植物叶片中RuBP羧化酶／加氧酶及光反应机构衰老机理的研究进展

在作者及其实验室多年研究的基础上，针对今后的研究方向，对国内外在植物光合机构与功能衰老研究的进展进行综述和讨论。叶向导度、ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ含量、ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ活性及光系统活性是老化过程中光合速率的内部限制因素。在衰老过程中，１，５－二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶活性降低，ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ蛋白合成在转录和翻译水平上均受到抑制，同时ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ蛋白也受到蛋白水解酶的分解；类囊体膜结构紊乱，膜上结合色素、脂类和功能蛋白受到破坏，光合电子传递链活性及光合磷酸化水平发生衰退。植物光合机构及功能衰老在多条途径上渐次展开，叶绿体内光合电子传递生成还原物质的过程与碳素、氮素同化及Ｍｅｌｈｅｒ反应利用还原物质过程之间的失衡可能是光合机构不可逆衰老的重要机制。     

Infection structures from rust urediospores: effect of RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors

Urediospores of Puccinia graminis tritici, floated on buffer, produce infection structures when subjected briefly to 30 degrees C soon after germination. Inhibitors of RNA synthesis interfere with the difierentiation of infection structures if present during this heat treatment. Inhibitors of protein synthesis prevent differentiation if present following heat treatment. Apparently infection structure formation is accompanied by synthesis of RNA, and the completion of infection structure development requires protein synthesis.     

Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 6

Protein synthesis in all organisms is catalyzed by ribosomes. In comparison to their prokaryotic counterparts, eukaryotic ribosomes are considerably larger and are subject to more complex regulation. The large ribosomal subunit (60S) catalyzes peptide bond formation and contains the nascent polypeptide exit tunnel. We present the structure of the 60S ribosomal subunit from Tetrahymena thermophila in complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 6 (eIF6), cocrystallized with the antibiotic cycloheximide (a eukaryotic-specific inhibitor of protein synthesis), at a resolution of 3.5 angstroms. The structure illustrates the complex functional architecture of the eukaryotic 60S subunit, which comprises an intricate network of interactions between eukaryotic-specific ribosomal protein features and RNA expansion segments. It reveals the roles of eukaryotic ribosomal protein elements in the stabilization of the active site and the extent of eukaryotic-specific differences in other functional regions of the subunit. Furthermore, it elucidates the molecular basis of the interaction with eIF6 and provides a structural framework for further studies of ribosome-associated diseases and the role of the 60S subunit in the initiation of protein synthesis.     

High macromolecular synthesis with low metabolic cost in Antarctic sea urchin embryos

Assessing the energy costs of development in extreme environments is important for understanding how organisms can exist at the margins of the biosphere. Macromolecular turnover rates of RNA and protein were measured at -1.5 degrees C during early development of an Antarctic sea urchin. Contrary to expectations of low synthesis with low metabolism at low temperatures, protein and RNA synthesis rates exhibited temperature compensation and were equivalent to rates in temperate sea urchin embryos. High protein metabolism with a low metabolic rate is energetically possible in this Antarctic sea urchin because the energy cost of protein turnover, 0.45 joules per milligram of protein, is 1/25th the values reported for other animals.     

Mammalian ribosomal protein: analysis by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel

Ribosomal protein from five mammalian tissues when analyzed by discontinuous electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel at pH 4.5 yielded 24 bands. Densitometric tracings indicated that the patterns of the basic ribosomal proteins from the several tissues were qualitatively similar. Protein from Escherichia coli ribosomes analyzed at pH 4.5 gave 29 bands, and the pattern was different from that of mammalian ribosomal protein. No distinct band was found when mammalian ribosomal protein was analyzed at pH 8.3 (acidic proteins). Ribosomal protein from Escherichia coli gave eight bands at pH 8.3. Thus, the structure of the genes responsible for synthesis of ribosomal protein in several mammalian tissues is the same, and different genes direct synthesis of ribosomal protein in bacteria.     

Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1

Eukaryotic ribosomes are substantially larger and more complex than their bacterial counterparts. Although their core function is conserved, bacterial and eukaryotic protein synthesis differ considerably at the level of initiation. The eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) plays a central role in this process; it binds initiation factors that facilitate scanning of messenger RNAs and initiation of protein synthesis. We have determined the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena thermophila 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with eukaryotic initiation factor 1 (eIF1) at a resolution of 3.9 angstroms. The structure reveals the fold of the entire 18S ribosomal RNA and of all ribosomal proteins of the 40S subunit, and defines the interactions with eIF1. It provides insights into the eukaryotic-specific aspects of protein synthesis, including the function of eIF1 as well as signaling and regulation mediated by the ribosomal proteins RACK1 and rpS6e.     

