Access to stem cells and data: persons, property rights, and scientific progress

Many fields have struggled to develop strategies, policies, or structures to optimally manage data, materials, and intellectual property rights (IPRs). There is growing recognition that the field of stem cell science, in part because of its complex IPRs landscape and the importance of cell line collections, may require collective action to facilitate basic and translational research. Access to pluripotent stem cell lines and the information associated with them is critical to the progress of stem cell science, but simple notions of access are substantially complicated by shifting boundaries between what is considered information versus material, person versus artifact, and private property versus the public domain.     

Budget and the National Cancer Program

The budget picture for the NCI is presented for your information and evaluation-evaluation in the sense that I need and would appreciate your comments. A major issue of course is balance, in terms of clinic versus laboratory; short-term versus long-term; academic versus commercial; targeted versus nontargeted; grants versus contracts versus intramural; national versus international, and the like. It must be recognized that within a program of this emotion, visibility, and importance scientific findings and other considerations will dictate changes on at least a monthly basis. Things other than science contribute to this balance. On any given day we live within the impact of at least three budget years (what we received and did last year, what we will receive and do this year, and what this will allow us to receive and do next year). The federal budgetary process as well as the priority-setting processes of science are such that new directions cannot be taken as qulickly as woLld be optimal. Priorities muLst be set in cancer at least in their broad sense; for in addition to other areas of biomedical research, there are other compelling demands for the limited federal dollar. There will never be enouLgh resources to do all that can be done or needs to be done in cancer research. That probably is as it should be. In this regard it is heartening that operating funds for the institutes at NIH other than NCI will increase by $264 million in 1974. It is as true that information from research in other disciplines and categorical diseases will provide leads to cancer, as well as the reverse. And certainly, virtually no one wants to see resources for cancer increased at the expense of other important tasks and opportunities. This article is not an attempt to justify or to defend the spending plan of the National Cancer Program. It is to let youL know what's going on and to seek further advice on how to do it better. Articles on other aspects of the program will be published in journals including Science, Cancer Research, and the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.     

基于机器视觉群体鸡蛋尺寸的检测方法

利用机器视觉技术对鸡蛋外形尺寸进行检测,采用区域标记法分割出单个图像区域,然后确定图像区域形心点,求出其长轴、短轴和面积。研究结果表明,软件预测的鸡蛋平面投影面积(像素)长轴和短轴与实测的蛋重、长轴和短轴的相关系数分别为0.92、0.91和0.84。     

圆不锈钢管混凝土轴压力学性能的有限元分析

在确定了不锈钢与核心混凝土的材料本构模型、单元类型以及界面接触模型的基础上,根据构件的几何和材料非线性,建立了圆不锈钢管混凝土轴压构件的有限元模型.算例分析结果表明,有限元计算和试验结果总体上吻合良好.利用有限元模型,比较了不锈钢管混凝土和普通钢管混凝土轴压构件的荷载-变形关系曲线.     

斑痣悬茧蜂寄生对甜菜夜蛾幼虫行为的影响

采用固定时间间隔扫描抽样观察法,在大透明罩内观察了被斑痣悬茧蜂寄生和未寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的活动、取食和栖境选择行为。结果表明:到寄主幼虫生长后期,被寄生幼虫的取食行为比例(3.74%)极显著低于未被寄生幼虫(15.71%),空间位移比例(8.19%)极显著低于未被寄生幼虫(32.04%),在植物叶正面的比例(47.00%)极显著高于未被寄生幼虫(24.27%),但在叶背面与未被寄生的寄主幼虫无显著差异。在植株的上部、中部和外部,两类寄主幼虫出现的比例直到幼虫生长后期才表现出显著差异。在植株上部和外部,被寄生的寄主幼虫出现的比例(分别为26.09%、5.89%)显著低于未被寄生幼虫(38.88%、17.50%),在植株中部则相反,被寄生幼虫出现的比例(63.57%)显著高于未被寄生幼虫(35.74%);然而在植株的下部,两类寄主幼虫只在幼虫生长前期表现出差异,被寄生的寄主幼虫出现的比例(5.50%)极显著低于未被寄生幼虫(21.96%)。     

