三种类型肉杂鸡生产性能对比试验

本试验选择父母代艾维因肉鸡(♂)×商品代海兰褐蛋鸡(♀)(其杂交一代简称为白肉杂)、父母代安卡红肉鸡(♂)×商品代海兰褐蛋鸡(♀)(其杂交一代简称为红肉杂)、父母代安卡麻肉鸡(♂)×商品代海兰褐蛋鸡(♀)(其杂交一代简称为麻肉杂)等三种杂交组合模式,观测不同杂交组合肉杂鸡的生长发育性能。试验表明:白肉杂鸡的初生重为40.1±2.4g,红肉杂鸡为40.4±2.26g,麻肉杂为39.7±2.4g,三组差异不显著(P0.05)。2周龄时白肉杂与其它两种肉杂鸡的差异已达显著水平(P0.05)。六周龄前,红肉杂和麻肉杂,体重接近,差异不显著(P0.05)。12周龄时白肉杂、红肉杂、麻肉杂鸡的平均体重分别为2352.7±90.3g、2177.35±96.3g、2102.34±86.3g,白肉杂与其他两种肉杂鸡体重差异极显著(P0.01),红肉杂与麻肉杂体重差异显著(P0.05)。三种肉杂鸡中,白肉杂鸡的绝对生长最快,在整个试验期其各周龄体重都领先于其它两种肉杂鸡;麻肉杂鸡和红肉杂在前六周增重速度接近,六周后红肉杂的增重速度优于麻肉杂。白肉杂、红肉杂、麻肉杂在6周龄时达到了生长高峰。三种肉杂鸡成活率成活率分别为麻肉杂97.5%、红肉杂96.0%和白肉杂94.5%,差异显著(P0.05)。     

油麻鸡F2代产蛋性能表现

利用拜城油鸡公鸡与良凤花母鸡进行杂交得到油麻鸡F1代,再利用油麻鸡F1代母鸡与拜城油鸡公鸡回交得到油麻鸡F2代,在圈养环境下将油麻鸡F2代与父母代良凤花鸡产蛋性能进行比较,结果表明油麻鸡F2代18周龄(120日龄)开产,最高产蛋率为87.94%,70%以上产蛋率维持16周,35周龄蛋平均重为53g,到44周龄每只平均产蛋量为119.48枚,F2代母鸡平均体重为2183g,公鸡平均体重为2935g;父母代良凤花鸡26周龄(182日龄)开产,最高产蛋率为79.01%,70%以上产蛋率维持4周;35周龄蛋平均重为59g,到44周龄每只平均产蛋量为78.29枚,母鸡平均体重为3 394g。通过比较可知,油麻鸡F2代除蛋重和体重比父母代良凤花鸡轻外,其他性能均高于父母代良凤花鸡,同时将油麻鸡F2代产蛋性能与纯种拜城油鸡产蛋性能比较,油麻鸡F2代比纯种拜城油鸡体重、产蛋性能均高。     

不同品种、饲养周期肉鸡肉品质和风味的比较分析

本试验旨在比较不同品种肉鸡在体重、常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的差异,以期为肉鸡肉品质评价指标的建立提供参考。分别选取同日龄、同饲养条件下的快大型鸡(隐性白羽肉鸡、安卡鸡)和地方品种鸡(文昌鸡、北京油鸡、清远麻鸡)作为研究素材,选取接近平均体重的9周龄快大型鸡和17周龄地方品种鸡各60只,称重、屠宰,用于不同品种胸肌常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的测定;另选取9和17周龄的隐性白羽肉鸡各60只称重、屠宰,用于不同饲养周期胸肌常规肉品质及肌间脂肪、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的测定。结果表明:1)不同品种出栏时期比较,安卡鸡的体重显著高于其他品种(P0.05),北京油鸡的胸肌失水率显著低于其他品种(P0.05),文昌鸡、清远麻鸡的胸肌剪切力显著低于安卡鸡、北京油鸡(P0.05),安卡鸡的胸肌肉色显著高于其他品种(P0.05),北京油鸡的胸肌pH显著高于其他品种(P0.05),文昌鸡的胸肌肌间脂肪含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05)。清远麻鸡的胸肌必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、总氨基酸含量均显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡、安卡鸡的胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡、北京油鸡的胸肌必需脂肪酸含量显著高于其他品种(P0.05),隐性白羽肉鸡的胸肌不饱和脂肪酸含量最高。2)不同饲养周期比较,隐性白羽肉鸡9周龄胸肌的失水率及非必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、饱和脂肪酸、必需脂肪酸含量显著高于17周龄(P0.05),体重、胸肌pH、胸肌肌间脂肪含量显著低于17周龄(P0.05)。由此可知,不同品种肉鸡的肉品质、风味物质含量差异较大,不能用单一的指标进行衡量。从肉品质的营养角度分析,9周龄出栏的快大型肉鸡优于17周龄。     

