Forest Resources and Environment in China

With a vast territory, China is rich in forest resources and diversified environments. The changes in forest resources have a direct bearing on environmental quality. The paper gives a detailed account of the dynamic change in forest resources in China, including the overall process of forest evolution, the status quo and features of the existing forest resources and the development and use of major forest resources. In addition, it analyses the current situation of China's environment and explores the main contributing factors based on the overall environmental situation. In order to achieve sustainable management of forest resources and improve the environment in China, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the protection and development of forest resources as well as environmental development and improvement. The paper gives an overview of the thinking for sustainable forest resource and environmental development in the future and current focus of efforts.     

Forest landscape ecology and its applications in China

Landscape ecology is playing an increasingly important role in resources management and landuse planning in recent decades and attracting much attention from resource managers and scientists in China as well as in the world. Reviews of landscape ecology development in China have been well documented, whereas forest landscape ecology and its applications receive relatively fewer reviews. In this paper, we first present a brief review of the historical development and current advances of landscape ecology in China and then introduce the applications of landscape ecology to forest park designs, urban greenspace planning, ecological restoration, biodiversity conservation and forest eco-hydrology. Finally, the problems with the application of forest landscape ecology in China, such as inadequate synthesis and integration, lack of basic research on patterns and processes, basic data shortage and model usage problem are discussed on the basis of which we suggest a future direction of forest landscape ecology in China.     

Review of study on mineralization, saturation and cycle of Nitrogen in forest ecosystems

Nitrogen is one of the most important elements that can limit plant growth in forest ecosystems. Studies of nitrogen mineralization, nitrogen saturation and nitrogen cycle in forest ecosystems is very necessary for understanding the productivity of stand, nutrient cycle and turnover of nitrogen of forest ecosystems. Based on comparison and analysis of domestic and international academic references related to studies on nitrogen mineralization, nitrogen saturation and nitrogen cycle in recent 10 years, the current situation and development of the study on these aspects, and the problems existed in current researches were reviewed. At last, some advices were given for future researches.     

Temperature dependence of nitrogen mineralization and microbial status in O<Subscript>H</Subscript> horizon of a temperate forest ecosystem

It was hypothesized that increasing air and/or soil temperature would increase rates of microbial processes including litter decomposition and net N mineralization, resulting in greater sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in humus, and consequently development in OH horizon （humus horizon）. To quantify the effect of temperature on biochemical processes controlling the rate of OH layer development three adjacent forest floors under beech, Norway spruce and mixed species stands were investigated at Soiling forest, Germany by an incubation experiment of OH layer for three months. Comparing the fitted curves for temperature sensitivity of OH layers in relation to net N mineralization revealed positive correlation across all sites. For the whole data set of all stands, a Q10 （temperature sensitivity index） value of 2.35-2.44 dependent on the measured units was found to be adequate for describing the temperature dependency of net N mineralization at experimental site. Species-specific differences of substrate quality did not result in changes in biochemical properties of OH horizon of the forest floors. Temperature elevation increased net N mineralization without significant changes in microbial status in the range of I to 15℃. A low Cmic /Corg （microbial carbon/organic carbon） ratio at 20℃ indicated that the resource availability for decomposers has been restricted as reflected in significant decrease of microbial biomass.     

Ethical Dimensions of Payment for Forest Environmental Services

The market-based incentive mechanism of payments for forest environmental services （PFES） seeks to capture part of the benefits derived from forest environmental services and channels them to forest resource owners/managers who generate these services, thus increases their incentives to conserve and manage forest resources. This paper examines some of the most important ethical issues entailed by PFES mechanism. The analysis shows that PFES may not always benefit the poor due to the comparative disadvantages of the poor and the complicated characteristics of forest ecosystem services. It is important and urgent to take ethical dimensions into account in the PFES approaches and design and develop the propoor payment mechanism in order to achieve the two objectives of forest conservation and economic development.     

Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broa-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities; the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent, which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.     

Review and Outlook on Forest Certification Development

The historic development of forest certification was firstly reviewed in order to understand how forest certification has developed throughout the world.The characteristics of forest certification were analyzed in details,including the essence of forest certification,approach of forest certification,structure of forest certification and development processes of forest certification standards.Then,the forest certification development in China was reviewed,including background,basic principles and objectives and main tasks.Based on the reviews on forest certification,recommendations were given so as to greatly boost the development of forest certification in China.     

Current Situation and Challenges of Plantation Development in China

The area of plantation in China ranks the first in the world. But, many challenges are still faced in the development of China’s plantation. A review of plantation in China was presented and the challenges were analyzed. The plantation features juvenile and middle age class with low diameter at breast height. There are the risks of pests and diseases in plantation, the potential decline in land fertility and bio-diversity, all of which are unfavorable to a healthy development of plantations.     

