Chromosomal location of genes for supernumerary spikelet in bread wheat

The supernumerary spikelet (SS) character of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an abnormal spike morphology expressing extra spikelets per spike. Chromosomal location of the genes for the SS character in the bread wheat line, Yupi Branching was determined by monosomic analysis. The normal-spiked bread wheat Chinese Spring monosomic series were used as testing lines. Data indicated that chromosomes 2D, 4A, 4B and 5A of bread wheat carry genes for SS character (bh genes). Among them, the gene on chromosome 2D has the strongest effect on the expression of the SS character. Comparison of disomic and monosomic plants in 2D, 4A, 4B and 5A F₂ populations revealed that the bh genes are hemizygous-effective and dosage-independent. The F₁ monosomic analysis showed that the bh genes of Yupi Branching are recessive. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小麦矮秆突变体的鉴定及其突变性状的关联分析

矮秆突变体是小麦育种和株高遗传研究的重要基因资源。通过‘云麦53’成熟种子的EMS (Ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变及诱变植株连续自交,获得了33个M3代候选突变体。通过诱变亲本与M2和M3代候选植株的株高差异分析,筛选到26个矮秆突变体,其株高变幅为(13.61±0.11)~(44.08±1.73) cm。基于8个矮秆基因的12个特异性标记检测发现, 26个矮秆突变体至少携带2个矮秆基因标记位点。除株高外, 26个矮秆突变体还携带穗长、小穗密度、节间数和平均节间长4个不同突变性状。26个矮秆突变体可聚为5个亚类,第1亚类的小穗数和小花数最少;第2亚类的株高最矮,穗长和平均节间长最短,小穗密度最高;第3亚类突变体的节间数最少。株高与平均节间长和节间数呈极显著相关,偏相关系数分别为0.94、0.58,但与穗长、小穗数、小花数和小穗密度4个性状无相关性。26个矮秆突变体的株高与平均节间长和节间数关联遗传,携带不同的突变基因组合,可用于小麦矮化育种,以及株高、穗长和小穗密度等性状的遗传机制研究。     

黄淮麦区4省小麦种质农艺性状的比较分析

为明确小麦种质资源的遗传差异和特点,提高其利用效率,以株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重5个主要农艺性状为指标,对来自黄淮麦区4省（河北、山东、河南和山西）的263个小麦品种（系）进行统计分析。显著性分析结果表明,除穗粒数外,4个省的小麦种质在其余各农艺性状上差异极显著。变异性分析结果表明,供试材料的5个农艺性状中穗粒数变异系数最大,小穗数变异系数最小;4省中,河北小麦株高、千粒重的变异系数最小,穗粒数变异系数最大;河南小麦穗长、小穗数和穗粒数的变异系数最小,千粒重变异系数最大;山东小麦穗长的变异系数最大;山西小麦株高、小穗数的变异系数最大。相关分析结果表明,株高与穗长呈极显著正相关,与小穗数呈极显著负相关;穗长与小穗数、穗粒数呈极显著正相关;小穗数与穗粒数呈极显著正相关;千粒重与穗粒数呈极显著负相关。因此,在育种实践中,可根据4省小麦种质农艺性状的变异特点筛选符合目标性状的亲本材料,同时加强种质基因库的更新。     

Inheritance of agronomic traits from the Chinese barley dwarfing gene donors 'Xiaoshan Lixiahuang' and 'Cangzhou Luodama'

The inheritance of agronomic traits from the barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’ was studied. The results indicated that dwarf plants, six‐row and short spikes, dense spikelets and naked kernels, respectively, were controlled by one pair of recessive genes, but a toothed awn was determined by one pair of dominant genes in both barley cultivars. The genes for the six characters in ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ were allelic to those in ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’. Genetic linkage was found among the genes for plant height, spike length and spikelet density. They were located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3HL) in the order: plant height, spikelet density, spike length. The genes for naked kernels, six‐row spikes and tooth awns were independent of each other, and carried on the long arms of chromosomes 1(7H), 2(H) and 7(5H), respectively. The dwarfing genes were the same as the gene uz in Japanese and Korean barley cultivars.     

