Cellulitis in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

A case of cellulitis was observed in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared for commercial meat production. This condition in Japanese quail has not been reported in the literature. This incident was the first, and to date only, occurrence of cellulitis in this processing plant. The cellulitis lesions were localized to the subcutis overlying the breast and inner thigh. Carcasses of processed birds and live birds from the affected farm were presented to the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia. Escherichia coli was cultured from the lesion. The affected live birds displayed lameness and had osteomyelitis. Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 was cultured from the liver and bone marrow of affected birds. Approximately 4.61% of the processed carcasses from the flock were condemned because of cellulitis. This represented a 10fold increase from the typical condemnation rate. Further investigation revealed birds were placed in higher than normal density; therefore, we theorize that the concurrent pasteurellosis and increased placement density resulted in the cellulitis condition.     

Haematology of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Blood samples from 30 2‐week‐old unsexed chicks, 25 adult males, 30 non‐laying hens and 19 laying hens were examined to characterise haematological norms in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) under various physiological conditions such as age, sex and laying. Young quail had significantly lower erythrocyte counts, packed cell volumes, haemoglobin content, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations, numbers of thrombocyte::, percentages of lymphocytes and plasma protein levels than did the adult males and the non‐laying hens. The total leucocyte count of the young birds was not significantly different from that of the males and just different from that of the non‐laying hens. The young birds also showed a higher mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and percentages of heterophils and monocytes in comparison with the adult males and the non‐laying hens. A comparison between males and females showed that males had a higher erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin content and a lower concentration of plasma proteins than the adult females. Excepting for an elevated relative count of eosinophils, no influence attributable to laying was observed.     

Pasteurella multocida infection in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Three flocks of Japanese quail, approximately 75,000 birds each, experienced acute high mortality beginning at 24 to 28 days of age. Gross lesions were absent or were composed of either multifocal small pale areas on livers and spleens or lungs slightly darker in color than normal. Histopathology revealed multifocal splenic and hepatic necrosis and interstitial pneumonia. Pasteurella multocida, serotype 3,4, was isolated from affected tissues. The quail were successfully treated with chlortetracycline, and the organism was apparently eliminated from the premises by thorough cleaning, disinfection, and insect and rodent control. Experimental studies showed Japanese quail to be highly susceptible to disease caused by the P. multocida isolated from the affected flocks.     

Septicemic proteus infection in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Proteus infection was incriminated as the cause of severe depression, coma, and high mortality in successive broods of quail chicks. The pathological lesions comprised congestion of lungs, liver, and kidneys and mucus exudation in the trachea. The organism, isolated from the heart blood and lungs of affected chicks, was identified on biochemical tests as Proteus mirabilis. Pathogenicity of the isolate was tested in young albino mice and week-old quail chicks, which succumbed to infection within 48 hours of inoculation. Association of P. mirabilis with septicemic disease in Japanese quails has apparently been demonstrated for the first time.     

Duration and recovery of fertility in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Duration and recovery of fertility were investigated in the course of a long‐term project concerning inbreeding depression of fitness and other traits in Japanese quail. In two trials pair matings were made in the four possible combinations between mature random bred (R) and inbred (I) males and females.

Analysis of both trials was limited to (i) birds that were fertile in at least one previous hatch and (ii) matings that produced at least one fertile egg on or after the second day following removal of males. With these restrictions differences between mating types were not statistically significant. R×R matings had a longer duration and a faster recovery of fertility than the other mating types. Slower recovery of fertility in matings involving inbred birds may in part be due to reduced mating frequency, especially of inbred males.

Mean duration of fertility in all data analysed was 6.3 days after removal of males from pair cages. Upon remating the first fertile egg was laid after an average of 3.5 days. Ageing effects of sperm significantly decreased hatchability of fertile eggs.

Comparison with other species of birds shows the mean duration of fertility in Japanese quail to be about as short as that of ducks and geese, and about one‐half and one‐fourth as long as that of chickens and turkeys, respectively.     

Encephalitis attributed to dactylariosis in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Dactylaria gallopava was isolated from brain tissue of 1-to-3-week-old quail chicks. Successive batches demonstrated elevated (15-20%) mortality preceded by incoordination and lateral recumbency. Chicks exhibited cerebellar and cerebral encephalitis characterized by brown-red discoloration of affected brain tissue. Decontamination of setters and hatchers resulted in abrupt cessation of mortality in subsequent placements, implicating incubators as the source of infection.     

