长期不同利用方式对黑土剖面中有机质化学组成的影响

为了研究土地利用方式改变对土壤有机质（SOM）组成和稳定的影响。以典型黑土区29年长期定位试验为平台,采用红外光谱和固体13C核磁共振技术,对农田、草地和林地三种利用方式下不同剖面深度（0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80和80~100 cm）SOM的活性组分含量和有机质官能团进行了分析,探讨了土地利用方式变更对SOM化学组成的影响。结果表明：土壤剖面中4种活性有机碳（微生物生物量碳,溶解性有机碳,轻组有机碳和易氧化有机碳）的含量均表现为草地>林地>农田。随着剖面深度的增加,SOM的脂族碳、甲氧基碳和烷氧基碳逐渐降低,而芳香碳和羧基碳则逐渐增加,其稳定程度逐渐增强。草地和林地土壤剖面中的SOM含有较多氧化程度低、易分解的甲氧基和烷氧碳,而农田SOM则含有较高的芳香结构和羧基碳,其腐质化程度较高。土地利用方式的改变会引起上、下土层中SOM化学组成的变化,植被恢复有利于SOM活性组分的形成,长期耕作可促进SOM稳定组分的积累。     

Carbon Depletion by Plowing and its Restoration by No‐Till Cropping Systems in Oxisols of Subtropical and Tropical Agro‐Ecoregions in Brazil

The continuous use of plowing for grain production has been the principal cause of soil degradation. This project was formulated on the hypothesis that the intensification of cropping systems by increasing biomass‐C input and its biodiversity under no‐till (NT) drives soil restoration of degraded agro‐ecosystem. The present study conducted at subtropical [Ponta Grossa (PG) site] and tropical regions [Lucas do Rio Verde, MT (LRV) site] in Brazil aimed to (i) assess the impact of the continuous plow‐based conventional tillage (CT) on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock vis‐à‐vis native vegetation (NV) as baseline; (ii) compare SOC balance among CT, NT cropping systems, and NV; and (iii) evaluate the redistribution of SOC stock in soil profile in relation to soil resilience. The continuous CT decreased the SOC stock by 0·58 and 0·67 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in the 0‐ to 20‐cm depth at the PG and LRV sites, respectively, and the rate of SOC sequestration was 0·59 for the PG site and ranged from 0·48 to 1·30 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for the LRV site. The fraction of C input by crop residues converted into SOC stock was ~14·2% at the PG site and ~20·5% at the LRV site. The SOC resilience index ranged from 0·29 to 0·79, and it increased with the increase in the C input among the NT systems and the SOC sequestration rates at the LRV site. These data support the hypothesis that NT cropping systems with high C input have a large potential to reverse the process of soil degradation and SOC decline. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Meta-analysis研究不同管理措施对中国农田土壤剖面有机碳的影响

深入理解土壤剖面深层有机碳的含量和变化（Soil Organic Carbon, SOC）对于准确估算农田土壤碳库具有重要意义，因此，探讨不同农田管理措施对剖面SOC的影响程度至关重要。本研究收集了1980-2019年间国内外已发表有关中国农田管理措施对剖面SOC影响的文献，利用Meta-analysis整合分析不同农田管理措施对我国农田土壤剖面SOC变化的影响。结果表明，不同耕作条件下，NTS对土壤剖面SOC的提升速率显著大于CT，年变化率达36.1%，深层土壤（<20 cm）SOC也明显增加约7%-31%，增加了深层土壤碳的输入量；与不施肥相比，不同施肥措施均能显著提高剖面SOC含量，其中MNPK处理对耕层（0-20 cm）SOC增长速率最大，约为0.52 g/(kg·yr)；常年水田耕作形成的淹水厌氧环境，可有效减缓有机物质的矿化分解、增加表层（0-20 cm）SOC累积，年增长率达24.84%；随耕作年限增加，表层土壤碳随耕作输入深层土壤，深层（<20 cm）SOC固定量增加约2.17%-20.29%。不同农田管理措施比较分析结果显示，MNPK、NTS和水田耕作通过保护土壤结构稳定、维持土壤环境不被破坏、增加土壤碳输入等手段，均可达到抑制SOC矿化分解和提升土壤固碳量的效果，其中，NTS对剖面SOC的年提升率达11%-36%，在管理措施中表现最佳，可广泛推广。     

