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1.
UV-B对烟草生长发育及次生代谢的影响   总被引:15,自引:1,他引:15  
通过模拟UV-B辐射,探索不同紫外辐射强度、辐射方式对烟草幼苗生长发育,光合生理、色素及多酚,糖类、烟碱等代谢产物的影响,以期探讨烤烟品质形成的生态机理.结果表明:UV-B辐射可使烟苗矮化变粗,叶面积缩小,光合效率下降,但可恢复;UV-B处理叶绿素、糖、烟碱含量下降幅度与辐射强度正相关,但微量UV-B有利于成苗叶绿素含量提高;UV-B辐射可使与植物抗逆性有关的多酚含量得到显著提高,与处理时间、强度正相关;适宜强度的UV-B预处理可使烤烟叶绿素、总类胡萝卜素和总糖含量提高.  相似文献   

2.
UV-B辐射的增强对作物形态及生理功能的影响   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
通过综述UV-B辐射增强对作物产生的影响,为进一步揭示作物对UV-B辐射增强的响应机制、适应变化和寻找相应的解决方法提供参考.分析发现UV-B辐射增强能对作物的形态在根、茎、叶营养器官和生殖器官方面产生负面影响,从而进一步影响作物的生物量和产量;UV-B辐射增强对植物生理的影响主要通过影响作物的叶绿体、光合作用及矿质代谢而起作用,并且这些影响具有品种间和生育期的差异.因此研究紫外辐射对作物的影响具有重要的生态学意义.  相似文献   

3.
全生育期UV-B辐射增强对棉花生长及光合作用的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
植物光合系统是UV-B辐射最初和最重要的作用靶标。本文在大田条件下进行紫外灯照射处理,研究全生育期UV-B辐射增强(高于环境20%和40%)对棉花形态、干物质积累、光合色素和产量的影响,并通过分析棉花主茎功能叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,探讨UV-B辐射增强影响棉花光合作用的机制。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强抑制了棉花生长和干物质积累,籽棉产量显著降低,且UV-B辐射越强,抑制作用越明显。随UV-B辐射的增强,棉花主茎功能叶的净光合速率(P_n)在各生育期均显著降低,叶绿素含量呈先升高后降低趋势,气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)未发生变化,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)反而升高,说明P_n下降主要由非气孔限制因素造成。对叶绿素荧光参数的分析表明,PSⅡ的最大光化学量子产率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSII)、线性电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)随着UV-B辐射的增强而降低,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著升高,且各叶绿素荧光参数与Pn变化均显著相关;慢速弛豫NPQ(NPQS)及其在NPQ中的比例均随UV-B辐射的增强而显著提高,表明PSⅡ反应中心受损,光化学效率降低。以上结果证明,全生育期UV-B辐射增强降低了棉花的光合叶面积、叶绿素含量和净光合速率,引起棉花生长与物质积累受抑,产量降低。UV-B辐射增强引起的光合速率下降与PSⅡ反应中心遭到破坏密切相关。  相似文献   

4.
The stratospheric ozone depletion and enhanced solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiance may have adverse impacts on the productivity of agricultural crops. The effect of UV-B enhancements on agricultural crops includes reduction in yield, alteration in species competition, decrease in photosynthetic activity, susceptibility to disease, and changes in structure and pigmentation. Many studies have examined the influence of supplemental UV-B irradiance on different crops, but the effect of UV-B irradiance on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crops has received little attention. Cotton is one of the most versatile of all the crops. It is a major fiber crop of the world and a major source of trade and economy in many countries. In this study, we provide quantitative examination of the effects of elevated UV-B irradiance on cotton plant (Sukang 103). The tested cotton crop was grown under natural and four regimes of supplemental UV-B irradiance in the field. With UV-B irradiance increased 9.5% throughout the growing season, the negative impacts on cotton growth included reductions in height of 14%, in leaf area of 29%, and in total biomass of 34%. Fiber quality was reduced and economic yield dropped 72%; an economic coefficient was reduced 58%. A brief discussion is included on how the impacts on cotton contrast with impacts that have been observed in other studies on other plants, including trees.  相似文献   

