bovine mammary gland and mammary epithelial cells

Although the functions of adiponectin, a differentiated adipocyte‐derived hormone, in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism are regulated by two subtypes of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs; AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), those in ruminants remain unclear. Therefore we examined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of adiponectin and its receptors in various bovine tissues and mammary glands among different lactation stages, and the effects of lactogenic hormones (insulin, dexamethasone and prolactin) and growth hormone (GH) on mRNA expression of the AdipoRs in cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). AdipoRs mRNAs were widely expressed in various bovine tissues, but adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly higher in adipose tissue than in other tissues. In the mammary gland, although adiponectin mRNA expression was significantly decreased at lactation, AdipoR1 mRNA expression was significantly higher at peak lactation than at the dry‐off stage. In BMEC, lactogenic hormones and GH upregulated AdipoR2 mRNA expression but did not change that of AdipoR1. In conclusion, adiponectin and its receptor mRNA were expressed in various bovine tissues and the adiponectin mRNA level was decreased during lactation. These results suggest that adiponectin and its receptors ware changed in mammary glands by lactation and that AdipoRs mRNA expression was regulated by different pathways in BMEC.     

Secretory carcinoma of the mammary gland in an 8-year-old Holstein-Friesian dairy cow

This study was conducted to examine the oxidative stress biomarkers in a cow diagnosed with a follicular cyst in her left ovary. Progesterone (P4) and plasma oxidative stress status was measured in 13 Holstein cows after synchronization of oestrus with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) and prostaglandinF2α (PGF2α) protocol. The presence and size of ovarian structures were monitored by transrectal ultrasound at 4 hourly intervals. Of the 13 cows, 12 were monitored until ovulation was detected and recorded, whereas one cow failed to ovulate and developed a follicular cyst. Oxidative stress biomarkers; reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), oxidative stress index (OSI), glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were measured in the cystic cow and compared to those of the 12 ovulated cows and are referred to as higher or lower if they are outside the mean ± standard error of mean of those of ovulated cows. The cystic cow had lower ROMs and OSI between 36 and 84 h after PGF2α injection and at 9 h, from 36 to 60 h after PGF2α injection respectively. On the other hand, antioxidant (BAP and GSH) was higher in the cystic cow compared to her ovulated herd mates. The observed imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant might have disrupted the physiological events for ovulation to occur, leading to cystic ovarian disease.     

Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in the mammary gland of sheep

AIM: To compare clinical and ultrasonographic findings and assess the value of ultrasonography for evaluating the structure and condition of the teat and teat canal of sheep.

METHODS: The mammary glands of 30 lactating ewes were examined clinically and using ultrasonography. The distance from the teat tip to the ground was measured and diagnostic images of the body of the gland, gland cistern and teat cistern were obtained using an 8.5 MHz frequency ultrasonic transducer. A California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological culture were performed on milk samples collected from each half of each udder.

RESULTS: Udder parenchyma and teats were palpably normal in 27/30 (90%) ewes. Milk clots or abnormalities were evident in 4/30 (13%) udders, lesions in the glandular parenchyma and/or teats were evident by palpation in 3/30 (10%), and pathogenic bacteria were cultured from 2/30 (7%). In both of the latter cases, mastitis was diagnosed based on clotted and discoloured appearance of milk and highly positive CMT reactions. Ultrasonographic examination in these udders revealed non-homogenous regions in the glandular tissue and alternating areas of hyperechogenic and hypoechogenic tissue. Overall, highly positive CMT reactions were evident in milk from 14/30 (47%) left halves and 9/30 (30%) right halves (p=0.02). No relationship between teat-to-ground distances and CMT results was evident (p>0.05). Teat canal lengths ranged from 5.7–10.3 mm (mean=8.6; SD=1.3 mm) and the widths from 1.8–3.1 mm (mean=2.3; SD=0.4 mm). Milk sampled from ewes that had long (≥9 mm) or wide (≥2 mm) teat canals was highly positive to the CMT in 75% and 83% of cases, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic measurements of the length and width of the teat canal appeared to correlate with CMT results. The use of ultrasonography in evaluating the health of the udder of small ruminants holds promise for the future.     