Experimental studies on Marek's disease in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Day-old quails experimentally infected with Marek's disease (MD) virus of quail origin developed lymphoid tumors. The severity of the disease increased considerably with serial passage. Tumor transplants could be made with cells derived from gross tumors in skeletal muscles, spleen cells, and blood from MD-affected quails. After five to six serial transplants, the tumor could not be transplanted further. Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) was demonstrated in lymphoid cells of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes of MD-affected quails. The MATSA of quail differed from the MATSA of chicken. Chickens were susceptible to MD virus isolated and propagated in quails.     

Bidirectional selection for dustbathing activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

1. Divergent selection was conducted in male Japanese quail for high and low dustbathing activity as measured by the number of dust tosses during a dustbathing bout.

2. After 9 generations of selection the low, control and high lines averaged 6–9, 12.9 and 23.8 dust tosses per dustbathing bout respectively. Realised heritabilities in the low and high lines were 0.21±0.06 and 0.25±0.06 respectively, and agreed well with the heritability coefficient of 0.27±0.04 based on the combined sire and dam estimate from the sib analysis.

3. Correlated responses, similar to those in the selected trait, were found in the duration of the dustbathing bout and in the intensity index (the number of dust tosses per minute during a dustbathing bout). Heritabilities of latency, duration and intensity index were estimated as 0.14±0.04, 0.30±0.04 and 0.26±0.04 respectively.

4. It is concluded that postulated ethological needs may vary considerably between strains according to their genetic background and the previous history of selection of the birds during domestication.     

Carcase characteristics of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) slaughtered at different ages

1. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between slaughter ages and carcase characteristics of Japanese quail.

2. Chicks were slaughtered at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks of age. Carcase yield, carcase parts weight, weight of liver, heart, gizzard and alimentary tract were obtained. Protein, fat, dry matter and ash contents of meat were analysed for each sex.

3. Body weight and eviscerated weight were affected by age. Age had no significant effect on the weight of liver, alimentary tract, gizzard and heart. Age had first and second order polynomial effects on breast weight and relative leg weight. Meat compositions of leg and breast were significantly affected by age.     

The timing of oviposition and ovulation in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

An extensive series of experiments was performed to assess the common Coturnix quail as a laboratory bird for research on ovulation. The results indicate that the timing of the sequential events of ovulation, egg formation and lay in Coturnix is sufficiently constant to permit access to the physiological processes which determine ovulation and to provide convenient means for assessment of results. Special problems of method and limitations in the use of the quail are discussed. Differences in the timing of sequential ovulations in chickens and Coturnix are described. It is concluded that Coturnix will be a valuable subject for comparative studies on ovulation in birds.     

Outbreak of septicaemic colibacillosis in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

We have carried out an aetiological and pathological study of an outbreak of septicaemia caused by the O165 serogroup of Escherichia coli in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) which resulted in high mortality (90%). After treatment with amoxicilin in drinking water (200 mg/l), morbility and mortality rates dropped markedly. Microbiological studies showed that the organism responsible was an atypical E. coli strain, on the basis of the non-fermentation of lactose (ONPG-), which belonged to the O165 serogroup and was highly virulent for 1-day-old chickens.     

Interaction between Eimeria uzura infection and aflatoxicosis in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The clinical signs and gross lesions caused by Eimeria uzura (10(5) oocysts) in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exhibited little or no influence in the face of intercurrent dietary aflatoxicosis (1 p.p.m. of aflatoxin B1 from Day 0 to 55). Similarly, no significant differences in the mucosal morphology of the intestine were evident histologically between the two groups of Japanese quail. The nervous signs of ataxia, leg weakness, incoordination of movement, torticollis and terminal opisthotonos were toxin-induced manifestations. In the aflatoxic quail, hypoplastic changes and selective depletion of lymphocytes were more prominent in the bursa of fabricius. Increased relative mean weights of liver, kidney, spleen, crop, proventriculus and gizzard were observed in birds due to aflatoxin sensitivity. The combination of E. uzura infection and aflatoxicosis in Japanese quail may cause significant weight loss, and increased oocyst production and reproductive potential.     