The crystal structure of a mammalian fatty acid synthase

Mammalian fatty acid synthase is a large multienzyme that catalyzes all steps of fatty acid synthesis. We have determined its crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution covering five catalytic domains, whereas the flexibly tethered terminal acyl carrier protein and thioesterase domains remain unresolved. The structure reveals a complex architecture of alternating linkers and enzymatic domains. Substrate shuttling is facilitated by flexible tethering of the acyl carrier protein domain and by the limited contact between the condensing and modifying portions of the multienzyme, which are mainly connected by linkers rather than direct interaction. The structure identifies two additional nonenzymatic domains: (i) a pseudo-ketoreductase and (ii) a peripheral pseudo-methyltransferase that is probably a remnant of an ancestral methyltransferase domain maintained in some related polyketide synthases. The structural comparison of mammalian fatty acid synthase with modular polyketide synthases shows how their segmental construction allows the variation of domain composition to achieve diverse product synthesis.     

Effect of cocksfoot mottle virus defective RNA on accumulation of virus capsid protein in wheat plants

The functional role of defective cocksfoot mottle virus RNA in regulating the expression of the viral genome was investigated for testing the hypothesis of its possible participation in transactivation of the synthesis of subgenomic RNA encoding the virus coat protein gene.     

Fish oils inhibit endothelial cell production of platelet-derived growth factor-like protein

Diets rich in fish and fish oils are associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The interaction of a commercial fish oil extract (MaxEPA) with vascular endothelial cells (ECs) was studied as a possible mechanism for this protective effect. MaxEPA almost completely inhibited EC production of platelet-derived growth factor-like protein (PDGFc) while other lipids had a lesser effect or no effect. Overall protein synthesis was not reduced, nor was the inhibition due to defective secretion or increased degradation of the growth factor. Antioxidants suppressed the inhibitory activity of MaxEPA indicating that free radical oxidative processes were required for the inhibition. These results suggest that fish oils may suppress intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation by decreasing the production of EC-derived paracrine growth factors. This inhibitory process represents a possible molecular mechanism for the antiatherosclerotic action of marine lipids.     

牛mettl3基因的原核表达与蛋白纯化

m~6A甲基转移酶(methyltransferase-like protein 3,METTL3)可调控m RNA的m6A甲基化水平,调节细胞蛋白质合成,实验室前期发现METTL3为乳腺上皮细胞乳合成重要调节分子,发挥泌乳调节作用。目前尚不清楚METTL3分子结构基础及其参与的调节机制。为揭示METTL3结构与功能关系,对METTL3蛋白作原核表达及纯化。研究采用PCR方法扩增牛mettl3基因完整CDS区,将CDS区插入原核表达载体p GEX-4T-1,异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导METTL3蛋白大量表达,用8 mol·L-1尿素裂解包涵体,利用GST蛋白纯化试剂盒纯化诱导获得METTL3蛋白。SDS-PAGE证实GST-METTL3融合蛋白存在于包涵体内,试验获得高纯度GST-METTL3融合蛋白,为进一步研究METTL3蛋白在奶牛泌乳中作用提供重要依据。     

Automated chemical synthesis of a protein growth factor for hemopoietic cells, interleukin-3

Interleukin-3 (IL-3), a protein of 140 amino acids, was chemically synthesized by means of an automated peptide synthesizer and was shown to have the biological activities attributed to native IL-3. Assays of synthetic analogues established that an amino terminal fragment has detectable IL-3 activity, but that the stable tertiary structure of the complete molecule was required for full activity. The results demonstrate that automated peptide synthesis can be applied to the study of the structure and function of proteins.     

