有机化合物和硝酸溶液对复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb释放的影响

研究了等浓度的不同有机酸、有机盐、人工螯合剂和不同浓度HNO3 溶液对复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb的浸提性及其潜在释放性。结果表明 :四种有机酸对铜的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >草酸 >酒石酸 >苹果酸 ,对锌的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >苹果酸 >草酸 >酒石酸 ,对铅的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >酒石酸 >苹果酸 >草酸 ;有机盐对这些金属的释放顺序较为一致 :EDTA >柠檬酸钠 >草酸钠 >酒石酸钾钠 (铅为酒石酸钾钠 >草酸钠 )。对这三种金属来说 ,铜是最易释放的元素 ,锌次之 ,铅最差。从释放特征来看 ,各种有机化合物对不同的金属表现不尽相同 ,人工螯合剂EDTA、柠檬酸钠、有机酸对铜 ,EDTA、酒石酸钾钠对铅 ,1molL-1HNO3 和0 .1molL-1HNO3 对铜、锌、铅等的释放速率较快 ;草酸钠对铜、锌 ,草酸对铅 ,0 .0 1molL-1HNO3 对铜、锌、铅等的释放速率较慢 ,其它释放剂的释放速率介于两者之间     

土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染生态效应的研究

本文着重研究了土壤中镉、铅、铜、锌复合污染对春小麦、水稻产生的生态效应。研究结果表明，土壤中隔、铅、铜、锌复合污染浓度达到一定程度时，会抑制作物生长，降低产量，并在作物体内累积。随着复合污染浓度的增加，作物生长量下降，而累积量上升，皆呈直线相关。复合污染中各元素的生态效应与他们单因子时不同，这是由于各元素间存在着多种作用机制。     

碳酸盐黑钙土中重金属含量的评价

<正> 为了评价重金属对环境的影响程度,需要了解它们的最高允许浓度。为了确定对植物有不良影响的元素最高允许浓度,作者用冬小麦进行了模拟生长试验,以评价锰、铜、锌和铅的硫酸盐在不同含量时对土壤和植物的影响。按土壤污染程度分组,元素含量为2—10mg/kg土壤属轻污染,10—30mg的为中素污染,30—60mg的为严重污染。据此,在生长试验中,按锰、锌、铜和铅的以下三个含     

集约化猪场污染物中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅的检测

通过研究不同的消解体系对集约化猪场污染物猪粪中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅的消解效果,最终确立了以HNO_3-HCl-HF为消解体系的高压密闭消解法,并利用ICP-OES与ICP-MS测定了猪粪中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅5种金属元素。结果表明,本实验的消解方法线性关系均良好,相关系数R均大于0.999 7,ICP-OES精密度为2.2%~9.7%,加标回收率为80.0%~108.9%;ICP-MS精密度为2.0%~10.6%,加标回收率为95.0%~112.5%,说明此方法适用于猪粪中各元素的测定,结果准确可靠。     

双城市土壤重金属空间分异及影响因子分析

采用地理信息系统（GIS）和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了黑龙江省双城市的土壤全量铜、锌、铅、镍、镉5种重金属元素的空间分异规律及其影响因子。结果表明：研究区土壤锌、镍、镉具有强烈的空间相关性,表明这3种元素受土壤内在属性影响较大;而铜、铅具有中等强度的空间相关性,表明这2种元素由土壤内在属性和人为因素共同起作用。镉、铅、铜较锌、镍的变程小,说明前3种重金属元素含量可能主要受到较小尺度因子的影响。研究区土壤各重金属元素空间分异规律如下：铜和镍呈东高西低的趋势,铅呈南高北低的趋势,而锌和镉分别表现为块状分布和岛状分布的特点。影响重金属元素空间分布的影响因子主要有自然因素（土壤类型、高程、土壤理化性质等）和人为因素（乡镇、道路、各种工厂等）。     

