Developmental changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in the normal duck bursa of Fabricius

The aim of this work was to investigate developmental changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in normal duck bursa of Fabricius using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Studies were carried out on Tianfu ducks on days 24 and 27 of embryogenesis (E24 and E27) along with days 20, 70, and 200 of postnatal development (P20, P70, and P200). Results showed that the percentage of G₀/G₁ bursa cells significantly increased between E24 and P200 while the percentage of cells in the S phase or G₂ + M phase as well as the proliferating index obviously decreased during the same period. Proliferation cell nuclear antigen was detected in lymphocyte and interfollicular epithelium. The proliferative lymphocyte density tended to decrease from E24 to P200. Apoptotic bodies in macrophages, free apoptotic bodies, or nuclei with condensed chromatin in lymphocytes in follicles were identified by transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. Both flow cytometry and microscopic analysis reveal that the proportion of apoptotic cells and apoptotic lymphocyte density increased from E24 to P20, fell on P70, then rose again on P200. Our foundings demonstrate that cell proliferation decreases and apoptosis increases with age. These changes may account for duck bursa development and involution.     

非洲雏鸵鸟胸腺发育的增龄性变化

本研究旨在探讨非洲雏鸵鸟胸腺生长发育规律,为鸵鸟的饲养管理和疾病防治提供理论基础。选取非洲雏鸵鸟1、30、60、90、334日龄(对照)各4羽,宰杀后,取胸腺,做石蜡包埋组织切片、HE染色,光镜下观察胸腺的组织结构变化,并进行形态计量学分析。结果表明:鸵鸟胸腺的皮质与髓质面积比例随日龄增加逐渐降低;在鸵鸟胸腺髓质中观察到3种形态的胸腺小体,依次为单细胞小体、同心圆小体和团块状小体;胸腺髓质内单细胞小体出现较早,同心圆小体和团块状小体出现较晚。     

神经内分泌细胞在鸭胸腺中的表达特征

应用免疫组化技术并结合图像分析软件研究了β-内啡肽、胃泌素、胰高血糖素、5-羟色胺、血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y、生长抑素细胞在鸭胸腺中的表达特征。结果显示：7种神经内分泌细胞在胸腺中呈强阳性表达;β-内啡肽阳性细胞在皮质部较多,而胃泌素、胰高血糖素、5-羟色胺、血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y、生长抑素阳性细胞在髓质和皮髓质交界区的数量高于皮质部;除胰高血糖素外,其余6种神经内分泌激素在胸腺小体中呈不同程度的阳性反应。本试验结果说明,鸭胸腺不仅是中枢免疫器官,而且具有重要的神经内分泌功能;β-内啡肽阳性细胞在T淋巴细胞的发育中发挥重要作用;胃泌素、胰高血糖素、5-羟色胺、生长抑素、血管活性肠肽、神经肽Y阳性细胞在髓质部和皮髓质交界区的表达有利于其通过内分泌、自分泌或旁分泌方式调节T细胞的发育。同时,也探讨了胸腺小体的功能。     

Epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in the developing murine palatal rugae

Epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis during morphogenesis of the murine palatal rugae (PR) were examined histochemically by using anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated UTP nick-end-labelling (TUNEL) technique. Formation of the PR rudiment was observed as an epithelial placode in fetuses at 12.5 days post-coitus (dpc). During the PR formation, BrdU-positive cells were detected mainly in the epithelium of the interplacode and interprotruding areas in fetuses administered BrdU maternally at 2 h before killing. TUNEL-positive cells were detected only at the epithelial placode area in 12.5-14.5 dpc. At 16.5-18.5 dpc, the BrdU-positive cells were decreased in number in the epithelial cells at the interprotruding area of the PR. Only a few TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the protruding area of the PR at 16.5 dpc. These results suggest that cell proliferation and apoptosis in the palatal epithelium are involved spatiotemporally in the murine PR morphogenesis.     

Developmental changes in lipid and fatty acid metabolism and the inhibition by in ovo feeding oleic acid in Muscovy duck embryogenesis

Hepatic lipid and fatty acid(FA) metabolism are critical for regulating energetic homeostasis during embryogenesis. At present, it remains unclear how an exogenous FA intervention affects embryonic development in an avian embryo model. In Exp. 1, 30 fertilized eggs were sampled on embryonic days(E)16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and the day of hatch(DOH) to determine the critical period of lipid metabolism. In Exp. 2, a total of 120 fertilized eggs were divided into two groups(60 eggs/group) for in ovo f...     