日粮粗蛋白水平对6～10周龄白羽肉杂鸡生长性能的影响

本试验表明:日粮粗蛋白水平对6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡料重比、日增重有极显著影响(P0.01),低蛋白组与中蛋白组间、中蛋白组与高蛋白组间有显著差异(0.01P0.05);随日粮粗蛋白水平升高,平均日采食量下降,较高粗蛋白水平(18%)可以显著降低6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡(♂)的采食量。以日增重、料重比为衡量指标,日粮代谢能为12.55 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质水平为18%时6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡日增重最高、料肉比最佳。     

不同饲养方式对边鸡生长性能的影响

试验比较了笼养、地面散养及林间放养三种不同饲养方式对边鸡生长性能的影响。结果表明:公鸡10周龄体重笼养显著高于地面散养、林间放养(P0.05),12周龄笼养显著高于地面散养(P0.05),14、16周龄体重笼养极显著高于地面散养、林间放养(P0.01);14、16周龄笼养母鸡体重极显著高于地面散养、林间放养(P0.01);笼养平均日增重分别比地面散养和林间放养高2.23 g和2.30 g。     

武威市果园放养肉杂鸡不同杂交组合生产性能研究

本试验选择父母代肉公鸡艾维因和安卡红及商品代蛋母鸡海兰褐和伊莎褐四个品种进行杂交组合,组成四种杂交组合模式。每个组合随机选择1日龄肉杂鸡200羽,每个组合随机分为5个重复,每个重复40羽,观测不同杂交组合肉杂鸡在果园放养中的生长发育性能。试验表明:父母代艾维茵肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡的平均周增重较父母代安卡红肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡高,且差异显著;父母代艾维茵肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡的料肉比及成活率较父母代安卡红肉公鸡与商品代蛋母鸡伊莎褐和海兰褐杂交所生产的肉杂鸡低,且差异显著。     

不同蛋能比日粮对雪山鸡生长及屠宰性能的影响

试验选用12周龄的雪山鸡1 120只,随机分成7组,每组2个重复(每个重复80只鸡),分别饲喂蛋能水平不同的日粮,从13～19周龄每周测量鸡只体重,计算周增重和料肉比,19周龄进行屠宰性能的观测.试验结果表明:不同蛋能比日粮对雪山鸡的周增重在第13、14、16、18、19周各组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);不同周龄各组间,体重和累积料肉比无显著差异(P＞0.05);第15、17、19周的周料肉比在各组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).不同能量水平的日粮,对雪山鸡19周龄屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率和腿肌率均无显著影响(P＞0.05),胸肌率和胸腿肌率在第2组和第4组间存在显著差异(P＜0.05).     

杂交麻羽肉仔鸡在新疆的生产性能表现

分别用安卡麻公鸡、安卡红公鸡与南宁麻母鸡杂交,其子代红麻鸡及黄麻鸡同原品系黑麻子代性能比较,11周龄公母混合鸡平均体重红麻鸡为2.424kg、黄麻鸡为2.476kg、黑麻鸡为2.169kg;料肉比红麻鸡为2.36、黄麻鸡为2.31、黑麻鸡为2.63;平均成活率红麻鸡为97.3%、黄麻鸡为94.7%、黑麻鸡为96.7%。     

日粮代谢能水平对6～10周龄白羽肉杂鸡生长性能的影响

本次试验结果表明:日粮代谢能水平对6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡平均日采食量有极显著影响(P0.01);对料重比有显著影响(P0.05);对平均日增重有显著影响(P0.05)。以日增重、料重比为衡量指标,日粮代谢能为13.18 MJ/kg、粗蛋白质水平为18%时6~10周龄白羽肉杂鸡日增重最高、料肉比最佳。     

不同能量水平的日粮对雪山鸡生长性能的影响

该试验通过在日粮中添加不同水平的油脂,观察雪山鸡在85—133日龄期间生长变化。试验结果表明,不同周龄间,体重和累积料肉比差异不显著,第15,17,19周龄时周料肉比在各组间存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。     