贵州中部岩溶丘陵区不同土地利用和管理方式对土壤肥力的影响

本文研究了黔中岩溶丘陵区几种不同士地利用和管理方式下土壤物理、化学和生物学性状的特征。结果表明,农林(林草)复合利用模式在土壤粒级组成、孔隙分布、持水性能、有机质和N、P养分、酶活性等方面表现出较好的肥力性状特征,有机无机肥配施、精细管理的灌溉农田次之,而粗放管理的旱坡耕地,土壤肥力性状严重恶化,逐步向石漠化景观演变。不同土地利用方式和管理措施显著影响土地肥力变化的程度和方向,调整土地利用结构,实行基本农田精细管理、陡坡耕地退耕还林(革)是保护土地资源,实现区域生态重建和农业可持续发展的根本途径。     

基于ERT技术反演红壤剖面水分入渗过程

水分运动是土壤中物质和能量传输的主要驱动力，但是水分在土壤中的运动轨迹复杂多变，难以直接捕捉。本研究以第四纪红黏土发育的红壤为研究对象，借助电阻率成像技术（ERT），反演水分在林地和农地土壤中的入渗过程。研究发现，ERT技术能够实现水分在红壤包气带入渗过程的可视化，ERT测定的表观电阻率的变化量与烘干法测定的土壤水分之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），林地的决定系数为0.72，农地为0.53。土地利用类型影响水分入渗的范围和方式，在2 cm水头高度注水100 L的情况下，林地的入渗深度大于80 cm，而农地约为50 cm，在此基础上，继续注水200 min，林地和农地均出现明显的优先流现象。但是，林地的优先流比农地更为发育，林地是通过根系等大孔隙快速向下传输，而农地则以“指流”的方式，间断性向深层运动。在土壤层次复杂、背景含水量高、土壤黏重等不利因素的影响下，ERT技术依然能捕捉优先流在红壤中发生和发育的过程。     

Soil organic matter quantity and quality in mountain soils of the Alay Range, Kyrgyzia, affected by land use change

 Changes in soil management practices influence the amount, quality and turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Our objective was to study the effects of deforestation followed by pasture establishment on SOM quantity, quality and turnover in mountain soils of the Sui Checti valley in the Alay Range, Kyrgyzia. This objective was approached by analysis of total organic C (TOC), N, lignin-derived phenols, and neutral sugars in soil samples and primary particle-size soil fractions. Pasture installation led to a loss of about 30% TOC compared with the native Juniperus turkestanica forests. The pasture soils accumulated about 20% N, due to inputs via animal excrement. A change in land use from forest to pasture mainly affected the SOM bound to the silt fraction; there was more microbial decomposition in the pasture than in the forest silt fraction, as indicated by lower yields of lignin and carbohydrates, and also by a more advanced oxidative lignin side-chain oxidation and higher values of plant : microbial sugar ratios. The ratio of arabinose : xylose was indicative of the removal of carbohydrates when the original forest was replaced by pasture, and we conclude that this can be used as an indicator of deforestation. The accumulation of lignin and its low humification within the forest floor could be due to the extremely cold winter and dry summer climate. Received: 10 March 1999     

低丘红壤区小流域土壤肥力性质空间分布特征

利用GIS软件的空间分析功能,以土地利用类型区为分析单元,分析评价了亚热带典型小流域土壤肥力性质的空间和剖面分布特征。研究结果表明:小流域土壤酸化明显,旱地酸度高于水田;土壤保肥力处于中等水平以上;42.6%的土壤表层有机质处于中度缺乏状态;94.3%的表层土壤全P和97.3%的土壤全K处于中度缺乏状态。不同土地利用方式下土壤性质分异明显,综合评价结果表明水田肥力高于旱地。     

不同利用方式对潮棕壤交换性钾钠及盐基总量的影响

为深刻认识土地利用变化对土壤交换性离子的影响,本文对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后,在0～150cm剖面中土壤交换性钾、钠、交换性盐基总量的剖面分布及交换性钾钠比值变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,林地和撂荒地各土层交换性K含量及土体中交换性K储量具有高于水稻田和玉米地的趋势;水稻田和撂荒地0～20cm各土层的交换性Na含量显著高于林地和玉米地;林地0～150cm深度土壤交换性Na储量显著高于其他三种利用方式(P<0.05);0～150cm深度内土壤交换性盐基总储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地、水稻田;水稻田剖面土壤交换性K/Na随土层深度增加而增大,其他3种土地利用方式则是随土层深度增加而降低。土壤管理和植物自身的特性在土壤剖面中交换性离子的构成以及土壤交换性盐基库的重建等方面可能起到重要作用。     