大穗小麦多小穗基因的染色体定位

采用中国春单体系列对大穗普通小麦品系“88F2185”的多小穗性状进行了基因定位研究。结果表明，“88F2185”决定多小穗的基因位于其1B、3D和5A染色体上，其中3D染色体的效应最强。“88F2185”1B和3D染色体上的基因表现显性，而5A染色体上的基因表现隐性。此外，“88F2185”4D染色体上还存在减少小穗数目的隐性基因。据前人研究及本试验结果分析认为，“88F2185”5”的1B及4D染色体上具控制小穗数目的新基因。     

Transge ne inheritance, segregation and expression in bread wheat

Transgene integration, inheritance and expression were studied in six transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines produced by co-bombardment with two plasmids containing marker genes and genes encoding HMW subunits of wheat glutenin, respectively. Transgene insertion number ranged from 1 to approximately 15. Within a transgenic locus the majority of plasmid copies were found at dispersed genomic sites separated by intervening DNA. However, evidence was obtained for the arrangement of introduced plasmid copies as concatamers and for plasmid truncation and rearrangement. Transgenes were frequently located in genetically unlinked chromosome sites, resulting in independent segregation of loci among progeny. In two lines this gave rise to progeny containing only the gene of interest. Transgenes were inherited in the T₁ generation as a dominant trait although Mendelian segregation ratios were not always observed. No evidence of co-suppression of endogenous HMW subunits was observed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用高密度SNP 遗传图谱定位小麦穗部性状基因

小麦穗部性状之间相关性密切, 其中穗粒数和千粒重是重要的产量构成要素, 挖掘与穗部性状相关联的基因位点对分子标记辅助育种及解释基因效应具有重要意义。本研究以RIL群体(山农01-35×藁城9411) 173个F_8:9株系为材料, 利用90 k小麦SNP基因芯片、DArT芯片技术及传统的分子标记技术构建的高密度遗传图谱, 在5个环境下进行穗部相关性状QTL定位。检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上7个控制千粒重的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率6.00%~36.30%, 加性效应均来自大粒母本山农01-35; 检测到8个控制穗长的加性QTL, 解释表型变异率14.34%~25.44%; 3个控制穗粒数的加性QTL; 5个控制可育小穗数的加性QTL; 3个控制不育小穗数的加性QTL, 贡献率为8.70%~37.70%; 4个控制总小穗数的加性QTL; 6个控制小穗密度的加性QTL。通过基因型与环境互作分析, 检测到32个加性QTL, 解释表型变异率0.05%~1.05%。在4B染色体区段EX_C101685–RAC875_C27536检测到控制粒重、穗长、穗粒数、可育小穗数、不育小穗数、总小穗数的一因多效QTL,其贡献率为5.40%~37.70%, 该位点在多个环境中被检测到, 是稳定主效QTL。在6A染色体wPt-0959-TaGw2-CAPS区间上检测到控制粒重、总小穗数的QTL。研究结果为穗部性状的分子标记开发、基因精细定位和功能基因克隆奠定了基础。     

西藏三联小穗小麦中三联小穗性状控制基因的SSR分子标记定位

西藏三联小穗小麦是中国西藏地区一种独特的小麦地方品种,拥有特殊的三联小穗性状,超多的小穗数和小花数。分子定位控制三联小穗基因的基因座,发掘与之紧密连锁的分子标记,可为小麦高产育种提供分子标记辅助选择工具。本研究利用西藏三联小穗小麦的衍生系TTSW-5与普通穗型小麦,间3和川麦55,分别构建F2群体,成熟后进行穗部性状的表型分析和SSR基因型鉴定。性状表型遗传分析表明,西藏三联小穗小麦的三联小穗性状由两个独立遗传的隐性基因控制;通过SSR标记鉴定来自TTSW-5/间3组合的F2群体,在2A染色体上检测到1个与三联小穗性状相关的QTL,定位于SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122之间,两标记间的遗传距离为6.6cM,该QTL的LOD值为6.19,可解释的表型变异值为33.1%,初步命名为qTS2A-1。我们推测qTS2A-1可能是控制三联小穗性状相关的主效QTL,SSR标记Xgwm275和Xgwm122可能可用于三联小穗性状的辅助选择。     

QTL detection of seven spike-related traits and their genetic correlations in wheat using two related RIL populations