Regulation of B versus T lymphoid lineage fate decision by the proto-oncogene LRF

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to lymphoid progenitors, which subsequently differentiate into B and T lymphocytes. Here we show that the proto-oncogene LRF plays an essential role in the B versus T lymphoid cell-fate decision. We demonstrate that LRF is key for instructing early lymphoid progenitors in mice to develop into B lineage cells by repressing T cell-instructive signals produced by the cell-fate signal protein, Notch. We propose a new model for lymphoid lineage commitment, in which LRF acts as a master regulator of the cell's determination of B versus T lineage.     

无鱼粉日粮中豆饼与豆粕质量对肉用仔鸡和蛋鸡生产性能的影响

本文就无鱼粉日粮中豆饼与豆粕质量对肉用仔鸡和商品蛋鸡生产性能的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明：生豆粕使21日龄肉用仔鸡增重较正常豆粕组低159克,饲料转换率差0.4。饲喂生豆饼的母鸡与饲喂正常豆饼的母鸡的产蛋率相差20%（51.8%对72.2%）;蛋重相差1.8克（54.7对56.5克）;饲料转换率差1.21（3.94对2.73）;试验期末母鸡体重相差309克（1483对1792）,饲喂生豆饼母鸡处于减重状态。 对豆饼与豆粕质量化学指标的评估表明,豆饼和豆粕化学指标关系密切。添加适量赖氨酸有助于克服过熟豆饼与豆粕的不利影响。     

普通荞麦落粒性、尖果、红色茎秆的遗传规律研究

以普通荞麦3个花柱同长自交可育纯系为材料,通过人工去雄授粉杂交方法,将甜自21-1分别与Lorena-3和甜自100进行正反交,配制4个杂交组合,获得其杂种后代和F2代群体,探讨普通荞麦尖果、落粒性、红色茎秆的遗传规律。研究发现:尖果性状在甜自21-1与Lorena-3和甜自100进行正反交4个组合的F2群体中均表现3∶1的遗传分离模式,表明尖果性状(尖-钝)受单基因遗传控制;落粒性和主茎颜色(红-绿)在甜自21-1和Lorena-3正反交的2个组合的F2群体中均遵循9∶7的分离模式,表明落粒性、主茎颜色(红-绿)为2对显性互补基因的遗传模式。尖果性状基因、落粒性基因和红色茎秆基因之间均表现为彼此独立遗传。     

基于水权市场理论的地下水资源配置研究——以新疆奇台地区为例

以新疆奇台地区典型地下水超采区为例,在对该地区地下水超采原因分析的基础上,提出了基于水权市场理论进行地下水资源配置的方法,对地下水资源的水权及水权市场的构建及运作进行了研究,并依次对奇台地区地下水资源进行初始分配,为奇台地区及同类地区地下水资源可持续利用与管理提供新的方法和理论依据。     

Promoting the Middle East peace process by changing beliefs about group malleability

Four studies showed that beliefs about whether groups have a malleable versus fixed nature affected intergroup attitudes and willingness to compromise for peace. Using a nationwide sample (N = 500) of Israeli Jews, the first study showed that a belief that groups were malleable predicted positive attitudes toward Palestinians, which in turn predicted willingness to compromise. In the remaining three studies, experimentally inducing malleable versus fixed beliefs about groups among Israeli Jews (N = 76), Palestinian citizens of Israel (N = 59), and Palestinians in the West Bank (N = 53)--without mentioning the adversary--led to more positive attitudes toward the outgroup and, in turn, increased willingness to compromise for peace.     

Transgenerational plasticity is adaptive in the wild

Plants exhibit adaptive responses to light, but it is not known whether parental plants transmit environmental cues that elicit adaptive responses in offspring. We show that offspring life history (annual versus biennial) is influenced by the maternal light environment (understory versus light gap). This transgenerational plasticity is adaptive when offspring are grown in their maternal light environment, where seeds typically disperse. Projections of population growth show that plants that are appropriately cued for their light environment through maternal effects have 3.4 times greater fitness than otherwise. Transgenerational plasticity has evolved in response to natural variation in light and provides a flexible mechanism by which sedentary organisms cope with heterogeneous environments.     