Obstacles for Plantation to Get FSC Certification in China

The development of plantation plays a very important role in forestry industry development in China because of its unique advantages. However, the ecological and environmental issues urgently require sustainable plantation development. FSC certification for sustainable forest management balances the economic, environmental and social benefits and contributes to sustainable development of plantation. FSC certification for plantation is significantly important to China with the most plantation area in the wor...     

林网化与水网化——中国城市森林建设理念

建设森林城市要求有足够的森林面积和通畅的水循环系统。本文以上海为例提出在人多地少与水系统不很通畅的中国发展城市林业必须走林网化和水网化的道路。为探索具有中国特色的城市森林发展新理念。作者从理念的内涵、依据、过渡和国内外比较研究等几方面作了阐述。       

城市地区水土流失指标探讨

依据城市森林和城市水土流失的特点，本文提出考查城市水流失率、水土流失率的指标。并对北京、伦敦等城市和河南长江流域山区水土保持林的水流失率进行了计算比较，结果表明水流失率、水土流失率是考察城市地区和一般林地水土流失的较好指标。     

城市森林健康与监测评价研究进展

城市森林作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态功能和社会功能。城市森林健康是保证其各项功能发挥的前提。城市森林的健康状况将直接影响城市的可持续发展。城市森林健康是一个综合概念,要求不仅满足自身生态系统的健康,还应满足人类社会的经济、文化等各方面的需求。文中分析了影响城市森林健康的因素,城市环境的特殊性和人类活动是影响城市森林健康的主要原因。介绍了我国城市森林健康监测评价指标的筛选和评价方法的选择,认为其还处于实验和摸索阶段,尚未形成一套成熟的体系。城市森林结构的破碎化等特征严重影响了城市森林的自我修复能力。为保证城市森林的健康生长,众多学者从宏观尺度和个体尺度上研究城市森林健康的维护措施。文中指出城市森林健康及其监测评价研究存在的不足之处,在总结前人研究成果的基础上提出几点建议。     

北京城市森林体黍的建设与发展

文章从北京推进宜发达地区城市、生态城市建设的角度,总结了北京城市森林建设历程和坚持生态优先、因地制宜、以人为本3点主要做法。客观分析了目前北京城市森林体系在落实发展理念上、在建设质量上、在实施过程中存在的矛盾和问题,     

Strengthening Urban Forest Development Improving Urban Ecological Environment

1 IMPROVEMENT OFURBANECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT:NATURAL TREND OFURBANDEVELOPMENT1.1 Accelerated Urbanization’s Requirements forImprovement of Urban Ecological EnvironmentPresently, the ecological and environmentaldevelopment in China’s cities does not match up withthe rapid urbanization. The number and the scale ofcities/towns are rapidly increasing, making the long-existed urban environmental problems increasinglyprominent. This imposes new requirements forimprovem…     

泉州中心市区城市森林建设与发展

文章针对泉州中心市区城市森林建设现状及其存在的问题,以"近自然森林"的理念和模式,提出了解决现实问题的措施和建议,旨在为构建融山、水、林、城于一体,寓社会价值、经济价值、生态价值协调统一的泉州中心市区现代化城市森林体系,提供可持续发展的理论和实践依据。       

美国国有林经营及对中国的启示

在介绍美国国有林经营政策的基础上, 针对中国国有林经营现状, 提出应借鉴的经验:减轻税费负担, 加强营造林基础; 提高林业科技水平, 发展高效林业; 构建国有林资源法制化管理体系; 重视跨部门跨学科的交流和合作; 采用生态系统管理方法, 开发和保护并重。     

城市森林与城市绿化可持续发展

针对目前城市绿化中存在的生态环境效能低下 ;绿化维护成本高 ;绿化的社会价值未能充分体现等主要问题 ,提出将城市森林建设作为城市绿化可持续发展的立足点。在阐明城市森林概念和范围的基础上 ,论述了城市森林的主要生态作用。并提出了城市森林建设的思路。     

论城市森林的概况与我国城市森林建设的目标

分析了城市森林的产生、发展与标准、功能,对我国今后城市森林建设的主要目标进行了探讨。     

长兴县城市森林建设总体规翅

1长兴县及规划区概况 1．1自然概况 长兴县位于长江三角洲中心地带,地处浙江省北端,东临太湖,北接江苏宜兴市,西邻安徽广德县,西南和东端毗连本省安吉、湖州市区。