Spike-related traits contribute greatly to grain yield in wheat. To localize wheat chromosomes for factors affecting the seven spike-related traits??i.e., the spike length (SL), the basal sterile spikelet number (BSSN), the top sterile spikelet number (TSSN), the sterile spikelet number in total (SSN), the spikelet number per spike (SPN), the fertile spikelet number (FSN) and the spike density (SD)??two F_8:9 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were generated. They were derived from crosses between Weimai 8 and Jimai 20 (WJ) and between Weimai 8 and Yannong 19 (WY), comprising 485 and 229 lines, respectively. Combining the two new linkage maps and the phenotypic data collected from the four environments, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) detection for the seven spike-related traits and evaluated their genetic correlations. Up to 190 putative additive QTL for the seven spike-related traits were detected in WJ and WY, distributing across all the 21 wheat chromosomes. Of these, at least nine pairwise QTL were common to the two populations. In addition, 38 QTL showed significance in at least two of the four different environments, and 18 of these were major stable QTL. Thus, they will be of great value for marker assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs. Though co-located QTL were universal, every trait owned its unique QTL and even two closely related traits were not excluded. The two related populations with a large/moderate population size made the results authentic and accurate. This study will enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of spike-related traits.     

Chromosomal locations and genetic relationships of tiller and spike characters in wheat

Number of tillers per plant, plant growth habit in seedling and adult stages, and spike and spikelet characters are agronomically important features of the gross morphology of wheat. To localize to wheat chromosomes the genes for these traits, we scored them in a set of wheat recombinant-inbred mapping lines already well genotyped with molecular markers. Quantitative-trait analysis revealed a region near Gli-A2 (Xpsr10) on the short arm of chromosome 6A strongly affecting tiller number and the correlated trait of seedling growth habit. Genes with opposing effects on adult plant type were localized on the short arms of chromosomes2A and 3A, while genes affecting spike development were assigned to several A- and B-genome chromosomes. None of these genes showed synteny with counterpart QTLs reported to affect the same traits in rice. In the chromosome 2D region containing the photoperiod-insensitivity gene Ppd-D1, the major determinant of heading date in these autumn-sown lines, earliness alleles reduced tiller and spikelet numbers and increased erect seedling growth habit, but showed no influence on adult plant type or spike length. Though several of these morphological traits are generally considered to be associated with winter hardiness and their phenotypic intercorrelations were consistent with the genetic mapping evidence, no association was found between newly identified loci and known vernalization-response or frost-resistance loci. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust of selected Australian spring and English winter wheat varieties

Genetic studies were conducted to gain an understanding of the inheritance of adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust in six common wheat varieties. The Australian varieties ‘Cranbrook’ and ‘Harrier’ each carry two genes for APR to leaf rust. These genes are genetically independent of the seedling resistance genes Lr23 and Lrl7b, carried by the respective varieties. Adult plant resistance in ‘Suneca’ was conferred by at least two genes, in addition to the seedling genes Lr1 and Lrli. It is likely that the APRs in ‘Cranbrook’, ‘Harrier’ and ‘Suneca’ are conferred by uncharacterized gene(s). Tests of allelism confirmed that seedling resistances in the varieties ‘Avocet R’, ‘Hereward’, ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ are conferred by Lrli. Adult plant resistance in the variety ‘Hereward’ was inherited monogenically, whereas varieties ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ each carried two dominant genes. On the basis of rust specificity and pedigree analysis, it would seem likely that the APR genes in ‘Hereward’, ‘Moulin’ and ‘Pastiche’ are also currently uncharacterized.     

QTL mapping of yield-related traits in the wheat germplasm 3228

The new wheat germplasm 3228, a putative derivative of tetraploid Agropyron cristatum Z559 and the common wheat Fukuhokomugi, has superior features in yield-related traits, particularly in spike morphological traits, such as large spike and superior grain number. To identify favorable alleles of these traits in 3228, 237 F_2:3 families were developed from the cross 3228/Jing 4839. A genetic map was constructed using 179 polymorphic SSR and EST-SSR markers. A total of 76 QTL controlling spike number per plant (SNP), spike length (SL), spikelet number per spike (SNS), floret number per spikelet (FNS), grain number per spike (GNS) and thousand-grain weight (TGW) were detected on 16 chromosomes. Each QTL explained 1.24–27.01% of the phenotypic variation, and 9 QTL (28.95%) were detected in two or all environments. Additive effects of 45 QTL were positive with 3228 alleles increasing the QTL effects, 31 QTL had negative effects indicating positive contributions from Jing 4839. Three important clusters involving all traits were located on chromosomes 5A, 6A and 4B, and several co-located QTL were also found. Most of the QTL detected on the three chromosome regions could contribute to the use of 3228 in breeding for grain yield improvement.     