Genetic parameters of slaughter and carcase traits in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

1. Genetic parameters of slaughter and carcase traits were estimated for 5-week-old Japanese quail reared under the one-to-one sire and dam pedigree recorded system. Data were analysed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) with relationship matrix. Records of 1244 animals from 119 sires and 156 dams were analysed. 2. An individual animal model was used which had the animals' genetic effect as the only random factor. Heritability and standard errors of slaughter, cold carcase, breast, leg, wing, others, liver weights and dressing percentage were 0·40 ± 0·07, 0·55 ± 0·07, 0·58 ± 0·07, 0·54 ± 0·07, 0·49 ± 0·07, 0·42 ± 0·06, 0·13 ± 0·04 and 0·21 ± 0·05 respectively. Moderate to high heritability for most of the studied traits suggested that selection to increase or decrease these traits will be successful. 3. The strongest genetic correlation was found between slaughter, carcase and breast weights (0·97-0·87). These high genetic correlations provide an opportunity to select for breast weight on the basis of 5-week weight. 4. It can be concluded that carcase weight and 5-week weight of quail can be included in a selection index to increase the weights of valuable carcass parts.     

An immunohistochemical study of ovarian follicle histogenesis in the early post-hatch Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The early post-hatch development of immunoreactivity to vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and laminin, in relation to follicle histogenesis, was described in this study. Ovigerous cords in day old quails contained pre-granulosa cells and oocytes. Pre-granulosa cells at the cortico-medullary junction were vimentin immunopositive. A laminin immunopositive basement membrane and desmin immunopositive mesenchymal cells lined the ovigerous cords. Ovigerous cords in 3-day-old quails contained developing primordial follicles, the vimentin immunopositive pre-granulosa cells of which were partially encircled by a basement membrane and desmin immunopositive mesenchymal cells. In 5- to 7-day-old quails, ovigerous cords formed an outer cortical region, while primordial follicles formed the inner cortical region. Early pre-vitellogenic follicles were present in 9- to 13-day-old quails. Underlying the granulosa cells of these follicles was a laminin immunopositive basement membrane and a layer of desmin immunopositive thecal cells. Early and late pre-vitellogenic follicles dominated the ovary in 15- to 17-day-old quails. The thecal layer in these follicles was desmin immunopositive, but SMA immunonegative. The results of the study have shown that the process of primordial follicle development in the Japanese quail is similar to that reported in mammals. The study suggests that in the quail pre-granulosa cells originate predominantly from the medulla. The study has shown that, in the Japanese quail, thecal cells are derived from desmin immunopositive mesenchymal cells lining the ovigerous cords.     

Comparison of growth curve parameters of organs and body components in meat- (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and laying-type (Coturnix coturnix japonica) quail show interactions between gender and genotype

1. The objective of this study was to estimate growth parameters of carcass components (wing, thighs and drumsticks, back and breast) and organs (heart, liver, gizzard and gut) in males and females of one meat-type quail strain (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and two laying strains (Coturnix coturnix japonica) designated either yellow or red.

2. A total of 1350 quail from 1 to 42 d old were distributed in a completely randomised design, with 5 replicates of each strain. The carcass component weights and body organs were analysed weekly and evaluated using the Gompertz function; growth rates were evaluated through derivative equations.

3. The meat-type strain presented the highest growth rates in carcass components and organs. Across strains, females showed the highest weight of internal organs at maturity compared to males.

4. Females had greater growth potential in breast, wings and back than males for both yellow and red laying quail.

     

Effect of clinoptilolite on performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during experimental aflatoxicosis

Clinoptilolite (CLI, a natural zeolite), incorporated into the diet at 50 g/kg, was evaluated for its ability to reduce the deleterious effects of 2.0 mg total aflatoxin (AF;83.06% AFB1, 12.98% AFB2, 2.84% AFG1 and 1.12% AFG2)/kg diet on growing Japanese quail chicks from 10 to 45 d of age. A total of 40 Japanese quail chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups (control, AF, CLI, AF plus CLI) each consisting of 10 chicks. The performance of the birds was evaluated. The AF treatment significantly decreased food consumption and body weight gain from the 3rd week onwards. The adverse effect of AF on food conversion ratio was also significant from week 4 of the experiment. The addition of CLI to an AF-containing diet significantly reduced the deleterious effects of AF on food consumption, body weight gain and food conversion ratio. Food consumption was reduced by 14% in quail chicks consuming the AF diet without CLI, but by only 6% for quail chicks consuming the AF plus CLI diet. Similarly, overall body weight gain was reduced by 27% in birds consuming the AF diet without CLI, but by only 8% for birds consuming the AF plus CLI diet. The addition of CLI to the AF-free diet significantly decreased food consumption and body weight gain during week 4, but these parameters were similar to the controls in week 5. No mortality was observed in any of the groups. These results suggest that CLI effectively diminished the detrimental effects of AF on the variables investigated in this study.