铀尾矿库中重金属元素的生态迁移风险研究

用ICP-AES方法检测了铀尾矿库内人工修复植被生境与自然修复植被生境覆土中重金属元素镉、铅、铜、锌、锰、铬、镍的含量,同时检测了自然修复植被生境中先锋植物加拿大蓬与鸡眼草茎叶、植食性昆虫蝗虫、蝽与捕食性节肢动物螳螂、蜘蛛体内的镉、铅、铜、锌、锰、铬、镍的含量.结果显示,人工栽植蜈蚣草覆土中镉、铜、锌、锰、铬的含量均显著高于对照土壤、人工栽植苍耳、商陆与自然修复植被覆土中的含量,其中锰、镉、锌与铬的含量分别是对照土壤中的7.6,2.8,1.4,1.8倍.自然修复植被生境覆土中铅的含量显著高于人工栽植苍耳、商陆生境、人工栽植蜈蚣草生境覆土与对照土壤,其锰含量约为对照土壤的2倍.人工栽植苍耳、商陆生境中覆土中锰,铬含量显著高于对照.加拿大蓬与鸡眼草茎、叶中均含有被检测的7种重金属,加拿大蓬茎与鸡眼草茎叶对Zn、鸡眼草叶对Mn具有明显富集作用.蝗虫对铜与铬有一定的富集作用,对镉、铅、锌、锰与镍未表现富集作用.蝽对镉、铅、铜、锌、锰、铬与镍均具有较强的生物放大作用,其中蝽体内Cr的含量是土壤含量的191.26倍.蜘蛛与螳螂体内的重金属含量很高,对7种被检测重金属均具有非常明显的生物放大作用.蜘蛛体内各种重金属的含量显著高于螳螂体内的含量,蜘蛛体内Cd含量是其环境土壤中含量的693.13倍.研究表明,被检测的7种重金属均能从尾矿沙向上层覆土中迁移.且均能沿着"土壤-生产者-初级消费者一次级消费者"生态链迁移.     

ICP-AES同步检测微量元素预混合饲料中多种元素的方法研究

建立了以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同步测定微量元素预混合饲料中铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅共8种元素的检测方法。通过对ICP-AES法测定微量元素预混合饲料时前处理条件进行研究,确定微波消解样品前处理方法;明确了铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅等8种元素的检出限分别为0.002、0.003、0.003、0.003、0.013、0.005、0.002、0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为86.3%~103.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.29%~1.53%。在测定铅元素含量时,当试样品中铜元素含量超过0.8 mg/L,则会干扰浓度低于0.020 mg/L的铅元素的测定结果。     

分光光度法测定有机肥料中铜、铁、锌、锰含量

探索用分光光度法测定有机肥料中的微量元素铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)含量,并研究了显色反应的酸度条件、干扰因素及消除方法。该检测方法简单快速,可应用于有机肥生产企业中微量元素铜、铁、锌、锰的测定。     

辽河平原土壤背景值与主要成土条件关系

土壤中许多重金属元素含量超过某一限定指标后,常对生物和人体构成潜在毒性,故世界各国都非常重视土壤环境背景值和重金属元素控制指标的研究^[1,7,8]。本文对辽河平原土壤中铅、锌、铜、锡、镍、铬、汞、砷等8种金属元素含量与土壤成土条件的关系做了粗 浅的分析讨论。     

云南省主要地质背景区铜、锰、锌、镁、钾在岩石-土壤-饲料系统的分布与迁移规律研究

对云南省6个主要地质背景区的土壤、岩石和饲料样品的铜、锰、锌、镁和钾元素进行测定分析。结果表明:玄武岩和碳酸盐岩红壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素含量较丰富;碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩和玄武岩混合型黄红壤区居中;而由碎屑岩和变质岩发育的土壤区土壤和饲料钾、镁、锌、锰和铜元素最低。饲料中钾、镁、锌、锰和铜的含量受地质背景值,特别是土壤中元素的丰度的影响不大。     

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA,MOLYBDENUM, BENZYLADENINE,SUCROSE AND SALICYLIC ACID ON YIELD,NITROGEN METABOLISM OF RADISH PLANTS AND QUALITY OF EDIBLE ROOTS

In 2006–2007 small radish was cultivated in a pot experiment. Foliar applications were applied twice with solutions of the following compounds: 1) control (water); 2) urea; 3) urea+molybdenum (Mo), 4) urea+Mo+benzyladenine (BA); 5) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose; 6) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose+salicylic acid (SA), 7) BA; 8) SA; and 9) sucrose. The above solutions contained following concentrations of compounds: urea 20 g dm^?3, sucrose 10 g dm^?3, Mo 1 mg dm^?3, BA 5 mg dm^?3 and SA 10 mg dm^?3. In comparison with the control, spraying plants with the solution of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose and SA only caused an increase in leaf mass of one plant. Foliar applications did not have any effect on the yield of edible roots. When compared with the control, the use of sucrose resulted in a decreased content of nitrate (V) in leaves, while the application of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose led to elevated content of nitrate (V) in roots. In case of spraying plants with solutions containing urea (combinations no. 2–6) there was a tendency to increase ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrogen (N)-total content in leaves and roots, and increase in N uptake by leaves and by the whole plant but not by the radish roots. In combinations 7–9 we noted a decline in the level of ascorbic acid, and in combinations 2–6 there was a decrease in the content of soluble sugars in roots. In comparison with the control, an increase was observed in combinations 2 and 3, while in combinations 7–9 a decrease in the content of free amino acids in roots was observed. None of the combinations with foliar application caused any significant changes in the content of assimilative pigments in radish leaves and concentration of nitrate (III), dry matter in leaves and roots, the content of phenolic compounds, content of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) extracted with 2% acetic acid in roots as well as free radical activity of radish roots.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF CULTIVATION AND DIRECT DRILLING, AND DISPOSAL OF STRAW RESIDUES, ON POPULATIONS OF EARTHWORMS