三峡库区中部移民安置区土壤养分特征及变化评价

为揭示移民迁建对三峡库区中部土壤养分的长期影响,本研究在库区中部不同地貌类型移民安置区选择3种(耕地、果园和林地)典型土地利用方式,通过主成分分析和内梅罗指数法,揭示1998~2015年各区域的土壤养分特征及年际变化规律。结果表明,库区中部移民安置区的土壤养分总体水平较低;不同地貌类型区及土地利用方式土壤养分特征及变化存在差异性,整体呈现降低-增加-降低的趋势;2008年、2012年是土壤养分综合指数的最低和最高点,条状低山区土壤养分指数最高,浅丘区次之,单斜深丘区最低,但变化幅度较大;耕地土壤养分指数变化较显著,而林地、果园较为稳定。     

Soil morphological control on saline and freshwater lake hydrogeochemistry in the Pantanal of Nhecolândia, Brazil

Joint pedological, geochemical, hydrological and geophysical investigations were performed to study the coexistence of saline and freshwater lakes in close proximity and similar climatic conditions in the Nhecolândia region, Pantanal wetlands in Brazil. The saline lakes are concentrically surrounded by green sandy loam horizons, which cause differential hydrological regimes.Mg-calcite, K-silicates, and amorphous silica precipitate in the soil cover, whereas Mg-silicates and more soluble Na-carbonates are concentrated in the topsoil along the shore of the saline lake. In saline solutions, some minor elements (As, Se) reach values above the water quality recommendations, whereas others are controlled and incorporated in solid phases (Ba, Sr). Locally, the destruction of the sandy loam horizons generates very acidic soil solution (pH ~ 3.5) through a process not yet understood. The soil distributions indicate that some freshwater lakes are former saline lakes. They are invaded by freshwater after destruction of the sandy loam green horizons, then the freshwater becomes enriched in K⁺, SO₄²⁻, Fe, Al, and a stream of minor and trace elements. The formation of these green sandy loam horizons in the saline environment and their destruction in the non-saline one emphasizes the dynamic nature of this environment.     

祁连山区土壤砂粒含量剖面分布模式及其影响因素

祁连山区是西北黑河流域的水源,理解祁连山区土壤颗粒组成的剖面分布模式及其与环境要素之间的关系,有助于进一步定量理解土壤中水、肥、气、热的运移和开展颗粒组成/质地的三维制图。以2012—2013年获取的深度≥1 m的69个代表性土壤剖面为对象,分析了含量变异最大的砂粒的剖面分布模式及其与海拔、坡度、坡向、年均降水、平面曲率、剖面曲率、地形湿度指数、NDVI、土地利用、成土母质等环境变量之间的关系。结果表明:祁连山区砂粒含量的剖面分布模式可分为均一型、递增型、递减型、先增后减型、先减后增型和不规则型六类,但其很难用单一的环境变量来定量预测,其根源在于祁连山区成土母质复杂多样,加上复杂的地貌地形、土地利用等导致母质易发生运移而产生不连续性;对应复杂山区的土壤颗粒剖面分布模式的定量预测,还需从复合环境变量的角度进行深入的探索研究。     

黄淮海平原集约化种植条件下的土壤剖面硝态氮变化

通过田间试验研究玉米-冬小麦轮作系统下,两种不同水平的N肥施用量对NO3--N在黄淮海平原土壤剖面的分布及其动态变化规律的影响,并评估其对环境的潜在污染能力.土壤NO3--N监测为每间隔20 cm至剖面深180 cm.结果表示:作物收获后土壤剖面0～180 cm的残留NO3--N含量为107～443 kg/hm2,年际间和不同作物间的变异性较大.土壤剖面NO3--N含量随着施肥量的增加有增加的趋势,但差异不显著.当前当地农民常规施肥量处理和为常规施肥量2倍处理在试验期间出现的土壤剖面NO3--N含量峰值均在2003年的玉米生长季节,分别为688 kg/hm2和881 kg/hm2,但该玉米生长季节出现的大雨导致占0～180 cm土层50%左右的NO3--N积累在100～180 cm土层深处,该深度的NO3--N比较容易通过淋洗迁移出作物-土壤系统,也有可能是潜在的作物N素来源.由于类似大雨在当地出现的频率比较高,因此,即使在当前当地农民的传统耕作管理措施下,土壤NO3--N可能存在对环境的污染威胁,但程度如何,尚需进一步研究.     