小麦条锈菌效应蛋白基因pst-2511的克隆、 表达和初步结构研究

对小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici）效应蛋白pst-2511进行研究,分析其可能形成二级结构的条件,为以后通过核磁方法解析该效应蛋白的三维结构提供基础。构建了小麦条锈菌效应蛋白基因pst-2511的原核表达载体pET-32a-PP-pst-2511,并成功将其在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中进行原核表达;表达出的蛋白用亲和层析法和高效液相色谱法进行纯化,获得可溶性的效应蛋白,用凝胶电泳检测得到单一条带,经质谱鉴定,纯化后的蛋白质分子量与理论值符合。圆二色谱表征该蛋白质的二级结构有α螺旋,且随着三氟乙醇（TFE）浓度的增加,α螺旋比例增加。对效应蛋白pst-2511的初步结构研究及三维结构解析,可以为防止小麦条锈病提供理论依据,同时为深入研究效应蛋白的调控通路以及阐明条锈菌侵染机制和更有效地防止小麦条锈病提供帮助。     

Sex attractant of the pink bollworm moth: isolation, identification, and synthesis

The sex attractant produced in extremely small amount by the virgin female pink bollworm moth has been isolated in pure form and identified as 10-propyl-trans- 5, 9-tridecadienyl acetate. Successful synthesis of this molecule confirms the structure and makes possible its practical use to help control this destructive pest of cotton. The attractant, for which the common name "propylure" is suggested, may be the first naturally occurring compound with propyl branching to be reported.     

Insights into translational termination from the structure of RF2 bound to the ribosome

The termination of protein synthesis occurs through the specific recognition of a stop codon in the A site of the ribosome by a release factor (RF), which then catalyzes the hydrolysis of the nascent protein chain from the P-site transfer RNA. Here we present, at a resolution of 3.5 angstroms, the crystal structure of RF2 in complex with its cognate UGA stop codon in the 70S ribosome. The structure provides insight into how RF2 specifically recognizes the stop codon; it also suggests a model for the role of a universally conserved GGQ motif in the catalysis of peptide release.     

三聚氰胺人工抗原合成与鉴定

采用戊二醛法与甲醛树脂法分别将三聚氰胺（Melamine,Mel）偶联到牛血清白蛋白（BSA）与鸡卵清蛋白上,合成免疫原三聚氰胺-牛血清白蛋白（Mel-BSA）与包被原三聚氰胺-鸡卵清蛋白（Mel-OVA）。通过快速凝胶液相层析（FPLC）纯化后,合成抗原进行紫外扫描、红外扫描和SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定。结果表明三聚氰胺已偶联到载体蛋白,为进一步制备三聚氰胺的特异性抗体与建立三聚氰胺免疫检测方法奠定了基础。     

Evidence that the v-sis gene product transforms by interaction with the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor

A scheme for partial purification of biologically active v-sis-coded protein from cells transformed with simian sarcoma virus (SSV) has made possible a functional comparison of the transforming protein with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The SSV-transforming gene product is capable of specifically binding PDGF receptors, stimulating tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF receptors, and inducing DNA synthesis in quiescent fibroblasts. Each of these activities was specifically inhibited by antibodies to different regions of the v-sis gene product. Moreover, viral infection of a variety of cell types revealed a strict correlation between those cells possessing PDGF receptors and those susceptible to transformation by SSV. These findings provide evidence that SSV-transforming activity is mediated by the interaction of a virus-coded mitogen with PDGF receptors.     

拟南芥钴胺素合成相关蛋白CSRP基因克隆及其功能分析

以拟南芥为研究对象,根据已知的生物信息数据,通过反向遗传学的方法,对与钴胺素合成相关蛋白CSRP基因进行分子克隆,得到该基因的基因组序列和cDNA序列,构建二元重组质粒,利用根癌农杆菌介导的花浸泡转基因方法分别转化突变体和野生型植株,进行互补试验和过表达试验,筛选转基因植株,并进一步预测其编码蛋白的亚细胞定位于叶绿体中.结果表明,在突变体中转入该基因后,转基因植株恢复野生型的表型,而在过表达的转基因植株中表型更为明显,即生长旺盛,晚花.说明该基因对于拟南芥的营养生长起促进作用,由于其功能预测与钴胺素合成相关的蛋白,推测其可能在植物营养生长中起作用.     

Sequence of the immunodominant epitope for the surface protein on sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax is one of the four malaria parasites that cause disease in humans. The structure of the immunodominant repeating peptide of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of P. vivax was determined. A fragment of P. vivax DNA that encodes this tandemly repeating epitope was isolated by use of an oligonucleotide probe whose sequence is thought to be conserved in CS protein genes. DNA sequence analysis of the P. vivax clone indicates that the CS repeat is nine amino acids in length (Gly-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asp-Gly-Gln-Pro-Ala). The structure of the repeating region was confirmed with synthetic peptides and monoclonal antibodies directed against P. vivax sporozoites. This information should allow synthesis of a vaccine for P. vivax that is similar to the one being tested for P. falciparum.