390份小麦-黑麦种质材料主要农艺性状分析及优异材料的GISH与FISH鉴定

将小麦近缘属植物黑麦中的优良基因导入小麦可以拓宽小麦的遗传基础,丰富小麦的遗传变异。本研究调查并分析了390份小麦-黑麦种质材料。在这390份种质材料中,6个主要农艺性状值均有较大的极差,说明其遗传多样性丰富。与10份小麦主栽品种相比,90%以上的材料具有穗长和分蘖数的显著优势,60%以上的材料具有小穗数优势,约30%的材料穗粒数和千粒重显著高于主栽品种。利用基因组原位杂交(genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)和多色荧光原位杂交(multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization,mc-FISH)技术,对8份农艺性状优良的代表性材料进行染色体组成分析,发现3份为六倍体小黑麦(AABBRR),2份为八倍体小黑麦(AABBDDRR),1份为1RS·1BL易位系,其余2份不具有可见的黑麦染色体或染色体片段。值得指出的是,3份六倍体小黑麦与2份八倍体小黑麦所含的黑麦染色体不完全相同。八倍体小黑麦中有1对来源于黑麦的小染色体,而六倍体小黑麦中没有类似小染色体;并且,不同材料中黑麦4R染色体端部的GISH杂交带有明显差异。本研究结果为这些小麦-黑麦种质材料进一步应用于小麦育种提供了依据。     

小麦芒长抑制基因B1近等基因系的鉴定及遗传分析

芒是小麦穗部重要的光合器官之一。本研究以一对芒长度存在差异的近等基因系SN051-1(长芒)与SN051-2(短芒)为材料,对其形态性状、穗和旗叶光合能力进行了调查,对芒长性状进行了遗传分析和分子标记分析。结果表明,SN051-1与SN051-2在抽穗期、开花期、株高、穗长、每株穗数、小穗数和穗粒数等性状方面均表现一致,仅芒的长度差异明显;SN051-1穗部的光合效率高于SN051-2穗部的光合效率,其千粒重也高于SN051-2;遗传分析证明二者芒性的遗传由单基因控制,短芒为显性。此外,我们筛选获得一个与芒长性状紧密连锁的、位于5A染色体长臂的SSR标记Xgwm291,与该基因间的遗传距离为4.99cM。因此,我们初步推断SN051-1与SN051-2可能是为位于5A染色体长臂的芒抑制基因B1的近等基因系。     

Development of dominant nuclear male-sterile lines with a blue seed marker in durum and common wheat

In order to develop genie male‐sterile lines with a blue seed marker, male‐sterile plants, controlled by a dominant nuclear gene Ms2, were used as female parents against a 4E disomic addition line ‘Xiaoyan Lanli’(2n= 44, AABBDD+4EII) as the male parent to produce monosomic addition lines with blue seed. Male‐sterile plants from the monosomic addition lines were pollinated with durum wheat for several generations and in 1989 a male‐sterile line with the blue grain gene and the male‐sterile gene Ms2 on the same additional chromosome was detected and named line 89‐2343. Using this line, the blue seed marker was successfully added to a short male‐sterile line containing Ms2 and Rht10. The segregation ratios of male sterility and seed colour as well as the chromosome figurations of different plants indicated that the blue grain genes, Ms2 and Rht10 were located on the same additional chromosome. Cytological analysis showed that the blue marker male‐sterile lines in durum wheat and common wheat were monosomic with an additional chromosome 4E. The inheritance ratio for blue seed male‐sterile plants and white seed male‐fertile plants was 19.7% and 80.3%, respectively, in common wheat. The potential for using blue marker sterile lines in population improvement and hybrid production is discussed.     

Inheritance and allelism of resistances to the Russian wheat aphid in seven wheat lines

Summary Studies were conducted to determine the inheritance and allelic relationships of genes controlling resistance to the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), in seven wheat germplasm lines previously identified as resistant to RWA. The seven resistant lines were crossed to a susceptible wheat cultivar Carson, and three resistant wheats, CORWA1, PI294994 and PI243781, lines carrying the resistance genes Dn4, Dn5 and Dn6, respectively. Seedlings of the parents, F₁ and F₂ were screened for RWA resistance in the greenhouse by artificial infestation. Seedling reactions were evaluated 21 to 28 days after the infestation using a 1 to 9 scale. All the F₁ hybrids had equal or near equal levels of resistance to the resistant parent indicating dominant gene control. Only two distinctive classes were present and no intermediate types were observed in the F₂ segregation suggesting major gene actions. The resistance in PI225262 was controlled by two dominant genes. Resistance in all other lines was controlled by a single dominant gene. KS92WGRC24 appeared to have the same resistance gene as PI243781 and STARS-9302W-sib had a common allele with PI294994. The other lines had genes different from the three known genes.     