Numbers of earthworms collected from direct-drilled or ploughed land were studied during successive years on contrasting soil types sown with cereals. Samples were taken in autumn using a combination of chemical expulsion and hand sorting of soil. The population was consistently larger on direct-drilled than on ploughed land, and the difference became greater in each successive year. Deep burrowing species were affected similarly to the population as a whole. Population differences on the two treatments were greater with spring — than autumn - sown crops. After tine cultivation numbers were usually similar to those after ploughing. On a direct-drilled clay soil on which straw had been either burned, or chopped and spread, no differences were recorded in the overall population. However, significantly larger numbers of deep burrowing species were found on the chopped and spread areas, whereas on the burned areas numbers of Allolobophora chlorotica were significantly greater.     

英国Culm河河漫滩沉积物中磷素时空变化研究

河漫滩上沉积物的沉积伴随着与沉积物相结合的营养和污染物质的沉积.已有研究表明,河漫滩是与沉积物相结合的磷的沉积地.采用137Cs技术,并结合河漫滩沉积物中全磷(TP)含量的剖面信息,可以调查近年河漫滩沉积物中的TP含量,计算TP储量.本文根据英国Devon郡Culm河8个河漫滩采样环沉积物中的数据,重建了在过去40～50年内TP储量和含量的变化.结果表明,在Culm河河漫滩沉积物中,在1963～2000年间TP平均含量为0.60～1.96 g kg-1,该值自河流上游向下游和自过去到现在有逐渐增加的趋势;在相同的河漫滩沉积物中,在相同的时期内TP储量为18.62～435.48 g m-2,即0.49～11.46 g m-2 a-1, 最大值出现在河流的中游.     

英国Culm河河漫滩沉积物中磷素时空变化研究

河漫滩上沉积物的沉积伴随着与沉积物相结合的营养和污染物质的沉积。已有研究表明,河漫滩是与沉积物相结合的磷的沉积地。采用137Cs技术,并结合河漫滩沉积物中全磷(TP)含量的剖面信息,可以调查近年河漫滩沉积物中的TP含量,计算TP储量。本文根据英国Devon郡Culm河8个河漫滩采样环沉积物中的数据,重建了在过去40～50年内TP储量和含量的变化。结果表明,在Culm河河漫滩沉积物中,在1963～2000年间TP平均含量为0.60～1.96gkg-1,该值自河流上游向下游和自过去到现在有逐渐增加的趋势;在相同的河漫滩沉积物中,在相同的时期内TP储量为18.62～435.48gm-2,即0.49～11.46gm-2a-1,最大值出现在河流的中游。     

DETERMINATION OF pH, LIME POTENTIAL, AND ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE POTENTIAL OF ACID SOILS

pH values in CaCl₂ suspensions of some acid Scottish soils increase with time, in some cases by 0·4 units in 24 h. This is attributed to proton uptake by a complex ion displaced into solution, and to obtain unambiguous values, pH in CaCl₂ suspensions should be measured within an hour of making up the suspensions. In moderately to strongly acid soils, lime potential (LP) and aluminium hydroxide potential (AHP) vary with salt concentration and soil: solution ratio. Unique values for these ion-activity ratios can be obtained by equilibration with a single solution only when the reference cations, i.e. (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) for LP, and Al³⁺ for AHP, are the dominant exchangeable cations. Otherwise, equilibrium values should be obtained by interpolation from an exchange isotherm at the point where no exchange occurs, i.e. where Δ(Ca+Mg) = o for LP values and ΔA1 = o for AHP values.     