Maternal Antibody Protected Chicks from Growth Retardation and Immunosuppression Induced by Early Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infection

To determine if the maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with cell culture-adapted reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） could protect chicks from early REV infection, one-day-old chicks with or without anti-REV maternal antibodies were inoculated with REV, and then their growth rates and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus （NDV） and avian influenza virus （AIV）, after vaccination with inactivated vaccines, were compared. This study indicated that REV infection could cause growth retardation and severely inhibit immune reactions to inactivated vaccines against NDV and Avian influenza virus （AIV, H9 and H5） in one-day-old broilers without maternal antibodies specific to REV. Maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with an attenuated REV vaccine effectively protected REV-challenged birds from growth retardation and immunosuppression on antibody reactions to NDV and AIV vaccines. Four weeks after vaccination, the HI titers to NDV, AIV-H9, and AIV-H5 in maternal antibody positive and negative groups were 3.36 ＋- 2.04 versus 1.58± 1.69 （P〈0.01）, 6.27±3.87 versus 0.71 ± 1.60 （P〈0.01）, and 6.72±3.92 versus 0.54± 1.44 （P〈0.01）. Maternal antibodies from breeders vaccinated with REV vaccine could successfully protect chicks from REV infection and effectively prevent REV-induced growth retardation and immunosuppression in antibody responses to NDV and AIV.     

Transplantation of fetal hematopoietic stem cells in utero: the creation of hematopoietic chimeras

Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive therapy.     

Rate Constants for Charge Transfer Across Semiconductor-Liquid Interfaces

Interfacial charge-transfer rate constants have been measured for n-type Si electrodes in contact with a series of viologen-based redox couples in methanol through analyses of the behavior of these junctions with respect to their current density versus potential and differential capacitance versus potential properties. The data allow evaluation of the maximum rate constant (and therefore the electronic coupling) for majority carriers in the solid as well as of the dependence of the rate constant on the driving force for transfer of delocalized electrons from the n-Si semiconducting electrode into the localized molecular redox species in the solution phase. The data are in good agreement with existing models of this interfacial electron transfer process and provide insight into the fundamental kinetic events underlying the use of semiconducting photoelectrodes in applications such as solar energy conversion.     

High-Latitude Stratospheric Aerosols Measured by the SAM II Satellite System in 1978 and 1979

Results of the first year of data collection by the SAM (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement) II satellite system are presented. Almost 10,000 profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction in the Arctic and Antarctic regions are used to construct plots of weekly averaged aerosol extinction versus altitude and time and stratospheric optical depth versus time. Corresponding temperature fields are presented. These data show striking similarities in the aerosol behavior for corresponding seasons. Wintertime polar stratospheric clouds that are strongly correlated with temperature are documented. They are much more prevalent in the Antarctic stratosphere during the cold austral winter and increase the stratospheric optical depths by as much as an order of magnitude for a period of about 2 months. These clouds might represent a sink for stratospheric water vapor and must be considered in the radiative budget for this region and time.     

Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth

"Warmth" is the most powerful personality trait in social judgment, and attachment theorists have stressed the importance of warm physical contact with caregivers during infancy for healthy relationships in adulthood. Intriguingly, recent research in humans points to the involvement of the insula in the processing of both physical temperature and interpersonal warmth (trust) information. Accordingly, we hypothesized that experiences of physical warmth (or coldness) would increase feelings of interpersonal warmth (or coldness), without the person's awareness of this influence. In study 1, participants who briefly held a cup of hot (versus iced) coffee judged a target person as having a "warmer" personality (generous, caring); in study 2, participants holding a hot (versus cold) therapeutic pad were more likely to choose a gift for a friend instead of for themselves.     