超数小穗小麦的细胞遗传学研究

超数小穗是一种具有额外小穗的异常穗形态。采用Ｃ带技术及减数分裂观察方法对普通小麦超数小穗品系－玉皮分枝麦进行了分析,未见染色体重排。利用中国春单体系列对玉皮分枝的超数小穗基因（ｂｈ）的多效性作了分析,结果表明当植株呈普通穗形态时,ｂｈ基因的载体－４Ａ、４Ｂ和５Ａ梁色体对种子充实指数和最大吸胀体积没有影响;但当植株呈超数小穗形态时,ｂｈ基因对种子育实指数及最大吸胀体积均有负效应。基于本研究结果及前人的结论,对超数小穗材料在小麦改良中的价值作了评价。     

利用90k芯片技术进行小麦穗部性状QTL定位

小麦穗部性状与产量密切相关,挖掘穗部性状基因及其关联分子标记具有重要意义。本研究以周8425B?小偃81衍生的RIL群体(F8)为材料,利用90k芯片标记构建的高密度遗传图谱对3个环境下的穗长、小穗数、不育小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重进行QTL定位。共检测到19条染色体上的71个QTL,变异解释率(PVE)范围为2.10%~45.25%,其中37个位点为主效QTL(PVE10%)。QSl.nafu-6A.2(穗长)、QSl.nafu-7A(穗长)、QSsn.nafu-2A.1(不育小穗数)、QSsn.nafu-2D(不育小穗数)和QGns.nafu-2B(穗粒数)在多个环境中被检测到,且LOD10,PVE20%。位于同一个基因簇中的QSl.nafu-6A.2(穗长)、QGns.nafu-6A(穗粒数)和QTgw.nafu-6A(千粒重)在多个环境中被检测到,且与已报道的相关位点位置相同或相近,在分子标记辅助育种中具有较大参考价值。     

播种密度对冬小麦不同穗位与粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

利用重穗型小麦品种兰考矮早八和中间型品种周麦18,研究了不同播种密度对结实粒数与粒重的小穗位和粒位效应的影响。结果表明,不同穗型冬小麦品种小穗位结实粒数、小穗重及不同粒位粒重均随着小穗位自基部至顶部呈先增后降的二次曲线变化;不同穗型冬小麦品种穗部籽粒的分布差异显著,主茎穗的结实特性及粒重均优于分蘖穗;随着播种密度的下降,穗部结实特性和粒重有优化的趋势,重穗型品种兰考矮早八对密度的反应更为敏感,中间型品种周麦18小穗位和粒位对播种密度的调节效应较强;不同部位小穗粒重因结实粒数的差异表现出不同的粒位效应,下部和中部小穗位的第2粒位粒重较大,而位于上部和顶部小穗位第1粒位粒重较大,第3粒位粒重次于第1和第2粒位,第4粒位粒重最小。在小麦栽培中,应在保证主茎穗的基础上适当增加分蘖穗的比例。并在保证结实粒数的基础上提高粒重,尤其是下部小穗的结实粒数和粒重。同时,在保证第1、2粒位粒重的前提下最大限度地发挥第3、4粒位的粒重潜力,可以使小麦实现高产稳产。     

Identification and chromosomal locations of novel genes for resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in a wheat line 101-3

Wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust, caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici (syn. Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici) and Puccinia striiformis Westend., respectively, are two important fungal diseases of wheat in many regions in the world that cause significant annual yield losses. In the present study, a dominant powdery mildew and a dominant stripe rust resistance gene in wheat line 101-3 which derived from the progenies of the wide cross between common wheat and Dasypyrum villosum Candary L., was located on chromosome 6B and 1B, respectively, by monosomic analyses. The two genes are different from known resistance genes on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rusts, suggesting that the two genes might be novel resistance genes for powdery mildew and stripe rust, respectively. It is uncertain whether the two genes are allelic or lined with other resistance genes located on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rust. Further allelism tests are necessary to determine the relationships between the resistance gene and other genes located on chromosome 6B for powdery mildew and 1B for stripe rust through molecular markers.