Ethanol exposure decreases cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in rat testes

Ethanol exposure is known to suppress male reproductive activity in laboratory animals and humans. The present study was designed to evaluate whether chronic ethanol exposure decreases proliferative activity or increases apoptosis in the testes. Ethanol (1.5 g/kg or 3 g/kg i.p., 15% v/v in saline) was administrated to adult male rats for 10 days. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a proliferative marker. Western blot analysis showed that ethanol administration significantly reduced the level of PCNA. Also, immunoreactivity of PCNA-positive cells in the spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were decreased by ethanol exposure. However, the number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly increased in the testicular germ cells of ethanol-treated rats. Moreover, ethanol administration significantly increased the level of activated caspase-3 in testes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ethanol may partly contribute to the suppression of male reproductive activity through a reduction of cell proliferation and an enhancement of cell death in rat testes.     

Pathogenesis of duck plague in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen.

White Pekin ducks were inoculated orally with duck plague virus and killed at 24-hour intervals after inoculation. Spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius were collected and examined by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. Necrosis of lymphocytes occurred in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (T lymphocytes), and splenic germinal centers (B lymphocytes). Viral nucleocapsids were present in the karyoplasm of lymphocytes, but these cells necrotized before virions were formed. Periarteriolar reticular sheath cells and sinusoidal lining cells in the spleen, epithelial cells in Hassall's corpuscle of the thymus, epithelial cells between the cortex and medulla of the follicles in the bursa of Fabricius, and macrophages in all 3 tissues contained nucleocapsids in the nuclei and virions in cytoplasmic vacuoles before necrosis occurred.     

siRNA干扰Wnt11对鸭成肌细胞增殖的影响

为了探究Wnt11(无翅型MMTV整合位点家族成员11)对鸭骨骼肌成肌细胞增殖的影响以及可能与Wnt11相关的信号通路,采用体外分离培养鸭骨骼肌成肌细胞,脂质体介导siRNA(小干扰RNA)转染干扰基因的表达,qRT-PCR(实时荧光定量PCR)检测基因表达变化,Ed U(5-乙炔基-2'-脱氧尿苷)染色分析细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化及信号通路抑制剂处理。结果显示:干扰Wnt11的表达后,增殖相关基因CCND1(细胞周期蛋白D1)、CDK6(周期蛋白依赖性激酶6)和PCNA(增殖细胞核抗原)的表达量极显著降低(P0.01),Ed U阳性细胞数极显著降低(P0.01),处于S期的细胞数显著降低(P0.05);当用Akt(蛋白激酶B)抑制剂处理鸭成肌细胞后,Wnt11表达量显著降低(P0.05),而干扰Wnt11表达后,PI3K(磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶)和Akt的表达量显著升高(P0.05)。提示:Wnt11在鸭成肌细胞增殖过程中有重要调控作用,Wnt11发挥调控作用需要PI3K/Akt信号通路参与,且二者间存在反馈作用。     

Anatomic location and age-related changes in the chinchilla thymus

Thymuses of chinchillas varying from 2 weeks to 8 years of age were studied grossly and histologically and were determined to be entirely intrathoracic. Histologically, the amount of actual thymic tissue in the older chinchillas appeared to be less than that in the younger chinchillas. Lymphocyte concentration within medullary centers of the older chinchillas was significantly (P less than 0.05) less than that of the younger animals. Lymphocytopoietic activity was evident in the oldest animals studied. Body weight and thymic mass (thymus plus adipose tissue) weight were greater (P less than 0.05) in the older chinchillas.     

伪狂犬病毒感染ST细胞的增殖抑制及对细胞周期的影响

以猪伪狂犬病毒(PRV)容A株感染体外培养的ST细胞为模型,采用体外细胞培养技术、噻唑蓝(MTT)还原法、流式细胞计数检测梯度剂量的PRV病毒感染ST细胞株过程中细胞的增殖抑制及对细胞周期的影响.结果显示,PRV感染前期(8h和16h)促进ST细胞的增殖,24h以后可显著抑制细胞增殖,这种抑制与时间密切相关,与感染剂量无显著相关.PRV感染ST细胞可显著地改变细胞周期各时相分布,24 h时细胞G1、S期所占比例明显升高,48 h细胞停滞在G2期,出现明显的凋亡峰.结果表明,PRV在感染过程中对细胞生长的影响与时间紧密联系,最终可显著使细胞停滞在G2期,诱发细胞调亡.     

5-羟色胺对肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

采用胶原酶消化法培养原代肉鸡肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMC）,检测不同浓度的5-羟色胺（5-HT）对肉鸡PASMC增殖的影响,并用流式细胞仪检测PASMC周期和凋亡情况。结果发现,10-4～10-7 mol/L的5-HT能剂量依赖性地促进肉鸡PASMC的增殖,可能是5-HT加速细胞从G1期向S期过渡,同时5-HT也可促进PASMC凋亡,因此在总体上5-HT促进PASMC增殖的作用更明显。     

Relationship between cell proliferation and tenascin-C expression in canine gastrointestinal tumours and normal mucosa