5.
UV-B辐射对植物类黄酮影响的研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
UV-B辐射增强对农业生态系统和作物产量的影响已引起国内外广泛关注。本文结合近年来国内外研究成果,介绍了UV-B辐射胁迫下植物应激合成与累积类黄酮的特征,考察了类黄酮在抵御UV-B辐射胁迫中的生态生理作用及其机理,探讨了类黄酮与其他抗UV-B辐射机制的关系,分析了未来该研究工作的若干取向。  相似文献   

6.
The impact of increased-deposited sediment loads on growth and development of tadpoles of the spotted tree frog, Litoria spenceri, in south-eastern Australia was assessed in conjunction with food type and tadpole density. This investigation was conducted in stream enclosures subjected to varying treatments of tadpole density, substrata and deposited-sediment load. Tadpole growth and development were not significantly affected by food type, but there was a trend toward increased performance on periphyton substrata. Tadpole growth and development were significantly reduced by increases in tadpole density and sediment load. These effects were independent, suggesting that increased sediment load reduced food quality rather than quantity. Activities in catchments that increase sediment loads in streams may adversely affect growth and development of tadpoles of L. spenceri. Increased sediment input into streams may therefore reduce tadpole fitness and recruitment to the terrestrial stage. Disturbance processes that increase stream sediment loads, such as forestry activities and associated road construction, may potentially have contributed to the observed declines of L. spenceri and other lotic anurans in south-eastern Australia.  相似文献   

7.
UV-B辐射增强对水稻多胺含量及其相关酶活性的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
试验研究表明,处理前期(7~14d)UV-B辐射增强使“汕优63”水稻精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性分别增加165.74%、104.60%和89.60%,“南川”(NC)运3种酶活性分别增加59.91%、41.30%和23.68%,新品系“IR_(65600-85)”在UV-B辐射胁迫下多胺脱羧酶活性表现与前2品种略不同,即ADC和ODC活性分别提高115.93%、14.45%,而SAMDC活性下降33.01%。处理后期(21~28d)随UV-B辐射累积量的增加,这3种酶活性均有所下降,其中ODC和SAMDC活性降幅大于ADC,其中“汕优63”ADC、和ODC活性分别比对照增加89.72%、3.71%,“南川”则分别增加73.95%、27.38%,“IR_(65600-85)”ADC活性增加94.41%,ODC、活性却下降13.57%。处理后期(21~28d)3类水稻“汕优63”、“南川”和“IR_(65600-85)”SAMDC分别下降40.06%、19.20%和38.21%。多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性变化趋势则相反,即处理前期(7~14d)呈不同程度下降趋势,处理后期(21~28d)则呈极显著上升趋势,其结果引起多胺(PA)含量特别是腐胺(Put)含量明显上升。水稻对UV-B辐射增强的反应具有基因型差异。  相似文献   

8.
低能氮离子束与UV-B增强对水稻光合及蒸腾速率的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为进一步探索缓解增强UV-B辐射对植物光合系统损伤效应的方法,该文研究了在3种不同剂量低能氮离子束的作用下,增强UV-B辐射对水稻光合作用日变化以及光合色素含量的影响。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射(16.46 kJ/m2·d)降低了水稻孕穗前期叶片的净光合率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)以及叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)的含量,而提高了水分利用率(WUE)、类胡萝卜素的含量以及叶绿素a与b(Chla/Chlb)的值。与单独增强UV-B辐射处理相比,剂量为3.0×1017 N+/cm2的低能氮离子束和增强UV-B辐射复合处理显著的提高了Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci以及光合色素含量等指标。因此,剂量为3.0×1017 N+/cm2的低能氮离子束处理可能缓解了增强UV-B辐射对水稻造成的损伤。研究结果可为深入探索离子束生物技术和多种诱变源对水稻生理特性的综合效应提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
采用盆栽试验,分别在云南玉溪主产烟区海拔高度存在一定差异的通海县(海拔1806.0m)和红塔区大营街(海拔1591.0m)两地,研究了自然条件下和通海县减弱25%、50%和65%UV-B辐射条件下,烟草K326大田生育进程中叶片SOD、POD和CAT等3种抗氧化酶活性与UV-B辐射变化的关系。结果表明:由于在局地范围内两地天气气候特征存在一定差异,致使UV-B辐射随海拔高度的变化与地处低纬高原的云南地区大尺度范围的普遍规律相反,烟草大田主要生长期的太阳UV-B辐射强度为大营街通海。大营街烟叶SOD和POD活性高于通海,减弱UV-B辐射后SOD活性发生不同变化,而POD活性随UV-B辐射减弱而下降,但各处理CAT活性变化几乎一致。从时间动态变化看,3种酶都与UV-B辐射变化呈负相关,SOD和POD活性与UV-B辐射变化相关性较高,表现出较强的累积效应,CAT活性变化几乎不受UV-B辐射变化的影响,7月下旬-8月上旬是各处理烟叶3种抗氧化酶活性差异的主要时期。结果说明,烟叶SOD、POD和CAT活性对UV-B辐射变化响应的敏感性存在较大差异,SOD和POD对UV-B辐射变化较敏感,成熟期是K326叶片SOD和POD活性对UV-B辐射变化响应的敏感时期。  相似文献   