饲粮添加大豆卵磷脂乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究在2种能量水平饲粮中添加大豆卵磷脂乳化剂对肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和血清生化指标的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机区组试验设计,将960只1日龄科宝500白羽肉公鸡随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只鸡。各组试验鸡分别饲喂2个能量水平和2个乳化剂添加水平组成的试验饲粮,其中代谢能分别为12.13和11.92 MJ/kg(1～21日龄)、12.96和12.65 MJ/kg(22～49日龄),乳化剂添加水平分别为0和265 mg/kg(1～21日龄)、0和400 mg/kg(22～49日龄)。试验测定肉鸡生长性能,能量、干物质、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪表观利用率,以及血糖、血脂和胆汁酸含量。结果表明:肉鸡采食正常能量饲粮前期(1～21日龄)平均日增重极显著高于低能量饲粮(P<0.01),肉鸡全期(1～49日龄)采食添加乳化剂的低能量饲粮料重比能达到正常能量饲粮水平;饲粮添加乳化剂有提高平均日增重和饲粮粗脂肪和能量表观利用率的趋势,可促进胆汁分泌,能显著降低前期及全期料重比(P<0.05)。结果显示,降低饲粮能量显著降低1～21日龄肉鸡平均日增重,提高1～21日龄和1～49日龄料重比;饲粮添加乳化剂能够改善饲料利用率,特别是在1～21日龄肉鸡低能量饲粮中效果更明显。     

Effects of Early Feed Restriction on Performance and Ascites Development in Broiler Chickens Subsequently Raised at Low Ambient Temperature

The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of early-age growth limitation, achieved through feed restriction (FR), as a means of reducing ascites mortality in broiler chickens exposed to low ambient temperatures. Feed restriction was applied to broilers from 5 to 11 d of age so as to reduce their weight gain to about 40% of that of control broilers that were fed ad libitum (AL). At the age of 21 d the chickens were exposed to a temperature of 15°C, which induced ascites. By 46 d of age, ascites incidence and mortality in the feed-restricted birds were reduced to 15.79 vs. 36.84% and 7.89 vs. 26.32%, respectively, compared with those in the controls (P < 0.05). After feed restriction was stopped, the FR chickens had accelerated weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio from 11 to 18 d of age (P < 0.05), and by 46 d they had achieved the same body weight as the AL birds. Ascitic broilers had smaller relative breast muscle and spleen weights than those of the healthy broilers at 46 d (P < 0.05). However, the relative weights of lung, heart, and liver and the right ventricle weight per total ventricle weight (RV:TV) ratios were greater in ascitic broilers (P < 0.05). At age 37 d, when ascites had developed but not yet caused mortality, the ascitic broilers had lower plasma concentrations of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and higher hematocrit values (P < 0.05) in comparison with the healthy ones. Ascitic birds also had lower oxygen consumption at 6 wk (P < 0.05), which agrees with information that the terminal stage of the ascites syndrome can be characterized by low oxygen consumption. We concluded that the early-age feed restriction reduced ascites incidence and mortality and prevented reduction of the thyroid hormone concentrations in male broilers reared at low ambient temperature from the age of 3 wk onward.     

霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响

本试验旨在研究霉变饲料和／或添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂对肉鸡人工感染发生的影响。选取140羽1日龄健康的AA肉鸡随机分成7个组．每组4个重复。第1组为空白对照组,饲喂基础日粮;第2组饲喂霉变饲料;第3～7组以混合感染病鸡病变组织匀浆饮水制作人工感染疾病模型;第3～7组分别饲喂基础日粮、霉变饲料、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂、霉变饲料＋复方霉菌毒素吸附剂＋抗氧化剂＋中药增免剂。试验期35d。结果发现,肉鸡摄入霉变饲料与摄入正常饲料相比,提高肉鸡料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数、法氏囊指数,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1v和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。给人工感染肉鸡饲喂霉变饲料与饲喂正常饲料相比．显著提高料重比和死淘率,显著降低肉鸡增重、胸腺指数和脾脏指数,显著降低血清IFN-1、IL-2、IL-4和IL-12含量以及LTR,显著降低血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。霉变饲料中添加复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能显著提高混合感染肉鸡增重,并降低料重比和死淘率（P〈0．05）,显著提高胸腺指数、法氏囊指数（P〈0．05）,显著提高血清IBDV、H9N1V和NDV抗体水平（P〈0．05）。可见,霉变饲料可导致肉鸡免疫功能抑制,加重肉鸡混合感染病情;复方霉菌毒素吸附剂能有效缓解霉变饲料对人工感染肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和病情的不利影响,抗氧化剂和免疫功能增强剂可减轻霉变饲料的毒性作用。     