广西常用饲料、牧草中铜、锌、铁、锰、钴、钼含量的初步调查

在广西54个县、市采集了81种常用饲料、牧草778个样本进行铜、锌、铁、锰、钴、钼6种微量元素分析,结果表明,这些微量元素的含量随饲料、牧草种类和地区的不同而有较大的差异。广西大多数饲料、牧草缺锌。铜、锰和铁的含量在谷类籽实较低。钴在大多数饲料中含量正常。钼的含量正常并低于中毒量6mg/kg。     

EFFICIENCY OF PRE-PLANT,TOPDRESS, AND VARIABLE RATE APPLICATION OF NITROGEN IN WINTER WHEAT

Past research about the efficiency of nitrogen application in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on source and timing has produced inconsistent results. The majority of the literature used data from few locations over short time periods. This study used a unique data set of yields and nitrogen quantities from 2002–2009 at ten different locations in Oklahoma, USA. The objective of this research was to determine wheat yield response for granular pre-plant, uniform foliar topdress, and variable rate foliar topdress. Topdress liquid nitrogen had a 19% higher NUE than pre-plant urea, and was the most profitable source of nitrogen.     

MINERALOGY, GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF FERRUGINOUS SOILS OF THE EASTERN MYSORE PLATEAU, INDIA

The relationship of geomorphic and climatic history and formation of the ferruginous soils, formed on the acidic Peninsular Gneiss, of the Mysore Plateau, India, is discussed. The profiles studied are found on two different land systems. The soils of the older, fairly smooth landscape are composed of colluvium over truncated laterite profiles, with a gravel layer and a prominent kaolin layer over the weathered rock. These soils show an accumulation of pedogenic haematite grains in the sand fraction and have considerable kaolinite and amorphous ferri-aluminosilicate minerals in the clays. The soils of the younger, rugged landscape have similar clay mineralogy, but do not have a gravel layer, or haematite grains. The influence of the coarse-grained parent rock is seen in the large amounts of quartz gravel. The absence of granulation is attributed to lack of accumulation of iron. The soils have been formed in an earlier, more humid climate than prevails today. The original laterite profiles were formed on a plane surface, and subsequent change in climate has led to change in the land forms and dissection. Truncation of the profiles was followed by deposition of red colluvium over the resistant ferruginous layer. These ancient soils do not fit the criteria for Oxisols in the U.S. classification, but fit well in the French system as ‘Sols Ferrallitiques’, subclass ‘fiablement désatures en (B)’. The soil from a low lying area, formed from colluvium under hydromorphic conditions. is classified as‘Vertisols et Paravertisols'.     

INTER-RELATIONSHIPS OF APPLIED NITROGEN,SPAD, AND YIELD OF LEAFY AND NON-LEAFY MAIZE GENOTYPES

The SPAD chlorophyll meter was found to be a reliable, quick, and non-destructive tool used for directly measuring leaf chlorophyll and indirectly assessing the proportional parameter of leaf, and by extension, plant nitrogen (N) status. The meter has been used successfully to assess leaf N in conventional maize crops, but it has not been used with new maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes containing leafy (L) and reduced stature (RS) traits. SPAD meter readings were collected on the uppermost fully developed leaves (before silking) and on the ear leaf (after silking) of field grown maize genotypes with and without the L and RS traits. The experiment was conducted during 1996 and 1997 at two sites in Eastern Canada (Ottawa and Montreal). At each site in each year, a split plot arrangement of two treatment factors was used in a randomized complete block design with four blocks. The main plot treatments were levels of N (0, 85, 170, and 255 kg ha^?1), with six maize genotypes as subplot treatments. The hybrids included: (i) leafy reduced-stature, LRS, (ii) non-leafy normal stature, NLNS, (iii) leafy normal stature, (LNS), (iv) non-leafy reduced-stature, NLRS, (v) conventional commercial hybrids, Pioneer 3905 as the hybrid check for late maturity, and (vi) Pioneer 3979, a check for early maturity. The hybrids were chosen on the basis of their contrasting canopies and root architecture. The SPAD meter readings were collected on the same five plant genotypes over time (six times per site per year, except four times for the Ottawa site in 1997). All genotypes showed increasing meter reading values as plants aged until silking. In general, SPAD meter readings increased as N fertilization level increased at each measurement date for both sites and years. In general, LNS and P3905 hybrids showed greater SPAD meter readings than other hybrids at all sampling dates for both sites and growing seasons. Applied N rates were significantly correlated with the SPAD meter readings. More highly significant relationships were found for N fertilizer levels and SPAD meter readings for the hybrids in 1997 than for the hybrids in 1996. For the Montreal site in 1997, LRS, LNS and P3905 hybrids were among those showing the highest r values between N level and SPAD readings. The correlation coefficients between SPAD readings and grain yield were generally lower. However, the NLNS hybrid had a high SPAD-yield correlation at the Macdonald site in 1997.