10.
紫外辐射与复合胁迫对植物抗氧化酶系统的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
植物抗氧化酶系统对UV-B辐射增强与复合胁迫的响应是植物抵御逆境伤害的关键机制之一。结合近年来国内外研究成果,概述了UV-B辐射对植物抗氧化酶基因表达、转录与翻译的影响,植物抗氧化酶系统对UV-B辐射与干旱、臭氧、高温、盐渍、重金属及酸雨复合胁迫的响应,以及CO2、抗坏血酸、α-萘乙酸、硒、激光辐射和稀土等调节因子对UV-B辐射下植物抗氧化酶系统的作用。  相似文献   

11.
为了解光氧化水稻的光合特性对UV-B辐射的反应,以籼稻两用不育系812S(野生型)及其光氧化突变株系812HS为材料,在自然条件下,采用40 kJ·m-2·d-1剂量的UV-B增强辐射处理植株65 d,分别在幼苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期进行相关生理指标检测和分析。结果表明,与自然光照条件相比,增强UV-B辐射使812HS的分蘖数和有效分蘖数减少,植株矮化,但对其生长抑制程度弱于普通水稻;812HS的叶绿素含量在分蘖期显著降低,但降低幅度低于普通水稻,抽穗期后叶绿素含量显著增加,尤其是在灌浆期,812HS叶绿体含量的增加幅度较普通水稻极显著多出34.3个百分点。增强UV-B辐射处理后,812HS的PSⅡ原初光转化效率(Fv/Fm)在分蘖期的提高幅度比普通水稻大,而在拔节期和灌浆期则明显低于普通水稻。PSⅡ失活的原因是质体醌PQs和PSI蛋白复合体对UV-B辐射敏感,电子从QA-向QB-传递过程受阻,致使快还原型库PQ受影响,说...  相似文献   

12.
对大田栽培条件下人工模拟的UV-B辐射滤减环境对晚稻品种“协优432”的叶绿素含量、株高、内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)、玉米素(Zeatin)含量的影响研究结果表明,在正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组之间叶绿素a含量变化显著;正常日光处理组与UV-A滤光组、UV-A UV-B滤光组之间株高无明显变化。UV-A UV-B滤光组IAA、GA3、Zeatin含量分别比正常日光处理组降低了40.42%、48.60%、36.21%;分别比UV-A滤光处理组降低了36.52%、70.94%、54.54%。单因素方差分析及多重比较结果显示,UV-A UV-B滤光组与正常日光处理组之间IAA、GA3含量差异显著;UV-A UV-B滤光组与UV-A滤光处理组之间GA3、Zeatin含量差异显著。UV-A UV-B滤光组ABA含量比正常日光处理组降低了29.74%,比UV-A滤光处理组降低了5.19%,经单因素方差分析后发现差异不显著。  相似文献   

13.
以烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)品种‘K326’为试验材料,采用盆栽方法,以覆盖3种不同厚度透明薄膜滤减UV-B辐射的处理方式进行试验。在成熟初期,于试验设定时间点分别测定50cm和150cm高度处烤烟环境小气候要素,应用多元统计岭回归分析方法分析了滤减自然条件下25%(T1)、50%(T2)和65%(T3)的UV-B辐射强度对各要素的影响。结果表明:叶片周围空气温度(Ta)、光合有效辐射(PAR)和饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)的日变化曲线总体呈上升趋势,而二氧化碳浓度(Ca)、相对湿度(RH)则呈下降趋势。岭回归分析表明,滤减UV-B辐射对植烟环境小气候要素作用显著,具体表现在T1、T2、T3处理对Ca和RH总体上均具有抑制作用,滤减50%的UV-B辐射对叶片周围Ca的抑制作用最大;滤减UV-B辐射对Ta有明显的促进作用,滤减50%的UV-B辐射对Ta促进作用最强;相对于自然条件而言,滤减65%的UV-B辐射更有利于烟叶对辐射能的吸收和利用;T1处理对VPD具有明显的促进作用,T2处理在不同高度上对VPD作用方向不一致,T3处理的抑制效应则表现不明显,即在不同处理的UV-B辐射强度水平下,植烟环境小气候要素对UV-B辐射的响应存在一定的差异。  相似文献   