肉鸡能量需要动态模型的建立和参数估计

本研究通过两个试验评价肉仔鸡的能量需要。试验1选用36只AA肉仔鸡新生雏笼养6周,分别于3周龄和6周龄评定2种饲粮的表观代谢能(AME)和表观氮校正代谢能(AMEn)。结果表明:氮校正使AME降低5%左右,AMEn和AME的相关性较强。试验2选用AA肉鸡新生雏240只,公母分饲笼养6周,每周测定空腹体重及采食量。用Compertz方程拟合公母鸡的生长曲线,微分建立日增重与日龄的函数关系,再与利用一元线性回归法建立的能量需要模型组合,形成动态的能量需要预测机制。     

Eating behaviour, and preprandial and postprandial correlations in male broiler and layer chickens

1. It has been suggested that broiler chickens have a disturbed satiety and hunger mechanism. The satiety mechanism for eating can be expressed as the positive correlation between meal length and the length of the preceding (preprandial) interval; the hunger mechanism for eating as the positive correlation between meal length and the length of the succeeding (postprandial) interval. An experiment was conducted to investigate eating behaviour of male broiler and layer chickens by measuring meal and interval lengths. 2. Eight male broilers and 8 male layer chickens were housed individually and visually isolated in floor pens (1 m2/pen) on wood shavings. From 4 to 7 weeks of age, eating behaviour of each bird was recorded for 3 h in two conditions each week. In the first condition, the birds were not deprived from feed. In the second condition, they were 24-h food deprived and feed was provided just before the observation started. Preprandial and postprandial correlations were calculated based on data of the non-deprived condition. Before and after each observation bird and feeder were weighed to measure weight gain and feed consumption during observation. 3. Under the non-deprived condition, the broilers spent initially more, but at a later age less time on eating. The broilers had fewer meals per hour, consumed more feed per hour, and had longer meal and interval lengths than the layer chickens. After 24-h feed deprivation, the broilers had a longer first meal, consumed more feed per hour and spent more time on eating than the layer chickens. Significant preprandial correlations but no postprandial correlations were found in the broilers. In the layer chickens, both significant preprandial and postprandial correlations were found. This indicates that for regulating eating behaviour, the satiety mechanism dominates the hunger mechanism in broilers, and satiety and hunger mechanisms are equally involved in layer chickens. 4. The typical eating behaviour of broilers and the calculated preprandial and postprandial correlations have given new indications that hunger and satiety mechanisms in broilers have changed compared with layer chickens. In broilers, there is no lower set point, but only an upper set point for controlling eating behaviour, which suggests that broilers eat to their maximal physical capacity.     

Effects of high fat diets or prednisolone treatment on femoral head separation in chickens

1. The effects of high fat diets and prednisolone treatment were studied to understand the etiology of femoral head separation (FHS) in fast growing broiler chickens. Dietary effects on production parameters such as growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and blood chemistry were also measured.

2. Three groups of chickens, consisting of 30 birds each, in two replicate pens, were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 40 (control), 60, or 80?g poultry fat supplements per kg feed. The birds were fed a starter diet containing the fat supplements for the first three weeks, then switched to a grower diet containing the same supplements for the rest of the experimental period. Two groups of birds were also raised with the control diets, but were administered either cholesterol or prednisolone intramuscularly at 30 and 32 days of age to evaluate their effects on FHS incidences.

3. The chickens were euthanised and necropsied at 37?d of age. The presence of femoral head weakness was determined by applying mild pressure on the pelvic joint to cause the growth plate to become detached from its articular cartilage in affected cases.

4. High fat diets did not change FHS incidences, but increased 28?d body weights (BW) and FCR. At 37?d of age the BW differences were not significant but the FCR (gain: feed ratio) remained higher in high fat fed groups. Prednisolone treatment, by contrast, resulted in decreased BW, decreased feed efficiency, increased FHS index, and elevated blood lipid levels.

5. The results suggest that high dietary fats do not affect FHS incidence in broilers. Prednisolone treatment causes hyperlipidaemia and increases FHS index, and may therefore provide a suitable experimental model of FHS pathogenesis in growing chickens.     

