抗生素耐药性耐药机制的探讨

抗生素耐药性日益受到人们的重视。抗生素耐药机理包括酶对抗生素的修饰和破坏、减少抗生素向细菌内的摄入、增加抗生素的主动排出作用、新靶位的产生及药物作用靶位的过度表达。本文指出了目前临床存在耐药性机制以及获得耐药性的途径,以利于促进抗生素的研究。     

细菌耐药机理与抗菌药物的合理应用

一、细菌的耐药机理抗生素广泛用于临床后,细菌可在数月或数年间对其产生耐药性。细菌基因的突变是导致细菌产生耐药的根本原因,在一个感染周期中,处于对数生长期的细菌突变率约为1/107,如该突变可对抗生素耐药,将使细菌在敏感菌被杀灭后迅速繁殖成为优势菌。在抗生素的选择性压力下,突变率可成百倍增加,并极易发展为多重耐药。耐药性的迅速扩散通常由携带抗生素耐药性的质粒在不同种属的细菌间穿梭和复制所导致,高度耐药的细菌常同时涉及以下几种耐药机理。1.主动泵出机理药物在达到靶位发挥作用之前,必须通过G-菌的外膜和内膜、G 菌胞壁…     

细菌对抗生素产生耐药性的研究进展

本文就抗生素的抑菌机理、细菌耐药性产生的机制、耐药性的检测方法、耐药性的产生因素以及预防措施进行了具体的介绍,希望可以有效减少抗生素耐药性所产生的不良影响。     

讲究策略避免耐药

细菌的耐药性,既有先天性的,也有后天获得的.对于后天获得的耐药性,我们可以根据其产生的原因和机理,采取必要的措施加以预防和控制. (一)选择使用敏感的抗生素 根据引起畜禽疾病的致病微生物的种类特点选择合适的抗生素,在未弄清楚病原菌时,一定不要盲目乱用抗生素.临床上应重点做好药敏试验,根据试验结果选用细菌高敏的抗生素.如果发现细菌对某类抗生素产生了耐药性之后,应及时更换作用机制不同的抗生素或选用其他抗菌药物.     

细菌耐药性研究进展

细菌抗生素类药物耐药性的产生是临床治疗感染性疾病的一大难题,已受到人们的广泛关注。细菌主要通过产生灭活酶或钝化酶获得耐药性,除此之外还有细胞壁的渗透障碍、外排泵的泵出作用、靶位改变等多种机制,这些机制相互作用共同决定细菌的耐药水平。随着新型抗生素的临床应用,新的耐药机制随之出现,耐药菌也越来越广泛。细菌耐药机制的研究对耐药菌的控制和新药开发具有指导性意义。文章从耐药性的起源、产生机理、耐药特性及耐药性的检测方法4个方面进行了阐述。     

中药及其有效成分抗细菌耐药性的研究进展

随着细菌对抗生素耐药性的不断产生,与中药及其有效成分具有较少出现耐药性特点的备受关注。文章从细菌耐药性的现状、中药及其有效成分抗细菌耐药性的研究现状和作用机理3个方面探讨了当前中药及其有效成分抗细菌耐药性的研究进展。以期为中药及其有效成分抗细菌耐药性作用机理的进一步研究提供参考。     

细菌耐药性的产生机理及其控制对策

随着抗菌药的广泛应用,细菌的耐药性越来越高,给临床治疗带来诸多困难,因此了解细菌耐药性的产生机理具有重要意义。抗菌药主要以细菌4个必要的细胞内途径为靶位,包括细胞壁的合成、蛋白质的合成、核酸(DNA或RNA)的合成以及细菌的代谢过程。细菌耐药性产生包括生化机理和基因机理,重要的生化机理包括抗菌药破坏酶的产生、靶位的改变和主动外排系统的出现。细菌耐药性的基因机理主要包括基因的突变和外源抗性基因的获得。近年来,喹诺酮类药物耐药性机理成为了研究的热点,并且已经证明由质粒pMG252介导的耐药性具有重要的意义。     

细菌耐药性产生机制及防控措施

细菌的耐药性,尤其是多重耐药性给临床治疗带来了巨大的难题。细菌耐药性可以分为天然耐药性和获得耐药性,各种细菌的耐药机制各有不同,但主要有产生灭活酶或钝化酶,药物作用靶位的变化,细胞壁通透性改变,主动外排机制等。只有了解这些机理才能更好地防止细菌产生耐药性。     

养殖场有责合理使用抗生素

随着抗生素在养殖场的广泛使用,细菌对抗生素产生耐药性的问题变得越来越严重,本文综述了细菌耐药性的产生及各国兽用抗生素分类分级使用管控实践,整理了养殖场抗生素合理使用建议,为养殖场抗生素合理使用提供参考。     

浅析动物源细菌抗生素耐药性的现状与对策

抗生素的滥用使细菌耐性问题日趋恶化,从细菌耐药性的定义、耐药机理及危害出发,简要阐述和分析了动物源细菌抗菌药物耐药性的现状及对策,并简述我国动物源细菌耐药性研究进展。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.