14.
UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
为系统了解UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 本文从生理、生化两个角度概述了近30年国内外相关方面的研究成果, 内容涉及UV-B辐射对植物根系活力、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率及植物不同发育期叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量的影响;总结了UV-B辐射对植物气孔行为的影响及相关机理, 包括植物体内ABA、H2O2、NO等信号分子含量的变化以及这些信号分子在调节气孔行为方面发挥的作用.认为UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢产生伤害, 且此伤害作用与植物种类、发育阶段有关, 与UV-B辐照时间及剂量正相关.研究UV-B辐射对植物水分代谢的影响, 对自然及农业生产环境下规避UV-B辐射对植物产生逆境胁迫效应具有积极的环境生态学价值.  相似文献   

15.
Quantitative changes in foliar chemistry in response to UV-B radiation are frequently reported but less is known about the qualitative changes in putative UV-screening compounds. It has also not been conclusively shown whether qualitative differences in screening compounds or differences in localization patterns influence the sensitivity of plants to damage from UV-B radiation and there is some question as to whether differences in the amounts of soluble screening compounds correlate with physiological sensitivity to UV-B radiation. This study represents the first part of a multiple-year study designed to answer the above questions. In this study we evaluated whether differences in soluble UV-screening compounds were linked with possible effects on gas exchange and photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Branches of mature trees of sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were exposed to supplemental levels of UV-B radiation over three growing seasons. Controls for UV-A were also measured by exposing branches to supplemental UV-A only and additional branches not irradiated were also used for controls. These species demonstrated differing levels of screening compounds with poplar being the most responsive in terms of epidermal accumulation of phenolics. These were separately identified as flavonols, chlorogenic acid and hydroxycinnamates (HCAs). Red maple had the highest levels of constitutive UV-absorbing compounds but these showed little response to supplemental UV-B radiation. Leaf area was marginally influenced by UV exposure level with both UV-A and UV-B tending to reduce leaf area in red maple and poplar and increase it in sweet gum, when averaged over the 3-year period. Assimilation was generally not reduced by UV-B radiation in these species and was enhanced in red maple by both UV-B and UV-A and by UV-A in sweet gum. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that epidermal attenuation of UV-B would only be reduced in poplar, which accumulated the additional epidermal screening compounds. It is possible that photosynthetic efficiency was enhanced in red maple by the increased absorption of blue light within the mesophyll due to elevated levels of HCAs. Stomatal conductance was generally reduced and this led to an increase in water use efficiency (WUE) in red maple and poplar. Since few detrimental effects of supplemental UV-B were observed, these results suggest that these tree species utilized a range of UV-screening compounds and deposition patterns to achieve UV-B tolerance and further, that subtle responses to UV-B could have ecological significance in the absence of reduced productivity or photosynthetic efficiency.  相似文献   

16.
UV-B增强下施钾对大麦抽穗期生理特性日变化的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
娄运生  曾志平  韩艳  吴蕾  孟艳 《土壤》2014,46(2):250-255
通过大田试验,研究在UV-B增强条件下,不同施钾量对大麦抽穗期叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用率等生理指标日变化的影响。UV-B辐射设2水平,即对照(CK,自然光,辐射强度1.5 KJ/(m2·h))和增强120%(1.8 KJ/(m2·h));施钾量设2水平,即低钾(K1,K2O 73 kg/hm2)和高钾(K2,K2O 150 kg/hm2)。结果表明,UV-B增强降低大麦的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率。增施钾肥可提高叶片中叶绿素的含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾效率,但对大麦胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的影响不明显。增施钾肥可减缓UV-B增强对大麦净光合速率的抑制作用,但不能减缓UV-B增强对大麦气孔导度和蒸腾速率的抑制作用。  相似文献   