葡萄糖氧化酶对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和养分代谢的影响

本试验研究葡糖糖氧化酶对快大黄羽肉鸡生产性能和养分代谢的影响,选择600只0日龄雏鸡分为A、B、C、D 4个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复30只,分别在基础日粮中添加0、250、350、380 g/t葡萄糖氧化酶制剂,测定35、70日龄的生产性能和45日龄的养分代谢率。结果表明,35日龄时,黄羽肉鸡的生产性能不受葡萄糖氧化酶制剂添加的影响;葡萄糖氧化酶制剂对36～70日龄黄羽肉鸡的日增重和料重比有显著影响(P<0.05),D组与B、C组在日增重和料重比上有显著影响(P<0.05);添加葡萄糖氧化酶制剂对45日龄黄羽肉鸡的干物质、有机物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪的消化代谢有显著影响(P<0.05)。因此,葡萄糖氧化酶对36～70日龄黄羽肉鸡的日增重、料重比和养分代谢率有显著影响,且在本试验条件下,添加380 g/t葡萄糖氧化酶制剂最适宜。     

Productive performance of Creole chickens and their crosses raised under semi-intensive management conditions in Yucatan, Mexico

1. The productive performance of 4 chicken breed groups managed under semi-intensive conditions in Yucatan, Mexico was evaluated. Thirty-six mixed chickens, one week of age of each of the 4 breed groups (Creole, F1 Hubbard x Creole, 7/8 Hubbard x 1/8 Creole and Hubbard) were used. 2. During 1 to 3 weeks of age all birds were fed on a diet containing 210 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 12.95 MJ/kg metabolisable energy (ME). From weeks 4 to 7, they were given a diet with 190 g/kg CP and 12.55 MJ/kg ME. Food consumption and live body weight were recorded weekly. Statistical analysis of the data was performed according to complete randomised design and means comparison using Tukey test was carried out when necessary. 3. Creole chicks had the lightest weights at all ages as compared to their crosses and the Hubbard birds. At 7 weeks of age, Creole chicks were 2.11, 2.44 and 2.90 times lighter than their contemporary F1, 7/8 Hubbard x 1/8 Creole and Hubbard birds, respectively. Hubbard birds were heavier than F1 and 7/8 commercial x 1/8 Creole birds, and the latter group heavier than the F1 birds. Similarly, Creole chicks had the lowest growth rate compared to the other genetic groups. Heterosis for body weight up to 7 weeks of age was 8.2%. 4. Feed consumption was also lower for the Creole chicks at all ages. Food:gain ratio, however, was higher for the Creole chicks at all ages. Food:gain ratios from weeks 2 to 7 were 2.18, 2.65, 3.04 and 4.36 for the Hubbard, 7/8 Hubbard x 1/8 Creole, F1 and Creole birds, respectively. Heterosis for food:gain ratio from 2 to 7 weeks of age was -7.0%. 5. Crossbreeding of Mexican Creole birds with commercial type broilers might improve productive performance.     

饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡生长性能和抗病力的影响

目的研究饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡的生长性能和抗病力的影响。方法选取1日龄三黄鸡5 000羽,随机分为5组,1 000只/组。在饮水中加入乳酸调节饮水pH值,使得A组、B组、C组和D组的饮水pH值分别为2.0、3.0、4.0和5.0,每天试验鸡饮用酸化水4 h,对照组为正常饮水组。测定各组试验鸡体重和采食量,并记录每日病死数,计算平均日增重、饲料转化率和病死率。结果①平均日增重：1~35日龄段,C组试验鸡的平均日增重提高最明显,提高3.33%。36日龄后,仅B组和对照组相同水平,其他组均降低。②采食量和饲料转化率：B组、C组与对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,A组、D组差异不显著（P>0.05）。③病死率：A组、B组、C组、D组比对照组病死率分别减少3.7%、4.2%、4.7%和2.1%。结论在三黄鸡的饲养试验中,乳酸调节饮水pH值为4.0时能有效提高饲料转化率,明显提高1~35日龄段三黄鸡的平均日增重,明显降低三黄鸡的病死率,对于肉鸡促进生长和抗病力具有良好的应用前景。     

性别对3～6周龄AA肉鸡生产性能、血液指标的影响

为研究公母雏生产性能差异的原因,选择2周龄AA＋公母各75羽AA肉鸡进行饲养试验,观测生产性能指标,用酶联免疫法测定4周龄和6周龄肉鸡血液中生长激素等17项指标。试验结果表明,3～6周龄AA肉鸡公雏的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比均极显著高于母雏（P＜0.01）。4周龄肉鸡公雏血液EPI、NE、TSH、GH、IGF-Ⅰ、T4高于母雏,而LP、T3、INS低于母雏,T3、INS达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）。6周龄肉鸡公雏ACTH和NE高于母雏, NE达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）,其他指标无明显趋势和差异。