Niche partitioning increases resource exploitation by diverse communities

Classical ecological theory suggests that the coexistence of consumer species is fostered by resource-use differences, leading to greater resource use in communities with more species. However, explicit empirical support for this idea is lacking, because resource use by species is generally confounded with other species-specific attributes. We overcame this obstacle by co-opting behavioral plasticity in food choice among a group of animal consumers, allowing us to manipulate patterns of resource use while controlling for the effects of species identity and diversity. Within an aphid-parasitoid-radish community, we created a fully factorial manipulation of consumer resource-use breadth (specialist versus generalist) and species diversity (one versus three species) and found that resource exploitation improved with greater specialist, but not generalist, diversity. Therefore, resource partitioning, and not diversity per se, fostered greater overall resource consumption in our multispecies consumer communities.     

观赏辣椒杂种优势及重要性状遗传规律分析

  目的  探索观赏辣椒杂种优势以及观赏性状遗传规律，促进观赏辣椒新品种培育以及优良性状的保留。  方法  以簇生椒Capsicum annuum ‘Salsa XP Red’卵圆形叶片自交系(P15)与单生椒C. annuum ‘Salsa Deep Orange’披针形叶片自交系(P6)为亲本，配置正交组合P6×P15，反交组合P15×P6，并构建F₂群体，研究观赏辣椒果实着生方式、叶形和株型性状的遗传规律。  结果  P6和P15的叶片大小、株高、侧枝数等指标均存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。正反交观赏辣椒F₁组合均在株高、株幅和叶片尺寸等性状上表现较高的杂种优势。在正反交的F₂群体中，方差最大的5个农艺性状从大到小依次为叶长、单株结果数、叶柄长、株幅、株高，且正反交群体的株型与叶形各性状间存在极显著相关性(P＜0.01)。卡方检验表明:正反交F₂代群体质量性状分离比结果中，果实簇生性状对单生性状、有限生长对无限生长均为单基因隐性遗传；开展型株型对直立型株型、披针形叶对卵圆形叶均由双基因控制，且具有隐性上位作用。  结论  观赏辣椒杂交亲本与F₁代组合在单株结果数、分枝级数等5个性状上存在显著差异，其中株型变异系数最小，单果果实品质与单株果数变异系数较大，叶长和单株结果数性状的单株间差异最显著。对观赏辣椒重要性状遗传规律分析表明:果实着生方式簇生对单生、有限生长对无限生长是单基因控制隐性遗传性状。图2表8参22     

猪体细胞克隆胚胎的体外生产试验

 【目的】通过优化猪体细胞核移植程序,建立获得克隆囊胚的有效方法。【方法】比较不同电激活参数、不同体外培养条件对猪体细胞克隆胚发育能力的影响。【结果】选用1.5 kV?cm-1、80 μs 和1 DC的参数组合,对猪核移植重构胚进行电融合和电激活,可获得较高的卵裂率和最高的囊胚发育率（分别为71.4%和14.3%）,且囊胚发育率显著高于其它组（P＜0.05）;0.4% BSA NCSU 23 培养液培养克隆重构胚72 h,半量换液并未改善克隆胚的发育,但添加10% FBS 可显著提高囊胚发育率（15.1%对10.3%,P＜0.05）和DNA 完整率(56.8%对46.6%,P＜0.05) ;采用猪卵泡颗粒细胞（pGC）共培养体系未能显著提高克隆胚发育率（P＞0.05）,但卵丘细胞（pCC）单层共培养时,囊胚发育率显著高于对照组（16.7%对9.8%,P＜0.05）,培养5 d 的克隆胚凋亡率也显著低于对照组（39.5%对54.2%,P＜0.05）。【结论】采用1.5 kV?cm-1、80 μs 和1 DC 的参数组合对猪克隆重构胚进行电融合和电激活,以0.4% BSA NCSU 23培养液作 pCC 单层共培养72 h,然后换用10% FBS NCSU 23 培养液,可明显提高囊胚发育率。     

油罐车的非稳定传热计算

油罐车冬季卸油困难的主要原因是行程远，罐体散热快，致使原油温度低于凝点。通过建立油罐车稳定传热学模型，分析传热过程，得到罐内油品温度时间变化的计算公式。以“斯太尔”车原油制度为例，计算出温度与时间的对应值，并绘制出了温度与时间的变化曲线。