17.
通过大田模拟试验,研究UV-B增强下施硅对大麦抽穗期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)日变化的影响。UV-B辐射设2个水平即自然光(对照,A,1.5kJ·m-2)和UV-B增强(E,增强20%,1.8kJ·m-2),施硅量设2个水平即Si0(不施硅)和Si1(150kg·hm-2SiO2)。结果表明,不施硅情况下(Si0),UV-B增强处理的Pn、Tr、Gs和WUE的日平均值比自然光(A)处理分别下降23.13%、7.66%、1.07%和16.38%,而施硅情况下(Si1)则分别下降10.52%、5.71%、3.77%和12.15%,说明UV-B增强可降低大麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率,而施硅可缓解UV-B增强对大麦净光合速率的抑制作用,但并不能缓解UV-B增强对大麦蒸腾作用以及气孔导度的抑制。研究结果对进一步研究UV-B增强下施硅对大麦产量和品质的影响具有积极意义。  相似文献   

18.
低纬高原滤减UV-B辐射对烤烟营养生长期形态性状的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
在云南玉溪主产烟区的通海县(海拔1806.0m)自然环境中,通过覆膜减弱UV-B的辐射强度(分别是自然环境下的25%、50%和65%),采用盆栽试验研究了UV-B辐射对烤烟K326团棵中后期-现蕾期部分形态特征的影响。结果表明:减弱自然环境下的UV-B辐射对K326株高、最大叶长、叶宽及叶面积、茎围、节间距和叶数等没有显著影响。但在不同减弱UV-B处理下,株高、最大叶长、最大叶面积和节间距等呈现增加的趋势,而叶数则有减少的趋势。说明目前通海的UV-B辐射水平已对K326的形态建成产生了一定的抑制效应。  相似文献   

19.
外源水杨酸对UV-B增强下花生叶片光合特性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过大田模拟试验,设置自然光(CK)和UV-B辐射增强(E,增加量相当于当地4-5月UV-B辐射量的20%)两个大区,在每个大区内又分2个小区,从花针期(7月25日)开始,分别用蒸馏水(S0处理)和水杨酸水溶液(SA处理)连续3d在固定时段喷施花生植株的所有叶片后,用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定仪观测和计算指定叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化过程,并进行对比分析。结果表明:不施水杨酸条件下(S0),UV-B增强处理的花生叶片Pn、Tr、Gs和WUE的日均值比自然光(CK)处理分别下降35.7%、25.0%、25.0%、10.0%;而喷施水杨酸条件下(SA)则分别下降30.4%、17.9%、33.3%、19.4%,说明UV-B增强可降低花生叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率,而喷施水杨酸可缓解UV-B增强对花生净光合速率的抑制作用,但并不能缓解UV-B增强对花生蒸腾作用、气孔导度及水分利用效率的抑制。  相似文献   

20.
UV-B辐射增强对土壤有机碳稳定性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以母质相同、有机碳含量不同的2个水稻土为研究材料,通过室内模拟光照,探讨紫外辐射(UV-B,280~315nm)对土壤总碳(TC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和复合酚(AEP)含量的影响以及土层厚度不同(0.95,1.89,2.84mm)对UV-B辐射的响应特征。结果表明:与黑暗处理相比,培养96h后,无论是在有机碳含量低的土壤(A土)还是在有机碳含量高的土壤(B土)中,UV-B辐射均显著降低了土壤TC的含量,却增加了土壤DOC的含量,在试验结束时,土壤A和B的TC含量分别降低了3.11%和6.18%,而土壤DOC含量分别增加了16.05%和9.89%。在UV-B辐射96h后,与1.89,2.84mm土层相比,土层厚度为0.95mm时土壤TC、DOC和AEP含量变化幅度最大,A和B两个土壤中TC含量分别降低了19.11%和14.35%,DOC和AEP含量分别增加了18.66%和18.92%与23.52%和22.70%,而UV-B辐射对厚度为1.89mm和2.84mm的土层TC、DOC和AEP含量并无显著影响。研究结果表明UV-B辐射对土壤碳库稳定性有一定的影响,在农业生产中为了保护碳库稳定性,应该尽量减少地表裸露。  相似文献   

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