哺乳动物乳腺发育调控机制的研究进展

乳腺是哺乳动物特有器官之一,其发育可分为胚胎期、青春期、妊娠期、哺乳期和退化期共5个阶段,发育过程主要受激素、生长因子及细胞因子等调控。乳腺发育主要在出生后,青春期经生长激素(growth hormone, GH)、雌激素(estrogen, E)和胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF1)等调控启动分支形态发生;妊娠期及哺乳期由孕激素(progesterone, P)和催乳素(prolactin, PRL)共同作用产生腺泡并分泌乳汁;退化期则由断奶启动退化过程,腺体重塑至妊娠前状态。乳腺功能主要是通过产生和分泌乳汁以维持初生幼畜正常发育,研究乳腺发育调控机制对畜牧生产具有重要意义。本文以小鼠为例介绍其乳腺发育过程及发育调控机制,并阐述研究乳腺发育及人工调控乳腺发育对畜牧生产的深刻意义,为后期进一步研究乳腺发育和初乳形成提供一定理论参考。     

Effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on immunoblogulin A‐secreting cells in mammary glands

Mortality and morbidity of neonates continue to be major problems in humans and animals, and immunoblogulin A (IgA) provides protection against microbial antigens at mucosal surfaces. The present study was conducted to clarify the effects of coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation on IgA antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) in mammary glands in lactating mice. From 6.5 to 16.5 days post coitus and 1 to 13 days post partum (dpp), maternal mice were administered coumestrol at 200 μg/kg body weight/day. Coumestrol administration increased the number of IgA ASC and the messenger RNA expression of IgA C‐region and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 in mammary glands of maternal mice at 14 dpp, but coumestrol administration had no effect on the number of IgA ASC in the ileum. Coumestrol administration increased serum IgA concentration in maternal mice at 14 dpp, but IgA concentrations in serum, stomach contents, intestine and feces of neonatal mice were not affected by treatment. These results imply that coumestrol administration to maternal mice during pregnancy and lactation is effective in increasing the numbers of IgA ASC in mammary glands during lactation owing to the activated messenger RNA expressions of IgA C‐region and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 in mammary gland.     

Expression and significance of PTEN in canine mammary gland tumours

To explore the expression and clinical importance of the anti-oncogene phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) in canine mammary gland tumours, PTEN expression was compared in 50 cases of canine mammary tumour and four examples of normal mammary tissue using real-time quantitative PCR. PTEN expression was similar in benign mammary tumours and normal mammary tissues (P>0.05), but was lower in malignant tumours than in normal mammary tissues or benign mammary tumours (P<0.001). PTEN expression was also low in the lymph node metastases of malignant mammary tumours. The expression profile of PTEN in malignant mammary tumours compared to those without lymph node metastasis varied significantly. Low-level PETN expression might play an important role in carcinogenesis and the progression of canine mammary tumours, and PTEN protein detection might be useful in evaluating tumour development and prognosis.     

Carcinoma of the mammary gland in a mare

A 20‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare was presented with a firm, nonpainful swelling near the axial margin of the left mammary gland. Ultrasound examination of the mass revealed a 35 mm poorly encapsulated, homogeneous mass within the parenchyma of the left mammary gland. Using histopathology and immunohistochemistry, the mass was diagnosed as a mammary carcinoma and showed positivity for cytokeratin 18 (CK18), vimentin and α‐smooth muscle actin. Additionally, the mRNA expression level of the oncogene cMyc did not show a significant upregulation, whereas p53, a well‐known tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer, was significantly reduced in comparison with healthy equine mammary gland tissue. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a significant downregulation of p53 expression in a mammary carcinoma of a mare.