Tenascin-C is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has been implicated in cell proliferation and adhesion by in vitro experiments. Its expression is known to be increased in canine and human gastrointestinal tumours. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between cell proliferation and tenascin expression in these tumours. In tissue sections of normal stomach, small intestine and colon, and gastrointestinal epithelial tumours, the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which is directed against a proliferation-associated nuclear antigen, was used to identify proliferating cells. Serial sections were also stained for tenascin. Serial sections stained for tenascin and Ki-67 were compared to determine whether there is a correlation between tenascin expression and tumour cell proliferation. In the normal gastric mucosa, Ki-67 positive cells were confined to the neck region and in the normal small intestinal mucosa positive cells were confined to the lower parts of the crypts. In adenomas and carcinomas, the frequency of positive cells was increased at the edges of adenomas and invasive tumour margins of carcinomas and there was inter- and intra-tumoural heterogeneity. Carcinomas with lymphatic invasion showed a high Ki-67-index. There was no relation between cell proliferation and tenascin expression in both normal tissues and tumours studied. The absence of a correlation between tenascin and Ki-67 expression suggests that the main function of tenascin in both normal tissues and tumours of the canine gastrointestinal tract is antiadhesion rather than proliferation.     

固始鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖动态变化

应用流式细胞术研究了固始鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖的动态变化。结果表明:(1)固始鸡不同免疫器官内细胞均以G1期细胞为主,少量细胞为S期和M期,无异倍体细胞。不同免疫器官细胞周期动态变化相似,部分发育阶段之间存在差异。(2)不同发育阶段固始鸡免疫器官细胞增值指数由大到小依次是脾脏、法氏囊和胸腺;在8周龄(胸腺)、或12周龄(脾脏和法氏囊)以前,免疫器官细胞增值指数处于上升阶段,而后逐渐下降,这一结果与固始鸡免疫器官生长发育的测定及其动态变化的分析基本一致。     

Preliminary study on duck enteritis virus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo

We studied apoptosis induced by duck enteritis virus (DEV) in vivo, focusing on the lymphoid organs that constitute the main targets for infection: thymus, bursa of Fabricius (BF), and spleen. Fifty Pekin ducks were inoculated subcutaneously with a virulent strain of DEV. The morphology of lymphoid organs of these infected ducks was observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Cell death by classical necrosis was observed in lymphocytes of the DEV-infected thymus, BF, and spleen. Lymphocyte apoptosis also was observed at the same time, and it was further confirmed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling and agarose gel electrophoresis. We conclude that apoptosis and necrosis of lymphocytes induced by DEV infection resulted in the depletion of lymphocytes and that apoptosis of lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of duck viral enteritis.     

Canine mast cell tumors: correlation of apoptosis and proliferation markers with prognosis

The Patnaik histologic grading system is commonly used to predict the behavior of cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs, but it is less useful for grade 2 MCTs because they exhibit considerable variation in biological behavior. In this retrospective study, immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and survivin and a standardized argyrophilic staining of nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) protocol were performed on 121 archived paraffin-embedded specimens of canine cutaneous MCTs, for which clinical follow-up data were available. Cox regression models indicated that the Ki-67 score (hazard ratio, 1.92; P < .001) and mean AgNOR score (hazard ratio, 2.57; P < .001) were significantly associated with Patnaik grade and survival time. A binary Ki-67 variable (cutoff point Ki-67 score = 1.8) was a significant predictor of survival for dogs with grade 2 MCTs. The estimated 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival probabilities for dogs with grade 2 MCTs and Ki-67 scores less than 1.8 were 0.92, 0.86, and 0.77, respectively (SEs, 0.08, 0.14, and 0.23, respectively; median not estimable). The corresponding survival probabilities for dogs with grade 2 MCTs and Ki-67 scores higher than 1.8 were 0.43, 0.21, and 0.21, respectively (SEs, 0.19, 0.18, and 0.18, respectively; median survival time, 395 days). No significant association was identified between survival and survivin score or PCNA score. This study shows that both mean AgNOR score and Ki-67 score are prognostic markers for canine MCTs. The Ki-67 score can be used to divide Patnaik grade 2 MCTs into 2 groups with markedly different expected survival times.     

Effects of Solanum glaucophyllum toxicity on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the small and large intestine of rabbits

Vitamin D regulates mineral homeostases and enterocyte proliferation and differentiation. Hypervitaminosis D generates changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in several organs. We analysed morphometric parameters and proliferative and apoptotic indices in the intestinal epithelium of rabbits with hypervitaminosis D induced by the chronic treatment with the calcinogenic plant Solanum glaucophyllum. Rabbits were treated for 15 or 30 days. A group was treated for 15 days and led to possible recovery for 30 days. Another group was nutritionally restricted for 30 days. Morphological, morphometric, proliferative and apoptotic changes were found in the treated animals. Mild atrophy and reduced proliferation was found in the jejunum and ileum. Apoptosis increased in the crypts of the ileum and in the superficial epithelium and crypts of the rectum. Most of the alterations were partially recovered. The possible involvement in these changes of the hypervitaminosis D-like state induced by S. glaucophyllum is discussed.