Land use effects on labile N extracted with permanganate and the nitrogen management index in the Cerrado region of Brazil

 The effect of land use on the availability of nitrogen (N) was studied by separating total N into a labile and a stable fraction by oxidation and extraction of labile N with KMnO₄. The nitrogen management index (NMI) was calculated following the method of Blair et al. (1995) for the carbon management index. In all systems, labile N released by KMnO₄ was a better indicator of N availability than total and stable N. The NMI was a good indicator of N availability but gave no information about the total amount of N. In land use system analysis, total N and labile N can be used together as a simple and rapid way to evaluate the N status of the soil. Legume-based pastures specifically increased the amount of labile N. Although soybeans had a dominant role in the continuous cropping systems studied, the total N contents of these systems were lower than those of the natural Cerrado. The availability of N under legume-based pastures and legume-based pasture-crop rotations was higher than under the natural Cerrado and the continuous cropping systems. Received: 11 June 1997     

Soil bulk density and altitude are primary drivers of soil water content and soil temperature in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region,China

Soil water content (SWC) and soil temperature (ST) are important indicators of environmental change in permafrost regions. In this study, we conducted soil sampling at 89 locations in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region (TRHR) to investigate the individual and synergistic effects of environmental factors on SWC and ST. We used multivariable regression and random forest modelling to analyse the data. The results show that SWC and ST were higher in the southeast TRHR than in the northwest and higher in surface layers than deeper soil layers. The most important factors affecting SWC in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers were soil bulk density and precipitation, while bulk density was the most important factor in the 40–60 cm layer, and soil bulk density and steppe vegetation were the most important factors in the 60–80 cm layer. For ST, altitude, temperature and slope gradient were the drivers in the 0–20 cm surface layer, while altitude and temperature were the most critical drivers in the 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm and 60–80 cm layers. Overall, bulk density and altitude were the key environmental factors influencing SWC and ST values, respectively. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the environmental factors that impact the SWC and ST in permafrost regions, which can guide decision-making processes for sustainable soil management in the context of climate change.     

福建省不同耕地土壤和土地利用类型对“碳源/汇”的贡献差异研究

农田生态系统无论作为全球温室气体的“源”还是“汇”,均对大气CO2浓度的年际变化产生重要影响.以我国亚热带地区——福建省不同地理位置的闽侯县、浦城县、同安县和永定县为典型研究区,利用这4个县1982年23 869个样点和2008年12 521个样点实测数据建立的1∶5万土壤类型-土地利用方式数据库,分析了近30年来福建省不同土类、亚类、土属和土地利用方式耕地有机碳密度变化,并利用尺度上推的方法估算了全省两期耕地土壤有机碳储量.结果表明,近30年来福建省耕地总体上表现为弱的“碳汇”,土壤有机碳密度和储量分别上升了0.24 kg m-2和4.26 Tg,但不同土壤类型和土地利用方式在“碳汇/源”中的贡献程度差异很大.从土壤类型来看,紫色土、酸性紫色土和石灰泥田分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳汇”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别提高了0.63、0.63和1.25 kg m-2;而滨海盐土、滨海盐土和黄泥砂土则分别在土类、亚类和土属级别中的“碳源”贡献最大,有机碳密度分别下降了0.59、0.59和1.08 kg m-2.从土地利用方式来看,灌溉水田是全省最主要的“碳汇”,有机碳密度提高了0.27 kg m-2,而水浇地是全省最主要的“碳源”,有机碳密度下降了0.36 kg m-2.因此,在今后的福建省农田土壤有机碳管理政策中应重点考虑有机碳密度下降、面积较大的土壤类型及土地利用方式的有效管理.     

Soil nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat affected by straw management and nitrogen application in the Yangtze river basin of China

Straw incorporation is a useful management practice in sustainable agricultural systems to improve soil fertility and to reduce air pollution from straw burning. A three-year field experiment was conducted under two rice straw managements and four nitrogen (N) application rates in Rugao, China during 2010–2013, to examine whether straw management practices integrated with fertilizer N applications affect crop yield, N balance and N use efficiency in the wheat season of rice-wheat cropping systems. The results showed that straw incorporation had positive effects on plant N uptake and grain yield. This may be attributed to the greater soil water content and lower amount of seasonal rainfall. However, straw incorporation resulted in lower soil inorganic N and more N surplus at the early growth stage. Grain yield had a significant relation with wheat N uptake from sowing to jointing and from jointing to anthesis with straw incorporation. Therefore, our results suggest that in adjusting the ratio of basal and topdressing N fertilizer, it is important for the supply of optimum N to the crop and to maintain grain production with straw incorporation.